Applied Clay Science最新文献

{"title":"Clay minerals in electrochemical technologies: Recent advances in energy storage and electrocatalysis applications","authors":"Jiaxing Han ,&nbsp;Meng Liu ,&nbsp;Tianming Liu ,&nbsp;Libing Liao ,&nbsp;Ritong Huang ,&nbsp;Wenfeng Li ,&nbsp;Guocheng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clay minerals have emerged as promising materials for electrochemical energy technologies, owing to their unique nanostructures, sustainability, and low cost. This review summarizes recent advances in their applications, primarily in electrochemical energy storage (e.g., batteries and supercapacitors), followed by electrocatalysis (e.g., hydrogen/oxygen evolution, and oxygen reduction reaction). The structure-property relationships are highlighted: fibrous chain-layered clays are effective in forming conductive networks and inhibiting agglomeration, while layered clays facilitate rapid ion transport through tunable interlayer spacing. In energy storage, these structural features help address critical challenges such as electrode volume expansion, lithium dendrite growth, and polysulfide shuttling, thereby enhancing device cycling stability, rate capability, etc.; In electrocatalysis, the high surface area, abundant surface functional group, and favorable ion transport pathways of clays contribute to improve active site dispersion, electron transfer efficiency, etc. The roles of various clay mineral structures in these fields are discussed, and perspectives on future performance optimization through tailored structural design are provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 108162"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146161714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel use of waste calcined clay brick powder in sustainable ultra-high ductility strain-hardening geopolymer composites: Micro-characteristics and mechanical behavior","authors":"Zhiming Ma ,&nbsp;Yuanhui Wu ,&nbsp;Shifeng Li ,&nbsp;Dingyi Yang ,&nbsp;Changqing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Strain-hardening geopolymer composites (SHGC) exhibit low-carbon characteristics and excellent mechanical performance, but the conventional precursors used in SHGC preparation are limited in supply and expensive. Using recycled brick powder (RBP) ground from calcined clay brick waste as a green precursor for fabricating ultra-high ductility SHGC promotes the high-value utilization of calcined clay brick waste while decreasing the reliance on conventional mineral precursors such as fly ash (FA) and slag. This investigation systematically studied the microstructural characteristics and mechanical performance of RBP-SHGC. Incorporating RBP as a moderate substitute for FA and slag had negligible influence on the microstructure and geopolymeric products of SHGC, but substituting RBP for high-dosage slag negatively affected the microstructure. The mechanical strength initially rose and then decreased with the increasing substitution ratios of RBP for FA and slag, though RBP-blended SHGC maintained considerable strength even at 100% replacement rates. Substituting RBP for an appropriate proportion of FA and slag improved both the uniaxial tensile strength and strain capacity. The SHGC in which RBP simultaneously replaced 50% of FA and 50% of slag exhibited an ultimate tensile strain comparable to that of the reference SHGC. Raising the alkali-activator modulus and alkali content effectively improved the microstructure and mechanical behavior of RBP-blended SHGC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 108161"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146187411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-efficiency removal of fluoride ions in real fluorine-containing wastewater using red mud-metakaolin based geopolymer microspheres","authors":"Yuxiao Jiang ,&nbsp;Liu He ,&nbsp;Yang Tang ,&nbsp;Wenwen Chen ,&nbsp;Lin Shao ,&nbsp;Xinpeng Wang ,&nbsp;Kaituo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the problem of fluoride pollution and red mud accumulation, this study prepared red mud-metakaolin geopolymer microspheres (RM-MGMs) using dispersion-suspension-curing method, maximizing the utilizing of 60% red mud. The RM-MGMs prepared by this method exhibit excellent mechanical strength and the fluoride adsorption capacity, while simultaneously overcoming the difficulty in recovering traditional powder materials in actual wastewater treatment. The F⁻ removal performance of &lt;75 μm and 75–150 μm RM-MGMs at the dosage of 1 g/L and the pH of 1 for the simulated fluoride-containing solution indicated that the residual F⁻ concentration met the World Health Organization (WHO) standard (F⁻ concentration &lt; 1.5 mg/L) within 30 min and equilibrium was reached within 90 min. The results showed that RM-MGMs with smaller particle sizes had a faster adsorption rate and less intra-particle diffusion resistance, demonstrating a higher adsorption capacity. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm models of &lt;75 μm and 75–150 μm RM-MGMs for F⁻ conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model, with maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity (Q_max) of 175.15 mg/g and 172.25 mg/g respectively. The actual wastewater (with 190 mg/L F⁻ concentration) treated by RM-MGMs decreased to 9.58 mg/L within 1 min, meeting the national discharge standard (F⁻ concentration &lt; 10 mg/L) and reaching the WHO standard within 45 min. In addition, RM-MGMs with the dosage of 1.50 g demonstrated outstanding dynamic separation performance at 1 mL/min flow rate. The excellent fixation effect of RM-MGMs for F⁻ demonstrates its eco-friendliness, providing a dual treatment scheme for addressing fluoride pollution and utilizing red mud.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108145"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical evolution of glauconite and smectite in a peat bog environment: Results of a one-year natural experiment","authors":"Maxim Rudmin ,&nbsp;Hongling Bu ,&nbsp;Oleg Savichev ,&nbsp;Ivan Khitrin ,&nbsp;Alexey Ruban","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108146","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108146","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the crystal-chemical and sorption transformations of glauconite and smectite during prolonged exposure in a peat bog environment, as part of a natural experiment conducted in the oligotrophic zone of the Vasyugan Mire (Western Siberia). The Vasyugan Mire was selected as a natural acidic and organic-rich sedimentary system that promotes ion exchange and low-temperature mineral transformations, representing an analogue of early diagenetic conditions. Samples were incubated in situ at 25, 50, and 75 cm depths for one year. Recovered samples underwent comprehensive physicochemical characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and mass spectrometry (TG-DSC-MS). Glauconite underwent significant structural changes, including: (1) loss of interlayer K⁺, (2) relative depletion of Fe-associated components, and (3) absorption of organic compounds and NH₄⁺ ions. These transformations were more pronounced in the reducing conditions of deeper soil layers. XRD and chemical data show trends that may be consistent with an initial expansion of interlayers and a possible early-stage development of smectite-like features. Smectite maintained a stable crystal structure but exhibited significant ion exchange activity and sorption of inorganic substances (including CO₂, NH₃/NH₄⁺) and low-molecular-weight organic acids within its interlayer region. Its charge balance is modified by the incorporation of ammonium and organic species within the interlayer, which mask deeper structural transformations. The distinct buffering mechanisms arise from fundamental structural differences: glauconite buffers via crystallochemical rearrangement, whereas smectite uses its expandable interlayer and high cation exchange capacity. The results demonstrate that peat bogs play a role as natural geochemical reactors, accelerating the early diagenetic processes of clay mineral transformation. This highlights the potential of glauconite and smectite as effective buffering and sorbent materials in environmentally friendly technologies such as barrier screens and water purification systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108146"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic insights into biotite weathering: effects of structural and physicochemical factors on Na-TPB-induced potassium leaching","authors":"Seongyeop Kim,&nbsp;Yeongkyoo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the mechanisms of biotite weathering is critical for elucidating geochemical cycling and soil formation. This study provides key mechanistic insights by systematically investigating artificial biotite weathering using a sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB)-based method and evaluating the effects of reaction conditions—namely, the number of extraction cycles, temperature, particle size, structural iron oxidation state, and initial biotite composition, including the number of extraction cycles, temperature, particle size, structural iron oxidation state, and initial biotite composition on weathering pathways, using two biotite samples (BR and CA) with different initial Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratios and halogen contents. The results demonstrated that increasing the number of K⁺ extraction cycles led to greater weathering than prolonging the reaction time, as this created a sustained, steep K⁺ concentration gradient. A critical finding was that the pre-oxidation of structural iron significantly retarded K⁺ leaching by altering the biotite's internal electrostatic forces. This was quantitatively confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which showed a clear correlation between increased surface Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratios and slower weathering kinetics. Furthermore, iron oxidation appeared to promote the formation of irregular mixed-layer structures (biotite–vermiculite layers), a plausible mechanistic consequence of heterogeneous structural cation redistribution. Comparative experiments of different initial compositions revealed that the CA biotite exhibited greater weathering resistance than the BR sample. This is because its distinct initial composition (higher halogen content and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratio) enhanced K⁺ retention. These findings highlight the decisive roles of structural iron oxidation and initial chemical composition in controlling biotite weathering rates and pathways and the formation of secondary mineral phases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108163"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ grown montmorillonite@layered double hydroxide assembled with sodium phytate towards improving flame retardancy and mechanical properties of leather","authors":"Bin Lyu ,&nbsp;Lurong Wang ,&nbsp;Dangge Gao ,&nbsp;Mengnan Kou ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The flammability of oils, the main component of leather fatliquoring agent, has largely limited in leather applications. In this work, layered double hydroxide (LDH) was grown in situ on montmorillonite (MMT) lamellae using a hydrothermal method, followed by sodium phytate (SP) modification to obtain SP-MMT@LDH. It was further introduced into modified zanthoxylum bungeanum maxim seed oil (MZBMSO) to construct a high-performance flame-retardancy leather fatliquoring agent. The introduction of 12 wt% SP-MMT@LDH into MZBMSO resulted in good thermal stability and flame retardancy for the fatliquored leather. The sustained burning time of the SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather was only 29 s, and the limiting oxygen index value reached 29.5%. Compared to MZBMSO fatliquored leather, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (pSPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather decreased effectively by 50.1%, 45.9%, 50.2%, and 75.0%, respectively. The excellent heat and smoke reduction performance of the fatliquored leather was further validated through condensed and gas phase flame retardancy mechanism. Moreover, the SP-MMT@LDH/MZBMSO fatliquored leather has good mechanical properties, including a softness of 5.23 mm. This study provides a new approach to improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of fatliquored leather.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108157"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid PVC/EDTA-Bentonite ultrafiltration membranes for efficient Pb (II) removal from wastewater","authors":"Z. Abdollahi ,&nbsp;H. Khezraqa ,&nbsp;Y. Jafarzadeh ,&nbsp;Ş.B. Tantekin-Ersolmaz","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108124","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108124","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hybrid ultrafiltration membranes were prepared by incorporating ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-modified bentonite nanoparticles into a poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) matrix via a non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) process. The EDTA-bentonite filler was designed not only as a hydrophilic clay additive but also as an active chelating phase for dissolved Pb²⁺ ions. The structure and properties of the resulting mixed-matrix membranes were examined using FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, FESEM, AFM, contact angle measurements, and mechanical testing. An intermediate filler loading produced a more hydrophilic and porous morphology with improved tensile strength, demonstrating that the modified clay can simultaneously tune both transport and mechanical behavior. Filtration experiments with Pb²⁺ solutions showed that the optimized membrane achieved high lead rejection (99%) and significant adsorption capacity, with equilibrium data well described by the Langmuir isotherm, consistent with monolayer chemisorption on EDTA sites. The mechanistic analysis indicates that Pb²⁺ removal is dominated by chelation and ion exchange on the EDTA-functionalized bentonite dispersed throughout the PVC matrix, rather than by size-exclusion alone. Because the membrane is fabricated from commodity PVC, naturally abundant bentonite, and a simple EDTA modification step, the proposed system offers a stable, scalable, and low-cost platform for heavy-metal removal from contaminated waters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108124"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architecting BiVO4 on halloysite nanotubes: A high-performance electrode for theophylline detection with elucidated oxidation pathway","authors":"Perumal Murugesan ,&nbsp;Gopika Meenakumari Gopakumar ,&nbsp;Beena Saraswathyamma ,&nbsp;Mohamed A. Habila ,&nbsp;Ahmed Aljuwayid ,&nbsp;Mani Govindasamy","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A composite of bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) with halloysite nanotubes (Hly) deposited on glassy carbon electrodes (BiVO₄/Hly@GCE) allows for the fast determination of theophylline using differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimized conditions in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), the method delivers a wide linear range of 0.2–933 μM with a limit of detection of 0.0023 μM (3σ/m) and a limit of quantification of 0.0077 μM (10σ/m). Precision is high, with intra-day RSD = 2.4% (<em>n</em> = 10, 50 μM) and inter-day RSD = 3.1% (<em>n</em> = 5 days), and