地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Iron keys from the Roman Province of Iudaea/Palaestina: a typological and technological study","authors":"Yarden Pagelson,&nbsp;Yoav Farhi,&nbsp;Dudi Mevorah,&nbsp;Yuval Goren","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02227-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02227-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the early 1960s, Yigael Yadin excavated a number of caves at Nahal Hever in the Judean Desert, containing evidence for the final days of refugees from the Bar-Kokhba Revolt against Rome (132–136 CE). The artifacts they chose to take with them into the wilderness were fantastically preserved, including 10 iron keys, pointing to their hope to return to their homes. Since then, dozens of iron keys have been found in excavations at the region. They comprise a varied corpus of shapes and sizes, yet this diversity has gone unnoticed. In this study, we provide a typological analysis of the keys and argue that distinct types relate to chronological periods with evident diachronic changes. Moreover, we suggest that elbow keys are a local type of Roman Iudaea, with recognizable spatial boundaries, and possibly used solely by the local Jewish population. In addition, we reconstruct how the keys were produced and why, by applying X-ray radiography and metallography. The local smiths utilized easily workable soft iron, in order to fabricate the artifacts’ complex shapes. It was also less likely to break, a timeless benefit when it comes to keys.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating Electron Temperature and Density Using Van Allen Probe Data: Typical Behavior of Energetic Electrons in the Inner Magnetosphere","authors":"D. Rasinskaite,&nbsp;C. E. J. Watt,&nbsp;C. Forsyth,&nbsp;A. W. Smith,&nbsp;C. J. Lao,&nbsp;S. Chakraborty,&nbsp;J. C. Holmes,&nbsp;G. L. Delzanno","doi":"10.1029/2024JA033443","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JA033443","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The Earth's inner magnetosphere contains multiple electron populations influenced by different factors. The cold electrons of the plasmasphere, warm plasma that contributes to the ring current, and the relativistic plasma of the radiation belts often seem to behave independently. Using omni-directional flux and energy measurements from the HOPE and Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer instruments aboard the Van Allen Probes, we provide a detailed density and temperature description of the inner magnetosphere, offering a comprehensive statistical analysis of the entire Van Allen Probe era. While number density and temperature data at geosynchronous orbit are available, this study focuses on the warm plasma in the inner magnetosphere &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mfenced&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;6&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mfenced&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $left(2&lt; {L}^{ast }&lt; 6right)$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. Values of density and temperature are extracted by fitting energy and phase space density to obtain the distribution function. The fitted distributions are related to the zeroth and second moments to estimate the number density and temperature. Analysis has indicated that a two Maxwellian fit is sufficient over a wide range of &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;L&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;∗&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${L}^{ast }$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; and that there are two independent plasma populations. The more energetic population has a median number density of approximately &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1.2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; $1.2times 1{0}^{4}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt; ${mathrm{m}}^{-3}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JA033443","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143877814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of the St. Anna Trough in Atlantic Water Transport Into the Arctic Ocean: A Novel Radiogenic Isotope Assessment Using Iodine, Uranium, and Neodymium","authors":"H. Pérez-Tribouillier,&nbsp;S. L. Jaccard,&nbsp;P. Blaser,&nbsp;M. Christl,&nbsp;L. Creac'h,&nbsp;J. Hölemann,&nbsp;M. Scheiwiller,&nbsp;C. Vockenhuber,&nbsp;A. M. Wefing,&nbsp;N. Casacuberta","doi":"10.1029/2024JC022050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC022050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The St. Anna Trough (SAT) plays a critical role in Arctic Ocean circulation by facilitating heat and water mass exchange, influencing sea-ice melt and thermohaline dynamics. However, ocean circulation in this