Applied Clay Science最新文献

{"title":"Montmorillonite revolution: a unified exploration of exfoliation techniques and its emerging role as an advanced drug delivery carrier","authors":"Anchal Karwal,&nbsp;Amit Kumar,&nbsp;Awesh K. Yadav","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The continual quest for efficient drug delivery systems has led to the exploration of advanced clay-based nanocarriers. In this regard, montmorillonite (MMT) emerging as a highly promising candidate. MMT's layered structure and high surface area, coupled with its natural ability to exfoliate, make it an excellent candidate for drug delivery applications. Exfoliation, the process of separating MMT layers into nanoscale sheet-like layers, displays a critical feature in upgrading its properties by enhancing the available surface area and improving interaction with drug molecules, and directly impacting drug loading capacity and entrapment efficiency through reducing its aggregation, which is its natural tendency. Researchers have extensively explored exfoliation techniques to harness these benefits, leading to the development of MMT-based nanosheets that provide a higher surface area-to-volume ratio, therefore, MMT possibly suitable for drug delivery and controlled release. Additionally, the safety and toxicity profiles of MMT have been rigorously evaluated, confirming its excellent biocompatibility. This review highlights the advancements in exfoliation techniques, their role in optimizing MMT as a nanocarrier, and its relevance in modern drug delivery systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107845"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensional precision in DNA affinity by layered double hydroxides with length and size selectivity","authors":"Jing Xie ,&nbsp;Kyoung-Min Kim ,&nbsp;Jaehong Park ,&nbsp;Yoon Suk Kim ,&nbsp;Wooyong Park ,&nbsp;Byung Chul Jung ,&nbsp;Vidya Chandrabose ,&nbsp;Zubair Khalid ,&nbsp;Tae-il Kim ,&nbsp;Jae-Min Oh","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, we demonstrated that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands selectively bind to the surfaces of size-customized layered double hydroxide (LDH) particles, driven by a distinct size-matching interaction between the adsorbate and adsorbent. High-purity LDHs with specific particle sizes – LDH-S (small) and LDH-L (large) – were synthesized, and their DNA adsorption behaviors were systematically examined. The LDH-S exhibited a higher specific surface energy and zeta potential than LDH-L; whereas LDH-L possessed a well-ordered crystalline structure along the crystallographic ab-plane compared to LDH-S. According to the adsorption isotherm, the DNA strands were adsorbed onto the LDH surface in a multilayer manner. The mathematical fitting indicated that LDH-S had a higher adsorption capacity and less cooperative adsorption than LDH-L. Electrophoresis using size-specific ladder DNA confirmed that LDH adsorbed DNA in a size-selective manner; ladder DNA below 800 base pairs selectively adsorbed on LDH-S, while DNA above 800 base pairs preferred adsorption on LDH-L. The binding assay using large plasmid DNA corroborated that LDH-L displayed superior adsorption efficiency for large DNA fragments. The distinctive preference of LDH-L for large DNA might be due to cooperative interactions among DNA strands on expansive surfaces with periodic electrostatic interaction sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107852"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of the rheological performance on dynamic printing of metakaolin-based geopolymer","authors":"Yanhong Jia ,&nbsp;Yao Chen ,&nbsp;Yanchen Li ,&nbsp;Huirong Le","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The three-dimensional (3D) printing of geopolymers has considerable potential for reducing energy consumption and waste material generation. However, the increase in material viscosity and elasticity during geopolymerization significantly affects the 3D printing process, causing material flow interruption, nozzle clogging, and slumping if not properly controlled. These challenges are particularly prevalent in alkali-activated geopolymer systems, which tend to cure rapidly. In this research, the effect of varying contents of NaOH (2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 g) mixed with 15 g of a silica sol on the rheological properties of metakaolin-based geopolymers was systematically investigated. The Benbow–Bridgwater model was used to calculate the yield and wall shear stresses, which were incorporated into the Carreau model to optimize the extrusion parameters. To account for the dynamic changes in the rheological performance, a Grasshopper-based plugin in Rhinoceros was developed to generate G-code files for the real-time adjustment of key printing parameters, including the layer height (0.4–0.8 mm), printing speed (40–120 mm/s), and extrusion pressure (50–200 kPa). The experimental results demonstrated that dynamic parameter optimization significantly improved the printing quality. For example, the number of stacked layers in Na_3.5KL_1.2HP_0.5 (KL = kaolin and HP = hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) increased to ∼40, representing ∼33 % improvement compared to that achieved when using the original printing method. Additionally, the slump ratio improved by 5 %–10 %, indicating enhanced shape retention capability during printing. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring printing parameters to the evolving rheological properties of geopolymers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107849"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of hierarchically structured Bi2MoO6/g-C3N4/kaolinite S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for the efficient removal of formaldehyde and tetracycline under visible light","authors":"Yangyu Liu ,&nbsp;Lu Lu ,&nbsp;Arman Peyravi ,&nbsp;Zaher Hashisho ,&nbsp;Jun Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaofei Hao ,&nbsp;Jiuyue Wang ,&nbsp;Hailong Zhang ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Shuilin Zheng ,&nbsp;Yuping Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel hierarchically structured Bi₂MoO₆/g-C₃N₄/kaolinite ternary S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized by a simple calcination crystallization and solvothermal method, with exfoliated kaolinite as the carrier. Detailed analysis of the structure and morphology of the composite was conducted through a series of characterization techniques. The results indicate that the incorporation of kaolinite notably enhanced the photocatalytic performance of the composite. Kaolinite not only acts as a carrier, providing a high specific surface area and abundant adsorption sites, but also facilitates the migration and separation of photogenerated carriers through its unique layered structure and surface chemical properties. Consequently, this ternary composite exhibits excellent degradation performance towards tetracycline and formaldehyde under visible light irradiation, with reaction rate constants that are 15.5 times and 8.05 times higher than that of pure g-C₃N₄, respectively. Radical scavenger experiments reveal that hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the primary active specie. Finally, we discuss the synergistic mechanism of kaolinite in the composite, including its enhancement of light capture ability, improvement of charge separation efficiency, and promotion of active species generation. Overall, this study provides new insights for developing highly efficient and stable kaolinite-based visible-light-driven materials for environmental remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107854"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143928873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techniques for porewater extraction from clayrocks","authors":"Martin Mazurek ,&nbsp;Paul Wersin ,&nbsp;Florian Eichinger ,&nbsp;Adrian Bath ,&nbsp;Tom Al ,&nbsp;Ian D. Clark ,&nbsp;Laura Kennell-Morrison ,&nbsp;Niko Kampman ,&nbsp;Daniel Traber","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The chemical and isotopic composition of porewaters in clayrocks records the palaeo-hydrogeological evolution of sedimentary basins. However, porewater extraction is in general demanding and time-consuming. Techniques have been newly developed or adapted in recent years, and progress in analytical methods, in particular the minimisation of sample mass needed for analysis, have opened new opportunities for porewater studies. Depending on their degree of induration, clayrocks span a wide range of porosities. They all have in common a nanometric pore-space architecture, which results in low permeability and the predominance of diffusive solute transport through the formation. The negatively charged clay-mineral surfaces affect both the chemical composition and the binding state of the water molecules in the adjacent pore space. Thus, in a profile across a pore, the composition and the mobility of the porewater vary as a function of the distance from the clay surface. In a simplified way, two water types, namely free, charge-balanced porewater in the central parts of a pore and bound/interlayer water along clay surfaces can be distinguished.</div><div>Adequate field sampling protocols are needed to preserve core materials from evaporation and oxidation, and to this end well-trained on-site staff is a pre-requisite in order to minimise exposure of the samples to the atmosphere. Porewater extraction from clayrocks requires dedicated methods that are based on different physical principles, including the application of high hydraulic gradients (advective displacement, centrifugation, sampling of in-situ seepages), axial pressure (squeezing), diffusive equilibration (out-diffusion, isotope diffusive exchange, in-situ circulation tests), capillary suction (filter absorption), heating (vacuum distillation), crushing and dilution (aqueous extraction), and outgassing via diffusion (analysis of dissolved noble and reactive gases). Different extraction methods often yield consistent results, but distinct differences may occur if the methods sample different domains of the pore space. The attribution of water extracted by a specific method to a particular porewater reservoir is not always evident, and current research aims at a better understanding of this issue.