Chunhui Meng , Yunhong Jiao , Weihong Wu , Quan Li , Yuying Yang , Hongqiang Qu
{"title":"Synthesis of phosphonitrile derivative-modified halloysite flame retardants and their simultaneous enhancement of epoxy resins flame retardancy and mechanical properties","authors":"Chunhui Meng , Yunhong Jiao , Weihong Wu , Quan Li , Yuying Yang , Hongqiang Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Design of flame retardant epoxy resins (EP) with good flame retardant and mechanical properties has been an important topic of research. In this paper, an amino-functionalized phosphonitrile intermediate (HCCP-APTES) was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction between hexachlorocyclotriphosphonitrile (HCCP) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Hal-based flame retardants (HCCP-APTES@Hal) with different ratios were prepared by chemically cross-linking them on the outer surface of halloysite (Hal). Hal and HCCP-APTES@Hal were added to EP to study their effects on the flame retardant and mechanical properties of EP. The flame retardant (3HCCP-APTES@Hal) when the mass ratio of HCCP-APTES: Hal was 3:1 was added to EP at 6 wt% and the LOI value was 27.20 %. And the cone calorimetry test (CCT) results showed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) decreased by 36.84 % and 52.08 %, respectively, compared with pure EP. HCCP-APTES-modified Hal well-improved the interfacial compatibility with EP, which led to the enhancement of mechanical properties. This study proposes new ideas and strategies for the modification of Hal and the preparation of multifunctional Hal-based flame retardants in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 107629"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yijie Wang , Zhen-Yu Yin , Pierre-Yves Hicher , Liming Hu
{"title":"Hysteresis at low humidity on vapor sorption isotherm of Ca-montmorillonite: The key role of interlayer cations","authors":"Yijie Wang , Zhen-Yu Yin , Pierre-Yves Hicher , Liming Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The vapor sorption isotherm (VSI) is significant for studying soil-water interactions. The non-coincidence between the adsorption isotherm and desorption isotherm is termed hysteresis. The VSI of expansive soils exhibits a unique hysteresis at low humidity, whose underlying microscopic mechanism has not yet been fully investigated. In this study, molecular simulations were used to generate the VSI of Ca-montmorillonite (Ca-Mt), successfully reproducing the hydration-induced swelling and dehydration-induced shrinkage in Mt. The specially designed simulation procedure ensured that the simulated hysteresis was consistent with experimental results at the humidity range of 0.1–0.5. We analyzed the variations in external and interlayer water content, as well as the basal spacing with humidity, highlighting the influence of interlayer hydration in the presence of the hysteresis. Through analyses of density, cation hydration state, and hydrogen bond, we found that the cations moved away from the mineral surface during adsorption, providing more space for water retention, and the formation of hydrogen bonds impeded the desorption of newly added water, leading to the hysteresis. Furthermore, we compared the VSI results of Mts with different interlayer cations (Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>). Within the humidity range of the VSI test, the hydration shell of interlayer Ca<sup>2+</sup> comprised 8 water molecules, whereas the hydration shell of interlayer Na<sup>+</sup> comprised 4–6 water molecules. In the desorption isotherm simulation, water molecules in the hydration shell of Na<sup>+</sup> could be displaced by the mineral surface at low humidity, unlike those of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, resulting in distinct hysteresis shapes in their VSI results at low humidity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 107628"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142662748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cronstedtite: H2 generation and new constraints on its formation conditions","authors":"Isabella Pignatelli , Enrico Mugnaioli , Régine Mosser-Ruck , Mustapha Abdelmoula , Jérôme Sterpenich","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work investigated the formation conditions of cronstedtite, the most Fe-rich serpentine, using a steel autoclave lined with Teflon at 90 °C, over 167 days, allowing for in situ monitoring of pH, T and P, as well as for gas sampling. From a starting mineralogical mixture composed of quartz and metal iron, cronstedtite crystallized in association with, magnetite, akaganeite, ferrihydrite and amorphous silica. This mineralogical association was not observed in previous syntheses and it is likely related to the experimental conditions of this study. These conditions also affected the composition and structure (polytypic sequence and crystallinity degree) of cronstedtite, which are accurately characterized for the first time. Experimental data and thermodynamic modelling indicate that this Fe-serpentine formed under neutral conditions, -62 < log<em>f</em>O<sub>2</sub> < −59, and redox potential ranging from −0.46 to −0.41 Volts. During the experiment, H<sub>2</sub> was generated by iron oxidation in presence of water, explaining the increase of pressure in the autoclave until 6.8 bar at 90 °C. The total amount of H<sub>2</sub> generated was of 0.23 mol. The results of this study are useful to improve the understanding of cronstedtite formation in natural and anthropic environments. They also showed that formation conditions of cronstedtite seem to be compatible with those needed for hydrogenotrophic life, as previously supposed by other works.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 107627"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kairui Tian, Xiangyu Chen, Xinyuan Zhou, Yuqian Xu, Mingxian Liu