key region remains understudied compared to other parts of the Arctic. To better understand water mass pathways, origins, and mixing processes in the SAT, this study analyzes anthropogenic radionuclides iodine-129 (¹²⁹I) and uranium-236 (²³⁶U), alongside neodymium isotopes (εNd). Seawater samples were primarily collected from the SAT and Kara Sea during the 2021 Arctic Century Expedition, with complementary data sets from independent sampling campaigns in the Fram Strait (2021) and Barents Sea (2018) providing broader regional context. Distinct ¹²⁹I signatures reveal the mixing of Atlantic Waters with Arctic shelf-formed waters, contributing to the formation of Cold Deep Water, which integrates into the intermediate and deep Arctic Ocean. Elevated ²³⁶U concentrations in mid-depth samples indicate the intrusion of Arctic-Atlantic Waters into the SAT, underscoring the region's role in Arctic water recirculation and mixing complexity. The εNd data indicate a strong riverine signal from the Ob and Yenisei rivers in the southern Kara Sea and Voronin Trough, whereas SAT surface waters show greater influence from Barents Sea Atlantic Waters. Elevated surface radionuclide concentrations above the Voronin Trough highlight this area as a primary gateway for radionuclides entering the central Arctic. These findings provide new insights into Arctic Ocean circulation and demonstrate the complementary strengths of radionuclides and εNd in resolving water mass transformations and pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC022050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Issue Information & Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/lno.70066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70066","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"70 4","pages":"i"},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/lno.70066","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and Cycling of Carbon Monoxide in Marine Coastal Sediments","authors":"Qing-Chun Qi,&nbsp;Ni Meng,&nbsp;Shuang Li,&nbsp;Jinyan Wang,&nbsp;Xiangbin Ran,&nbsp;Guang-Chao Zhuang","doi":"10.1029/2025JC022439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC022439","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Carbon monoxide (CO) could be used as an energy source for marine microbes, while the biogeochemical cycling of CO remains largely unexplored in marine sediments. We integrated biogeochemical analysis, thermodynamic calculations, and incubation experiments to constrain the production and consumption potential of CO in the coastal sediments of the East China Sea. The concentrations of CO ranged from 98.3 to 333.7 nM and generally increased with depth along the 4.5-m sediment core. Significant correlations were observed between CO and  DIC, DOC, or sulfate, suggesting the control of CO production from organic matter degradation. The calculations of free energy yield indicated that CO oxidation-coupled microbial processes such as sulfate reduction, metal reduction, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis were thermodynamically feasible under in situ conditions. Incubation experiments demonstrated that trace CO could be produced from the addition of organic compounds such as glucose, glycerol, and methanol. In sediment slurries, amended CO were rapidly metabolized. The addition of electron acceptors or inhibitors suggested a large fraction of CO was consumed by sulfate reducers, and to a lesser extent, by methanogens. Collectively, these results revealed the potential of carboxydotrophy as a metabolic mode for diverse microbes living in marine sediments that were previously ignored.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143875546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Changes in Hemispheric Asymmetry of Stratospheric Water Vapor","authors":"Jingyuan Xu,&nbsp;Mengchu Tao,&nbsp;Jianchun Bian,&nbsp;Dan Li,&nbsp;Paul Konopka,&nbsp;Felix Ploeger","doi":"10.1029/2024JD043022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD043022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Stratospheric moistening after 2000, with a more pronounced trend in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), has been detected through satellite, in situ observations, and model simulations. This study aims to provide an updated analysis of the hemispheric asymmetry of stratospheric water vapor (SWV) for the period from 2000 to 2020 based on merged satellite data set and Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulations driven by ERA5. Over post-2000 decades, significant changes were identified in comparison to the pre-2000 period, notably a reversal in the SWV difference between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, particularly in the midlatitudes. This shift is largely attributed to a slowdown in the deep branch of Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) in