electrode-to-electrode reproducibility shows RSD = 3.8% (n = 5). Electrodes show operational stability by retaining at least 92% of the initial response after 20 cycles. Analysis of common beverage constituents have shown this system is operationally selective as they did not produce a signal bias response. A linear regression analysis was used to obtain 95–104% recoveries as well as a low standard deviation for the coffee, milk tea, and green tea samples after dilution, which indicates the loss of a reagent due to the absence of an analysis procedure The straightforward composite fabrication and robust analytical performance support routine, cost-effective screening of theophylline in complex matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Montmorillonite-olivine combination for synergistic enhancement of marine diatom growth and particulate organic carbon production","authors":"Fucheng Yao ,&nbsp;Wei Yan ,&nbsp;Lulu Qin ,&nbsp;Rongda Yu ,&nbsp;Dong Liu ,&nbsp;Yanfu Wei ,&nbsp;Li Li ,&nbsp;Qingcheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Peng Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the limited efficiency of vertical organic carbon export in ocean iron fertilization (OIF), the “Mineral-enhanced Biological Pump” (MeBP) was proposed, aiming to enhance the transport of diatom-derived carbon to deep sea by adding clay minerals such as montmorillonite. Coastal Enhanced Weathering (CEW) seeks to boost ocean alkalinity and carbon sequestration by applying silicate minerals like olivine. However, whether these two mineral-based carbon sequestration strategies can be synergistically combined, particularly the effects of combinations of clay minerals and olivine in marine environments, remains unexplored. In this study, microcosm experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of combined addition of montmorillonite and olivine on the growth and primary productivity of the diatom <em>Thalassiosira weissflogii</em>, as well as their interfacial interactions. The results showed that montmorillonite released more dissolved silicon than olivine in seawater over a short period, providing a richer silicon source for diatoms. This effectively promoted the diatom growth, total chlorophyll <em>a</em> concentration, and particulate organic carbon (POC) production. However, the addition of olivine alone had limited effects on promoting the diatom growth and the POC production. Notably, the combined application of both minerals exhibited a synergistic effect on diatom-derived POC accumulation and diatom growth. Meanwhile, aggregation between montmorillonite and diatom frustules and the incorporation of Al into frustule structures can jointly enhance the protection of diatom-derived POC. In addition, the combined addition also increased seawater pH. These findings reveal the synergistic enhancement of the montmorillonite–olivine combination on the diatom biological pump, offering new insights and experimental evidence for the potentially comprehensive application of MeBP and CEW strategies to enhance marine carbon sequestration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108147"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the hydration of bentonites under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions using a double-porosity approach","authors":"Ramon Vasconcelos ,&nbsp;Antonio Gens ,&nbsp;Carlos E. Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Jean Vaunat","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2026.108148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The constitutive model for expansive materials described here follows the usual double-porosity approach that represents the clay soil as two overlapping pore media (microstructure and macrostructure) coupled through a micro-macro strain mechanism. However, the current formulation also includes a local water mass transfer controlling the saturation of the microstructure, the definition of water retention curves for each structural level, and the occurrence of thermal strains in both pore domains. These additional features enhance the model's ability to simulate the response of bentonites under varying moisture conditions. This double-porosity model satisfactorily simulated some infiltration tests taken from the literature, reproducing the main test observations and validating its use for predicting the behaviour of bentonites in various geotechnical engineering scenarios. The infiltration tests selected were carried out in columns made of FEBEX and MX-80 bentonites under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions to characterize the main hydro-mechanical and thermo-hydro-mechanical processes that occur within a bentonite barrier hydrated under confined conditions. The numerical simulations showed that structural changes in bentonite materials during the transient hydration phase are due to the irreversible response of the macrostructure (changes in macroporosity) but also depend on the mechanisms controlling the saturation of the microstructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"285 ","pages":"Article 108148"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146171409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}