</div><div>The suitability of a particular method depends on the properties of the studied clayrock (porosity, degree of cementation, mineralogy) and the parameters of interest (major ions, stable water isotopes, dissolved gases). Each method has its limitations and incurs various kinds of artefacts that may require corrections. It is concluded that there is no single best method to extract the porewater and to analyse the dissolved constituents and isotope composition, and that a method or combination of methods should be selected considering the properties of the studied clayrock.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107855"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143922001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced antimicrobics of peroxidase-like Cu2O/NPC from Cu-MOF presented in palygorskite","authors":"Cuicui Liang ,&nbsp;Fei Zha ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Tang ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Guo ,&nbsp;Haifeng Tian ,&nbsp;Yue Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The misuse of antibiotics leads to the emergence of a variety of drug-resistant bacteria, which poses a serious threat to human life. Novel antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed. Herein, peroxidase-like enzyme material of Cu₂O/NPC/Pal was prepared from Cu₂O/nanoporous carbon (Cu₂O/NPC) derived from Cu-MOF in the presence of palygorskite (Pal) by the pyrolysis-etching-pyrolysis strategy. Cu₂O/NPC/Pal could catalyze the production of ·O₂⁻ from H₂O₂ to cause the oxidative stress and cell membrane damage to bacteria. The antibacterial rates against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> reached 98.99 % and 92.70 %, respectively. In addition, Cu₂O/NPC/Pal can promote the oxidation of glutathione and the consumption of intracellular effectively. Introduction of Pal into Cu₂O/NPC significantly enhances the binding affinity and forms a highly concentrated substrate microenvironment. The study provided the pyrolysis strategy for the synthesis of carbon-based metal oxide nanomaterials in combination with mineral-based materials for the enhancement of peroxide-like activity in antimicrobial application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107850"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143921964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Montmorillonite enhances the remediation of lead (II) by polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/Chlorella sorokiniana FK microcapsules","authors":"Zijia Zhang ,&nbsp;Keqiang Zhou ,&nbsp;J. Viridiana Garcia-Meza ,&nbsp;Shaoxian Song ,&nbsp;Ling Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107847","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107847","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial remediation of heavy metals has attracted more and more attention because of its cleanliness and high efficiency. In this study, montmorillonite was used in coordination with polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate to prepare a new microcapsule of living <em>Chlorella sorokiniana</em> FK, and its remediation effect on Pb(II) was investigated. The results showed that the introduction of montmorillonite enhanced the mechanical strength of microcapsules and the removal efficiency of Pb(II) (100 %). The staining results of live/dead cells further indicated that the introduction of montmorillonite can more effectively help <em>Chlorella sorokiniana</em> FK in microcapsules resist lead stress. In addition, the characterization results proved that microcapsules can concentrate Pb(II) on the surface through electrostatic attraction, surface complexation, and ion exchange, and then transform them into mineralized precipitates (Pb₅(PO₄)₃Cl and Pb₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂) through the surface precipitation and induced carbonate precipitation of internal microalgae. It is worth noting that pot experiments have shown that the prepared microcapsules can more effectively reduce the bioavailability of lead and improve the structure and function of microbial communities. This study indicates that the prepared microcapsules have great potential for application in heavy metals remediation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107847"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Yeast-activated carbon/montmorillonite nanosheets with porous spherical shells for efficient tetracycline degradation","authors":"Liming Wu ,&nbsp;Zhongyu Su ,&nbsp;Jinzhou Fan ,&nbsp;Daoguang Teng ,&nbsp;Weijun Peng ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yijun Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A bio-derived carbon composite catalyst was successfully prepared by loading yeast onto the assembled montmorillonite nanosheets (MMTNS-L), followed by calcination, which effectively prevented catalyst aggregation. MMTNS assembled in a two-dimensional direction to form large sheets, providing a robust support structure. After carbonization, yeast cells, as natural biological entities rich in nitrogen, exhibited a distinctive hollow thin-layer spherical shell with a large specific surface area and abundant pores. The evaporation of internal water vapor further contributed to the formation of this porous structure. The spherical shells uniformly distribute