the Northern Hemisphere relative to the Southern Hemisphere after about year 2000. The cooling-induced dehydration is the primary driver of the significantly lower SWV values in the Antarctic stratosphere than the Arctic stratosphere. This asymmetry increased before 2000 at a rate of 0.1–0.2 ppmv per decade. After 2000, however, this difference has decreased, primarily due to ozone recovery in the Southern Hemisphere, despite the enhanced northward transport of water vapor driven by the changes in the BDC. The study emphasizes the growing need for long-term SWV monitoring in the Southern Hemisphere to better understand global water vapor dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infiltration Dynamics on Early Mars: Geomorphic, Climatic, and Water Storage Implications","authors":"Mohammad Afzal Shadab,&nbsp;Eric Hiatt,&nbsp;Rickbir Singh Bahia,&nbsp;Eleni V. Bohacek,&nbsp;Vilmos Steinmann,&nbsp;Marc Andre Hesse","doi":"10.1029/2024GL111939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL111939","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On early Mars, the integration of surface, groundwater, and climate systems into an integrated hydrological system remains poorly understood. The partitioning of precipitation, between surface and groundwater via infiltration, controls the Martian aquifer recharge rates and, subsequently, surface erosion processes. We investigate infiltration at two scales, near-surface and deep crustal. We estimate infiltration timescales, revealing that near-surface water loss enhances aeolian erosion over short periods (hours to days). Deep crustal recharge, which requires decades to centuries, affects the deep aquifer response and the water budget. Martian crustal heterogeneity influences infiltration dynamics and runoff production making them dependent on the duration of precipitation. This interaction suggests that the responses of the aquifers to recharge events and groundwater upwelling likely lag behind climate optimum conditions. The accommodation space between topography and aquifer influences Mars' water budget by transiently sequestering water, thus limiting the available water for surface evaporation and inclusion in climate dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL111939","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Variable Host Rock Cohesion and Magma Viscosity on Intrusion-Fault Interaction: Insights From Laboratory Models","authors":"Sonja H. M. Greiner,&nbsp;Olivier Galland,&nbsp;Freysteinn Sigmundsson,&nbsp;Steffi Burchardt,&nbsp;Halldór Geirsson,&nbsp;Rikke Pedersen,&nbsp;Xia Wen","doi":"10.1029/2024JB029870","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JB029870","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Magma transport through the Earth's shallow crust can be affected by pre-existing weaknesses like faults. Consequently, fault-channeled magma may reach the surface in unexpected locations. Hence, better understanding of magma-fault interaction is needed to improve hazard assesment. We investigate the effect of host rock cohesion and magma viscosity on intrusion-fault interaction using laboratory experiments. Vegetable oil and glucose syrup, serving as low- and high-viscosity analogue magmas, were injected into intact and faulted granular materials with variable cohesion (mixtures of silica flour and micro-glass beads), serving as a brittle plastic model crust. High-cohesion models produced sheet intrusions, that propagated along fault segments upon intersection. Low-cohesion models produced low-aspect ratio intrusions low width/thickness ratio. Without tectonic stresses, the cohesion strongly controls intrusion-fault interaction, while tested model magma viscosities exerted a weaker control. Our findings show that intrusion-fault interaction is a highly complex process and important to consider at active volcanoes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JB029870","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143871792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable (Zn, Cd, Fe) and radiogenic (U, Pb) metal isotope constraints on the age, genesis and modification of the Lovisa Zn-Pb sulfide deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden","authors":"N. F. Jansson, J. Andersson, I. Rodushkin, E. Engström, K. Billström","doi":"10.1007/s00126-025-01367-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-025-01367-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present isotopic data bearing on the origin of the vent-distal, Lovisa stratiform Zn-Pb sulfide deposit, Bergslagen, Sweden. The age of deposition is constrained by secondary ionisation mass spectrometry (SIMS) U–Pb zircon dating of pumiceous mass flow deposits interbedded with mineralised, fine-grained volcaniclastic strata. Two mass flow deposits in the stratigraphic footwall