{"title":"Tea nanoparticles modified halloysite clay coated polyurethane sponge as multifunctional sensors","authors":"Kairui Tian, Xiangyu Chen, Xinyuan Zhou, Yuqian Xu, Mingxian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2024.107589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tea, as one of the three major beverages in the world, has antioxidant, anti-cancer, inhibitory inflammation, immune regulation, diabetes prevention, antibacterial and other effects. In this study, black tea and FeCl<sub>3</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O were chelated to functionally modify the outer surface of halloysite clay nanotube (Hal). A new nanomaterial with excellent photothermal properties, tea nanoparticles@Hal, was successfully synthesized. Tea nanoparticles@Hal powder can raise to 225.8 °C in 25 s, and the corresponding solution can raise to 50.5 °C in 8 min with a photothermal efficiency of 77.3 %. The tea nanoparticles@Hal was assembled on the polyurethane (PU) sponges by simply soaking to prepare conductive sensor. The flexible sensor shows a fast response time (132.8 ms) and a long service time (400 cycles), which have wide range of applications. The resistance changes with the pressure is in a regular functional relationship, and the sensor can measure the weight of objects with high accuracy. In addition, the sensor can stably monitor various physiological activities of the human body. When finger is bent, the sensor can produce the difference output signals. The prepared tea nanoparticles@Hal/PU sensor has broad prospects in fields such as human-computer interaction and medical detection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 107589"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Molly S. Costanza-Robinson , Emory M. Payne , Elaine Dellinger , Kae Fink , Richard C. Bunt , Malcolm Littlefield , Barbara A. Mejaes , Rachael K. Morris , Lauren N. Pincus , Emma H. Wilcox
{"title":"Influence of water saturation on interlayer properties of HDTMA-, HDTMP-, and HDPy-modified montmorillonite organoclays","authors":"Molly S. Costanza-Robinson , Emory M. Payne , Elaine Dellinger , Kae Fink , Richard C. Bunt , Malcolm Littlefield , Barbara A. Mejaes , Rachael K. Morris , Lauren N. Pincus , Emma H. Wilcox","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.107188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Surfactant-modified clay minerals, organoclays, are well-studied and used commercially for removing contaminants from water. Nevertheless, dry organoclay properties are typically used to understand and predict contaminant sorption. In this work, the effects of water saturation on two properties important to contaminant sorption were examined: organoclay interlayer space and surfactant alkyl tail conformational ordering. Montmorillonite was modified to 0.25–3.0 CEC using three surfactants: hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), hexadecylpyridinium (HDPy), and hexadecyltrimethylphosphonium (HDTMP). At low surfactant-loadings (< 1 CEC and < 15% <em>f</em><sub><em>OC</em></sub>), water saturation expanded the maximum organoclay interlayer by 4–8 Å, depending on the surfactant and its loading but had little effect on surfactant tail conformational ordering. At low surfactant loadings, water saturation likely promotes contaminant sorption relative to expectations based on dry organoclay properties, particularly for larger contaminants, due to a relaxation of the physical constraints of the interlayer. At higher surfactant loadings, HDTMA and HDTMP organoclays showed relatively small effects of water saturation, but effects were significant for HDPy organoclays. The maximum interlayer space of the HDPy organoclay at 20.7% <em>f</em><sub><em>OC</em></sub> expanded 3-fold (+22.3 Å) upon hydration, which is attributed to a substantial rearrangement of the pyridinium headgroup. All HDPy organoclays with <em>f</em><sub><em>OC</em></sub> > 20% experienced a notable increase in the alkyl tail conformational ordering upon hydration, becoming fully solid-like, even as negligible interlayer expansion occurred at the highest loadings. At high HDPy-loading water saturation would likely restrict sorption of contaminants relative to what might be expected based on dry properties, due to the energetic barrier of cavity formation in the more solid-like interlayer phase. This work provides evidence from three types of organoclays that water-saturated organoclay properties can differ substantially from those of dry organoclays. Characterization of organoclays under water-saturated conditions that are relevant to contaminant sorption will facilitate our understanding and improvement of organoclay performance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 107188"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71725789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gabriela Oro , Renata Mello Giona , Nájila Mikaeli Pauli , Paulo Rodrigo Stival Bittencourt , Rodrigo Leonardo de Oliveira Basso , Cristiane Canan , Ana Cristina Trindade Cursino
