Applied Clay Science最新文献

{"title":"A predictive model for calculating the electrostatic intercalation efficiency of methotrexate-loaded laponite dependent on clay concentration and pH built from binding constants","authors":"J.C. Alva-Ensastegui ,&nbsp;A. Jiménez-Mondragón ,&nbsp;Enrique Morales-Avila ,&nbsp;Diana L. Pérez-Velasco ,&nbsp;Alexander Pérez de la Luz ,&nbsp;M.J. Bernad-Bernad","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The chemical species distribution diagram is a two-dimensional model (molar fraction vs pL) that provides information about the fractions of a molecule of interest in its free form, M, or bound to a ligand, L, to form the complex, M-L. The system presented in this research work involves the anticancer drug methotrexate, MTX, and the nanoclay laponite, Lap, represented as M and L respectively. Four systems with pH values: 1.63 ± 0.01, 3.34 ± 0.01, 4.81 ± 0.01, and 7.56 ± 0.01 were used to calculate of the conditional binding constants of the MTX-Lap complexes, in which the different chemical species of MTX predominate. The changes were followed spectrophotometrically and the data obtained were analysed using Stability Quotients from Absorbance Data (SQUAD) to determine these values. The Log β values obtained with SQUAD corresponding to the MTX-Lap complexes were: 4.92 ± 0.01, 4.38 ± 0.02, 3.60 ± 0.06, and 2.516 ± 0.007 corresponding to the pH values mentioned above. Plotting the logarithm of the conditional dissociation constant, Log K, as a function of pH gives a linear behaviour with the equation “Log K = -0.4149*pH + 5.6556” and R² of 0.9941. The Log K value of this linear relationship can be substituted by Log β. The Log β (pH dependent) is substituted into the mole fraction equations to obtain models that determine the molar percentages of free MTX and encapsulated MTX that depend only on pLap and pH. The mathematical model proposed in this research work is compared with experimental data to predict the percentage of free MTX as a function of nanoclay concentration and pH, with acceptable results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107781"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and preparation of palygorskite supported bimetallic palladium‑cerium catalysts for efficient catalytic combustion of toluene","authors":"Yinmin Zhang,&nbsp;Fengfei Ge,&nbsp;Zhifei Hao,&nbsp;Haoyan Zhang,&nbsp;Yongfeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Toluene oxidation technology has been widely concerned because toluene can cause environmental pollution and affect human health. In this study, the palygorskite (Pal) was designed as a functional support to synthesize palladium‑cerium (Pd<img>Ce) bimetallic catalyst through precipitation approach for reducing the amount of precious metal and maintaining catalytic activity of supported catalyst over toluene. The relationship between the structure properties and catalytic performance was analyzed by various characterization techniques. The introduction of Ce ions could significantly increase the amount of metallic Pd and the oxygen vacancies. The finely dispersion of metal active component and a large number of oxygen vacancies improve the catalyst reducibility and oxygen species activity of catalyst system. The obtained Pd₈Ce₂@A-Pal catalyst exhibits the best catalytic performance for toluene combustion, and the temperatures for 50 % and 90 % toluene conversion are 150 and 185 °C at space velocity of 30,000 mL/g/h, respectively. The space velocity, the long catalytic stability and the effect of water vapor on catalytic activity were investigated, which confirmed the good catalytic performance. The investigation of <em>situ</em> diffuse reflection Fourier transform spectroscopy measurements have confirmed the intermediates during toluene oxidation, and indicated that the toluene degradation pathway over Pd₈Ce₂@A-Pal is via benzyl alcohol-benzylic and aldehydic species-benzoate species-maleic anhydride, finally decayed to CO₂ and H₂O.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107744"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A molecular dynamics study of swelling, structural and dynamic properties of 2:1 Cis-vacant Cs saturated smectite","authors":"Pengyuan Gao ,&nbsp;Yingchun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiandong Liu ,&nbsp;Xiancai Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107788","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107788","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Smectite, a family of phyllosilicates, exhibits discrete hydration/swelling states and high cation exchange capacity based on interlayer water and ion activities, rendering it a crucial material in engineering and environmental fields. Both cis-vacant (<em>cv</em>) and trans-vacant (<em>tv</em>) structures are observed in natural smectites. Previous molecular-level studies have predominantly assumed a <em>tv</em> configuration, potentially leading to incorrect predictions of smectite's thermodynamic and microscopic properties. Here, three representative cis-vacant smectites (i.e., Wyoming-type, Ari-type, and beidellite) with Cs interlayer cations were employed as a model framework to explore the thermodynamic and microscopic properties of smectite using classical molecular dynamic simulations. The swelling behaviors