yield ages of 1892 ± 2 Ma and 1892 ± 5 Ma respectively, whereas a mass flow deposit in the stratigraphic hanging wall yields an age of 1891 ± 3 Ma, constraining the mineralisation to c. 1892 Ma. Positively correlated δ⁶⁶Zn (-0.299 to + 0.219‰), δ³⁴S (-0.2 to + 4.7‰) and Zn/Cd (122 to 659) in sphalerite suggest mass-dependent, kinetic fractionation during sulfide deposition. Upwards decrease in these parameters and Zn/Pb relative to stratigraphic younging suggest that the hydrothermal system matured over time, whereby later fluid batches reached the depositional site less fractionated. Thermochemical sulfate reduction and cooling of single hydrothermal fluid batches are suggested as sulfide precipitation mechanisms while bacteriogenic sulfate reduction is deemed less likely based on by absence of highly negative δ¹¹⁴Cd (-0.212 to -0.069‰), and δ³⁴S values. Sphalerite and galena Pb isotope compositions indicate leaching of c. 1.91–1.89 Ga felsic volcanic rocks as a principal metal source followed by subsequent, syn-metamorphic addition of radiogenic Pb. Limited syn-metamorphic isotopic homogenisation is suggested by retained systematic variations in different sulfide beds.</p>","PeriodicalId":18682,"journal":{"name":"Mineralium Deposita","volume":"257 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143872128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physically Based Dimensionless Features for Pluvial Flood Mapping With Machine Learning","authors":"Mark S. Bartlett, Jared Van Blitterswyk, Martha Farella, Jinshu Li, Curtis Smith, Anthony J. Parolari, Lalitha Krishnamoorthy, Assaad Mrad","doi":"10.1029/2024wr039086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024wr039086","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid delineation of flash flood extents is critical to mobilize emergency resources and to manage evacuations, thereby saving lives and property. Machine learning (ML) provides a promising solution for this rapid delineation, offering a computationally efficient alternative to high-resolution 2D flood models. However, even when trained on diverse geographic regions, ML models typically require retraining to perform well in new locations, and therefore often fail to generalize to never-before-seen conditions. To improve ML generalization, we apply Buckingham &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/9bde1150-4fbb-408d-930e-ecd7898e8c64/wrcr70130-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"419\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70130-math-0001.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper Pi\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mi&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;/mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;/mjx-math&gt;&lt;mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70130:wrcr70130-math-0001\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70130-math-0001.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper Pi\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\"&gt;Π&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;${Pi }$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/mjx-assistive-mml&gt;&lt;/mjx-container&gt; theorem to derive dimensionless terms across multiple spatial scales. These multiscale &lt;span data-altimg=\"/cms/asset/a3860706-f6f9-4f77-9d6c-30863c8d787b/wrcr70130-math-0002.png\"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;mjx-container ctxtmenu_counter=\"420\" ctxtmenu_oldtabindex=\"1\" jax=\"CHTML\" role=\"application\" sre-explorer- style=\"font-size: 103%; position: relative;\" tabindex=\"0\"&gt;&lt;mjx-math aria-hidden=\"true\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70130-math-0002.png\"&gt;&lt;mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;mjx-mi data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic- data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper Pi\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\"&gt;&lt;mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-c&gt;&lt;/mjx-mi&gt;&lt;/mjx-mrow&gt;&lt;/mjx-semantics&gt;&lt;/mjx-math&gt;&lt;mjx-assistive-mml display=\"inline\" unselectable=\"on\"&gt;&lt;math altimg=\"urn:x-wiley:00431397:media:wrcr70130:wrcr70130-math-0002\" display=\"inline\" location=\"graphic/wrcr70130-math-0002.png\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi data-semantic-=\"\" data-semantic-annotation=\"clearspeak:simple\" data-semantic-font=\"normal\" data-semantic-role=\"greekletter\" data-semantic-speech=\"normal upper Pi\" data-semantic-type=\"identifier\" mathvariant=\"normal\"&gt;Π&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;${Pi }$&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/mjx-assistive-mml&gt;&lt;/mjx-c","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143872490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}