{"title":"Novel slow-release nanohybrid from zinc hydroxysalt intercalated with dicamba herbicide","authors":"Gabriela Oro , Renata Mello Giona , Nájila Mikaeli Pauli , Paulo Rodrigo Stival Bittencourt , Rodrigo Leonardo de Oliveira Basso , Cristiane Canan , Ana Cristina Trindade Cursino","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107114","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Dicamba was intercalated by co-precipitation into a zinc-layered hydroxide salt (LHS) to create a slow-release nanohybrid weed control without leaching. The X-Ray Powder Diffractometry (XRPD) patterns of the LHS intercalated with dicamba showed a basal spacing of 20.48 Å and 26.10 Å, confirming its allocation as a monolayer and bilayer interdigitated arrangement, respectively. The Fourier Transformant Infrared (FTIR) spectrum showed bands typical of dicamba and provided information about its bridging bidentate coordination to the matrix layer. The </span>thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) estimated the compound's formula as Zn</span><sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>8</sub>(dicamba)<sub>2</sub>·4.14H<sub>2</sub><span>O. The thermal stability of the LHS/dicamba system, the stages of mass loss, the characterization of the compounds released in the pyrolysis, the activation energy (E</span><sub>a</sub><span>), and the kinetics were all analyzed. The average activation energy for decomposition of intercalated dicamba indicates that the thermal degradation<span><span> occurred with the breakage of covalent bonds<span>. Controlled release of dicamba from its nanohybrid in water was observed for 962 h (40 days). The pseudo-second-order model described the release process satisfactorily from its linear fitting, suggesting intraparticle diffusion or </span></span>surface diffusion control. In summary, the intercalation of dicamba in the zinc LHS produced a slow-release material that can aid in weed control.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 107114"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44466322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sumio Aisawa , Chika Chida , Honoka Ida , Jing Sang , Hidetoshi Hirahara , Hisako Sato
{"title":"Synthesis of phenylalanine and tartaric acid intercalated layered double hydroxide (LDH): Investigation of two kinds of chiral molecules interaction in interlayer space of LDH using solid-state vibrational circular dichroism","authors":"Sumio Aisawa , Chika Chida , Honoka Ida , Jing Sang , Hidetoshi Hirahara , Hisako Sato","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recently, the applicability of solid-state vibrational circular dichroism (SD-VCD) for the evaluation of organoclay<span><span><span> nanohybrids<span><span> has attracted much attention. Herein, the intercalation of two kinds of chiral molecules, phenylalanine (Phe) and tartaric acid (Tart), into Zn-Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was carried out by a standard </span>coprecipitation method. The Phe/Tart/LDH was characterized by </span></span>XRD, FT-IR, TG-DTA, and SD-VCD. The chemical composition and </span>interlayer distance<span> expansion of Phe/Tart/LDH indicated that Phe and Tart were intercalated into the LDH. The VCD and theoretical calculation results showed that Phe and Tart coexisted in the same interlayer space of LDH with the formation of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between Phe-Tart, LDH-Phe, and LDH-Tart. The results demonstrated the utility of the SD-VCD method for determining the detailed conformation of chiral molecules in the LDH interlayer space.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 107108"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46019694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Han Liang , Huiyan Wang , Xuemei Sun , Wang Xu , Na Meng , Ninglin Zhou