of smectite with different interlayer water content, Cs binding structures, distributions and mobility of interlayer water and Cs species, and cation exchange between Cs/Na saturated smectites were investigated. The results suggested that the monolayer hydrate is the most stable hydration state of Cs saturated smectites. The diffusion of interlayer water was relatively slower compared to the corresponding bulk case, while Cs cations can be effectively fixed at low water content. Furthermore, Cs cations showed higher mobility in the direction parallel to the basal plane of smectite rather than in the perpendicular direction. Cs cations form a stable inner-sphere complexation structure within the interlayer, primarily binding at the hexagonal sites (H-sites) and triangular sites (T-sites). In addition, the calculated cationic selectivity coefficients between Cs/Na ions were found to be significantly high (Log <em>K</em>_c = 1.69), indicating effective retention of Cs cations and comparable to the reported experiments. Moreover, all the results obtained from the <em>cv</em> smectite are further compared to those derived from the <em>tv</em> smectite. The comparison results showed that both smectites have highly similar thermodynamic and microscopic properties. This study provides an extended understanding to facilitate fundamental research of smectite in geochemistry and environmental material science.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107788"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Pickering emulsion from polycationic montmorillonite nanoclay","authors":"Iara C. Assunção Dorigon ,&nbsp;Maria E. Araújo Pessoa ,&nbsp;José C. Queiroz Neto ,&nbsp;Debora V.F. Andrade Silva ,&nbsp;José E. Soares Filho ,&nbsp;Fabiola D. Silva Curbelo","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the global effort to reduce environmental impacts and transition toward sustainable practices, Pickering emulsions have emerged as a promising alternative due to their independence from conventional chemical surfactants, which are often petroleum-based and environmentally harmful. This study investigates the stability and rheological properties of emulsions stabilized with bentonite nanoparticles. Two formulations were prepared, containing 20 % and 25 % clay, both supplemented with NaCl. The emulsions were evaluated for their stability and rheological behavior. The results revealed that an increased clay concentration improved stability, likely due to the formation of a robust mechanical barrier at the oil-water interface. Rheologically, both formulations exhibited Bingham plastic behavior, with the emulsion containing 25 % clay demonstrating a higher apparent viscosity. These findings offer insights into the stabilizing mechanisms of Pickering emulsions stabilized by clay nanoparticles, with potential applications in industrial settings, particularly in water-based drilling fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107780"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143621121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A surface charge approach to characterize serpentine reactivity for carbon mineralization","authors":"Xueya Lu ,&nbsp;Gregory M. Dipple ,&nbsp;Marek Pawlik","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107777","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107777","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antigorite, lizardite and chrysotile are serpentine minerals that act as Mg²⁺ donors during carbon mineralization involving ultramafic rocks and tailings. The reactivity of these minerals is measured by the total amount of Mg²⁺ that can be leached under appropriate time and conditions for the proposed carbon mineralization technology. Their dissolution processes were examined under ambient conditions to elucidate the sources and mechanisms of Mg²⁺ release. Results from dissolution experiments and zeta potential measurements are reported here. Prior to leaching, all three serpentine polymorphs exhibited highly alkaline IEPs at approximately pH 11.9 and higher, which correlated with their high Mg²⁺ to Si⁴⁺ ratios (i.e., Mg/Si ratio). As dissolution proceeded, a decrease in both zeta potential values and Mg/Si ratio was observed, reflecting the non-stoichiometric dissolution of the serpentines and highlighting polymorph-specific variations. Post-leaching IEP measurements revealed that the degree of surface alteration is closely linked to changes in zeta potential. The following order of increasing carbon mineralization reactivity is established: antigorite &lt; lizardite &lt; non-asbestiform chrysotile &lt; asbestiform chrysotile. Among the polymorphs, antigorite, which released the least Mg²⁺, showed the most significant reduction in zeta potential and a shift to an acidic IEP around pH 5. In contrast, asbestiform chrysotile, with the highest Mg²⁺ release, exhibited lower zeta potential reduction while maintaining an alkaline IEP near pH 9. Non-asbestiform chrysotile leached less Mg²⁺ and showed moderate zeta potential reduction. This is followed by lizardite, which released even less Mg²⁺, retained an alkaline IEP around pH 11 and demonstrated uniform dissolution with only a slight decrease in zeta potential. These observations suggest that early-stage Mg²⁺ leaching from serpentine is