on the assembled MMTNs, resisting aggregation and exposing more active sites, which enhances the catalyst's efficiency. The pyridine N and pyrrole N formed after carbonization provide additional active sites to facilitate electron transfer, while the stable graphite N and N<img>O enhance the catalyst's stability and promote the non-radicals generation. During the degradation process, potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was introduced and activated by the catalyst, generating both free and non-free radicals to effectively degrade tetracycline (TC). Under optimal conditions, the assembly of MMTNS with a lamellar structure, followed by high-temperature yeast carbonization, achieved an 84 % TC degradation rate within 15 min. In this process, <span><math><mo>•</mo><msubsup><mi>SO</mi><mn>4</mn><mo>–</mo></msubsup></math></span>, <span><math><mo>•</mo><msubsup><mi>O</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>–</mo></msubsup></math></span>, and ¹O₂ all participated in TC degradation, with ¹O₂ being the dominant reactive species. As a highly reactive non-radical, ¹O₂ interacts with organic matter to facilitate its degradation. This structure significantly enhances photocatalytic performance and shows great potential for antibiotic removal. This technique aims to enhance the exposure of active sites on carbonized yeast and improve the catalyst's stability, thereby supporting the efficient treatment of antibiotic wastewater and the application of biocarbon catalytic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107846"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143894612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing soil organic carbon fixation with modified bentonite composites","authors":"Bing Liu ,&nbsp;Yuwen Shen ,&nbsp;Deshui Tan ,&nbsp;Bohan Cheng ,&nbsp;Haitao Lin ,&nbsp;Rui Xue ,&nbsp;Zongxin Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Yao ,&nbsp;Shuying Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107837","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107837","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modified bentonite composites (Fe-CTAB modified bentonite) were synthesized by intercalating cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) into the interlayer spaces of raw bentonite, followed by the embedding of iron oxide. The structural and physicochemical characteristics of the modified bentonite were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and zeta potential measurements. Our findings indicated that the modified bentonite exhibited a larger interlayer distance due to the introduction of CTAB, and the surface charge transitioned from negative to positive. The adsorption capacity of the Fe-CTAB modified bentonite for fulvic acid (FA) in an aqueous solution reached 368.4 mg/g, which was an increase of 2150 % compared to raw bentonite. In soil incubation experiments, the soil organic carbon content exhibited a 32.2 % decline in the FA treatment relative to the Fe-CTAB modified bentonite with FA treatment. The higher soil organic carbon sequestration in the treatment combining FA with Fe-CTAB modified bentonite led to increased biomass of crops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107837"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143887673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of compaction and ionic strength on cation exchange selectivity coefficients of Ca(II), Mg(II), and K(I) for Na(I) in bentonite","authors":"Ryo Yasuda ,&nbsp;Shingo Tanaka ,&nbsp;Daisuke Hayashi ,&nbsp;Tomoko Ishii ,&nbsp;Yukinobu Kimura ,&nbsp;Tsuneyuki Maemura ,&nbsp;Hitoshi Owada","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107836","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107836","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cation exchange selectivity coefficients of bentonite are crucial for estimating cation compositions of bentonite buffer in the geological disposal of radioactive wastes. For confirming the difference in selectivity coefficients of Ca(II), Mg(II), and K(I) for Na(I) between compacted and dispersed bentonite, column and batch experiments were performed under various ionic strengths. Further, as an applied study, a column experiment was performed using coastal groundwater (ionic strength 0.28 M), and the cation compositions of bentonite after the experiment were numerically simulated using selectivity coefficients for the compacted and dispersed states. The experimental results showed that the selectivity coefficients in the compacted state were higher than those in the dispersed state, and they increased slightly with increasing ionic strength in both states. The numerical simulations agree with the experimental results of cation composition after the column experiment when using the selectivity coefficients determined under the compacted state at the ionic strength of 0.25 M. These results suggest that the selectivity coefficients obtained under the compacted state are preferable for predicting the cation composition of compacted bentonite, especially in saline groundwater environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"273 ","pages":"Article 107836"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}