{"title":"Development of ZnO/Ag nanoparticles supported polydopamine-modified montmorillonite nanocomposites with synergistic antibacterial performance","authors":"Han Liang , Huiyan Wang , Xuemei Sun , Wang Xu , Na Meng , Ninglin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>Nanocomposites<span> are effective methods for the treatment of microbial infections. In this work, zinc oxide nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple and mild method, and successfully loaded on polydopamine-modified </span></span>montmorillonite (PDA</span><img><span>Mt) to prepare nanocomposites (ZnO/Ag/PDA-Mt) with potent antibacterial ability. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the nanoparticles in ZnO/Ag/PDA-Mt were quasi-spherical, and the particle size ranged from 5 nm to 45 nm. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)-mapping verified the presence of Zn, Ag, O, Al, Si and C elements in the synthesized ZnO/Ag/PDA-Mt. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of ZnO/Ag/PDA-Mt was also tested against </span><em>Escherichia coli</em> (<em>E. coli</em>) and <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> (<em>S. aureus</em>). Due to the synergistic antibacterial effect between zinc oxide nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles, ZnO/Ag/PDA-Mt exhibited higher antiseptic activity than silver nanoparticles supported polydopamine-modified montmorillonite (Ag/PDA-Mt) and zinc oxide nanoparticles supported polydopamine-modified montmorillonite (ZnO/PDA-Mt). The biocompatibility of ZnO/Ag/PDA-Mt was evaluated by cytotoxicity assay. The results demonstrated that the ZnO/Ag/PDA-Mt nanocomposites have potential for antibacterial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 107112"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45618743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of organic modified hectorite on performance, isothermal crystallization behavior and interface interaction of poly(lactic acid) film","authors":"Yikelamu Jilili, Yumiao Ma, Zhe Wang, Weijun Zhen","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>In this work, in order to improve the properties of PLA, Hec-g@OA/PLA nanocomposite<span> films were prepared by a single-screw extrusion film blown machine with PLA as a matrix and organically modified </span></span>hectorite (Hec-g@OA) as a filler, and the optimum filler mass ratio of Hec-g@OA was preferred as an objective function of mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of PLA were found to increase from 24.31% to 61.75% when the mass percentage of Hec-g@OA was 0.3 wt%. Secondly, </span>isothermal<span> crystallization behavior of the nanocomposite films was analyzed by simultaneous rheology and FTIR technology for the purpose of further studied the effect of Hec-g@OA on the isothermal crystallization behavior of PLA, which showed that the half-crystallization time of Hec-g@OA/PLA decreased from 7.01 min, 28.99 min and 77.88 min to 3.87 min, 20.59 min and 65.78 min, respectively, at 130 °C, 135 °C and 140 °C. Finally, the form of the interaction between PLA and Hec-g@OA was analysis by electronic structure calculations and energy decomposition, it was analyzed that electrostatic interaction was found to be the main impact factor for induced crystallization of Hec-g@OA/PLA nanocomposite films, while induction and dispersion were found to be the minor impact factors.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 107118"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44135798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hydro-mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of red clay-bentonite backfills","authors":"Kao-fei Zhu , Ke-neng Zhang , Yong He","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107111","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2023.107111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Soil-bentonite (SB) cutoff walls<span> have been extensively used as vertical engineering barriers to control groundwater flow and subsurface contaminant migration. As the pollution containment capability of the SB backfills is intimately related to the hydro-mechanical behavior, consolidation tests and </span></span>hydraulic conductivity<span> tests were carried out to investigate the effects of bentonite<span> content on the hydro-mechanical behavior of red clay-bentonite backfills, and the microstructure evolution of backfills under vertical loading was evaluated based on </span></span></span>mercury intrusion porosimetry<span> (MIP) tests and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) observations. The results of microstructure analysis also evaluated the influence of bentonite on the clay fabric which changed the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and </span></span>void ratio<span><span>. The results indicated that the void ratio and hydraulic conductivity decreased linearly with the increase of the effective consolidation stresses, and the compression index<span> decreased with the increase of bentonite content. Meanwhile, the pore size distribution (PSD) curve of the backfill specimen almost turned into unimodal characteristics with only micropores distributed after consolidation. Additionally, the flow paths became more tortuous under compression which decreased the hydraulic conductivity. The </span></span>montmorillonite<span> aggregates in red clay-bentonite backfill formed into tortuous network structure which bound the clay aggregates together and effectively increased the tortuosity of flow paths.</span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 107111"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42754438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}