predominantly a surface process that significantly influences the electrokinetic behaviour of the minerals. Higher Mg²⁺ release does not correlate with increased solubility, as the Mg²⁺ ions are not derived from bulk dissolution. The lack of a 1:1 relationship between Mg²⁺ leaching and net change in zeta potential emphasizes the distinct electrokinetic and surface dissolution behaviours among serpentine polymorphs. The findings from zeta potential analysis offer valuable insights into the reactivity contribution of serpentine minerals during carbon mineralization involving ultramafic-type feedstocks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107777"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dispersing sepiolite crystal bundles into nanofibers under expansion effect via steam pressure change and vacuum freeze-drying processes","authors":"Wenjia Yang ,&nbsp;Youhang Zhou ,&nbsp;Tianyu Gong ,&nbsp;Qiaolong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sepiolite nanofibers mainly exist in the form of crystal bundles, and the crystal bundles often bond with each other to form aggregates, which makes it difficult to effectively display its nanometer characteristics. Based on the excellent water absorption characteristics of sepiolite, a new approach for dispersing the aggregates and crystal bundles into nanofibers was developed via steam pressure change and vacuum freeze-drying processes. The dispersion effect was evaluated using laser particle size analyzer, XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, and surface area porosity analyzer. The experiments found that finite times repeated using steam pressure change process improved the crystal bundles dispersion effect. Adding vacuum freeze-drying process further promoted the crystal bundles dispersion. The dispersion effect of the sample after two times of steam pressure change and one time of vacuum freeze-drying processes was optimal. Compared with the original sample, particle size corresponding to a cumulative volume percentage of 50 % and 90 % (D50 and D90) of the treated sample reduced by 84 % and 91 %, respectively. The crystal bundles with a width of 0–120 nm accounted for more than 90 %. The specific surface area (<em>S</em>_BET) increased by 62 %, reaching up to 237 m²g⁻¹, and the rotary viscosity increased from 584 mPa·s of original sample to 1635 mPa·s. The experimental results validated that the expansion effect of steam pressure change and vacuum freeze-drying processes can effectively achieve the non-destructive dispersion of sepiolite crystal bundles. The proposed method may provide a new idea for high value industrial production of fibrous clay.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107779"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of bentonite on flotation of minerals with different densities","authors":"Nadia Kashif,&nbsp;Boris Albijanic,&nbsp;Jing Jing Xu,&nbsp;Teresa McGrath,&nbsp;Muhammad Kashif Nazir,&nbsp;Michael Hitch,&nbsp;Bogale Tadesse","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This short communication investigates the impact of bentonite on the flotation performance of minerals with varying densities, specifically galena and sphalerite. Despite existing research on bentonite influence on flotation, its effects on minerals with different densities have not been analyzed so far. The results from this study demonstrated that bentonite adversely affected the flotation recoveries of both galena and sphalerite due to the high pulp viscosity. The addition of Ca²⁺ ions mitigated this detrimental effect by reducing the pulp viscosities around 8 times. As a result, the flotation performance of galena was markedly enhanced, showing a 33 % increase in recovery and a 37 % improvement in settling rates. However, in the absence of Ca²⁺ ions, the flotation recovery of galena decreased more than that of sphalerite, considering that the density of galena is 1.9 times higher than that of sphalerite. This study shows that in the presence of Ca²⁺ ions, the flotation recoveries of galena and sphalerite became similar, as Ca²⁺ reduced the consistency index and prevented galena particles from detaching from bubbles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107778"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143579265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of wollastonite on sintering of anorthite ceramic body based on illite-smectite clay and kaolin","authors":"Radomir Sokolar ,&nbsp;Martin Nguyen ,&nbsp;Dalibor Vsiansky ,&nbsp;Oldrich Pavelka ,&nbsp;Anton Trník","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of different character of plastic raw materials based on different clay minerals (kaolin vs. I/S clay based on interstratified illite/smectite clay minerals) and different source of wollastonite (bludovite rock vs. natural wollastonite) on the sintering process of anorthite porcelain body is studied. The sintering temperature according to vacuum water absorption is defined for samples containing 40 % of wollastonite raw material in the range of firing temperatures from 850 °C to 1200 °C. The mineralogical composition of fired samples was observed from the firing temperature of 850 °C up to the sintering temperature. The sintering temperature of all studied samples is lower than 1200 °C. The lowest value is obtained by the combination of illite/smectite clay and natural wollastonite (1115 °C). The type of used plastic raw material also significantly affected the mechanism of anorthite formation during firing. The highest content of anorthite (over 90 %) in the crystalline phase of the sintered body is observed in kaolin-based samples. Primary mullite is identified in small amounts and transiently only in kaolin-based samples after a firing at 950 °C and 1050 °C, and then participates in the formation of anorthite. Diopside was detected in sintered samples based on bludovite rock as a rest from wollastonite raw material.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107774"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dehydroxylation kinetics of kaolinite and montmorillonite examined using isoconversional methods","authors":"Oluwadamilare Charles Adesina ,&nbsp;Sayee Srikarah Volaity ,&nbsp;Bryan K. Aylas-Paredes ,&nbsp;Chengqing Qi ,&nbsp;Aditya Kumar ,&nbsp;Narayanan Neithalath","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of calcined clays as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete is a promising strategy towards decarbonizing the cement and concrete industry. This is especially relevant considering the ever-increasing demand for concrete. Comprehensive understanding of the kinetics of calcination is essential towards maximizing the potential reactivity of clay minerals while ensuring energy efficiency. In this study, the kinetics of the dehydroxylation of kaolinite and montmorillonite are investigated under non-isothermal conditions at constant heating rate. Activation energies (<span><math><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>a</mi></msub></math></span>) are determined via Friedman differential and advanced Vyazovkin incremental methods over the isoconversional range; these are devoid of computational approximations, thus allowing kinetic analysis without assuming a specific reaction model. Kinetic equations—in the differential form as well as a combination of differential and integral forms are compared against the experimentally determined reaction models to identify the most probable dehydroxylation mechanism for kaolinite and montmorillonite. A reaction order mechanism is established for dehydroxylation of kaolinite, while montmorillonite is noted to undergo dehydroxylation via a single-step reversible diffusion-controlled process. Kinetic triplet—comprising activation energy, reaction model and pre-exponential factor—is used to predict isothermal calcination conditions, which is further verified using analytical techniques. Heat release rates of clay-portlandite blends from isothermal calorimetry are used within a thermodynamic framework to quantify reactivity of the calcined clays. The study demonstrates a general approach based on isoconversional methods to predict calcination conditions for different clays that can be used in efficient and optimized production of blended cements or SCMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107776"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-assembly of halloysite nanotubes in water modulated via heterogeneous surface charge and transparent exopolymer particles","authors":"Ilnur Ishmukhametov ,&nbsp;Svetlana Batasheva ,&nbsp;Svetlana Konnova ,&nbsp;Yuri Lvov ,&nbsp;Rawil Fakhrullin","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107775","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107775","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Halloysite clay nanotubes are a viable model to investigate the colloid behaviour of particles dispersed in water. They demonstrate excellent colloid stability in water due to the strong overall negative surface charge. We performed detailed characterisation of halloysite surface inhomogeneity and in situ observations of diluted halloysite water dispersions behaviour. Using dark-field microscopy, we detected an aggregation between individual halloysite rods, behaving unlike the bulk majority of the non-aggregating nanoparticles. The stochastic distribution of positively-charged patches on overall smooth halloysite surfaces facilitates the electrostatic clustering of individual clay nanotubes into stable aggregates having end-to-end and end-to-side configurations. Another pattern of halloysite aggregation through seemingly long-range attraction of like-charged colloids was attributed to trace amounts of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP), ubiquitous biogenic microgels, persisting in deionised water and bridging individual halloysites into long-standing coordinated clusters. These aggregates demonstrate the earlier unknown role of water-suspended nanoscale particulate organic matter in counterintuitive long-range aggregation of like-charged colloids. We also found that microbial biopolymer mucospheres attract halloysite rods, forming unusual sea urchin-like motile microstructures, confirming the participation of TEP in natural colloids self-assembly. The persistence of barely detectable amounts of TEP in sterile purified deionised water suggests their important role in nano/micro scale processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 107775"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143550059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}