Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Detection of fossilised solution pipes and their hydrological function using electrical resistivity tomography in Apulia, Italy","authors":"Mateja Ferk,&nbsp;Matej Lipar,&nbsp;Andrej Šmuc,&nbsp;Mario Parise,&nbsp;Rok Ciglič,&nbsp;Klemen Cof,&nbsp;Primož Miklavc,&nbsp;Uroš Stepišnik","doi":"10.1002/esp.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solution pipes are vertical, cylindrical karst features formed by focused vertical water flow in carbonate rocks with matrix porosity, often with well-cemented rims and filled with sediment. The objective of this study was to detect and characterise solution pipes with cemented rims along the Melendugno coast in Apulia, Italy, using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). We employed both 2D and 3D ERT profiles, using Schlumberger and Mixed Dipole-Gradient arrays, to identify cylindrical resistivity anomalies associated with solution pipes, even in sediment-covered areas where surface mapping is insufficient. The ERT results combined with stratigraphic analysis of the bedrock showed that the pipes are shallow, typically less than 2 m deep, and are associated with layers of highly porous calcarenites. Furthermore, the detected solution pipes have a higher electrical resistivity than the surrounding bedrock, indicating that the solution pipes are fossilised and no longer actively contributing to vertical water flow. These fossilised pipes now exhibit a reversed hydrological function compared to their active formation phase; presently, water preferentially infiltrates into the subsurface through the surrounding bedrock rather than through the pipes themselves. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ERT in diagenetically immature rocks, providing insights into the geomorphological and hydrological evolution of coastal karst systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction, destruction and fan-river coupling dynamics during two consecutive debris flow events in an arid fluvial system","authors":"Albert Cabré,&nbsp;Álex Garcés,&nbsp;Germán Aguilar,&nbsp;Santiago Montserrat,&nbsp;Eneko Beriain,&nbsp;Francisco O. Alfaro","doi":"10.1002/esp.70041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the shifts in fan-river coupling during two major consecutive debris flow events (March 2015 and May 2017) on tributary-junction alluvial fans situated in the Atacama Desert in the Andes. Studying the geomorphological consequences of debris flow events in these fans provides a unique opportunity to understand the mechanisms of fan formation and destruction in arid landscapes. To do so, we integrate repeated high-resolution topography of two end-member fans representative of fans built in confined fluvial settings in the Andes, along with detailed geomorphological and sedimentological mapping.</p><p>Here, we identify how fan-river interactions shift after flood events, influenced by: (i) sediment volumes supplied and buffered in the fan, (ii) changes in feeder channel gradient and (iii) the previous position of the main river channel in the trunk valley. The primary geomorphic consequences observed in the fans include deep incisions and entrenchment of the abandoned alluvial surfaces by the feeder channels, leading to the formation of new lobes at the fan toes. In many cases, debris flow partially block the main river, diverting the main channel. We interpret that the sedimentological differences within and between fans during both debris flow events result from varying water-to-sediment ratios, which are influenced by the sediment storage characteristics of the catchments (e.g., net sediment storage, internal buffers in drainage networks, transport capacity).</p><p>Our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms responsible for the formation of tributary-junction alluvial fans and their interactions with axial valleys in arid, confined valley settings. This approach can be applied to tributary-junction fans elsewhere, contributing to sediment budget estimates, downstream sediment propagation signals and the development of hazard mitigation strategies in regions expected to experience an increase in the frequency and intensity of rainstorm events.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70041","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legacy sediment: A conceptual model and perspective on the role of dams","authors":"Bridget Livers,&nbsp;Noah P. Snyder","doi":"10.1002/esp.70044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The term ‘legacy’ usually refers to past human activities that have long since ceased, but contemporary human activities can potentially leave future legacies. While legacy sediment is often defined as having upstream anthropogenic origins, such as from land clearing, infrastructure such as flood control structures and dams can trap sediment, whether naturally or anthropogenically derived, that can persist for centuries or more, thus leaving a legacy of past sedimentation. Dam removal is becoming more common, and accounting of sediment caused by the impoundment is an important component of planning a removal and its impacts. We provide four examples to explore mechanisms of legacy sediment generation: (1) land use changes with no infrastructure or dams, (2) a review of non-dam infrastructure that abstracts water and substantially reduces sediment transport, (3) a case study from the longest-duration geomorphic monitoring (2007 to 2023) of a short (&lt;10 m) dam removed in 2008 and (4) a review of a well-studied tall (&gt;10 m) dam removal. When dams are removed, fluvial processes typically erode sediment in and directly adjacent to newly formed or opened stream channels over short timescales, but inaccessible deposits remain as legacy sediment. We demonstrate that overbank flooding and sedimentation upstream of run-of-river dams can create unrecognised deposits outside of the modern reservoir pool. We further outline how certain dam and other infrastructure characteristics, dam removal style and sediment character can generate persistent legacy sediment and sometimes legacy landforms outside active stream channels where it is unlikely to be excavated by natural geomorphic processes except in the most extreme events. With the increase in dam building and dam removal in various parts of the world, legacy sediment deposits are becoming ubiquitous, with important consequences for river and land management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143646128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surveys conducted a third of a century apart reveal changes to in-stream large wood, riparian vegetation and stream planform in response to management within a UK national park","authors":"Angela M. Gurnell,&nbsp;Christopher T. Hill,&nbsp;Stephen Tooth","doi":"10.1002/esp.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite their importance for the structure and biogeomorphological function of river landscapes, riparian trees and wood have long been heavily managed. In 1991, Gregory et al. (1993) undertook a walkover survey of ~60 km of streams within the Lymington River catchment, New Forest, England, including mapping the characteristics of in-stream large wood, riparian vegetation and stream planform. In 2024, the survey was repeated. Before 1991, wood and fallen trees were frequently removed from stream channels to improve drainage and support growth of non-native conifers in plantations. Arterial drains were also cut and linked to realigned, resectioned streams within planted areas. From ~1990, major stream and land management changes were progressively introduced, including a reduction in wood removal from streams, restoration of realigned streams to more natural planforms and smaller channel sizes and clearance of conifers from floodplains to permit recolonisation by native deciduous species.</p><p>Comparative analysis of the 1991 and 2024 survey data reveals &gt;100% increase in the number of wood jams and fallen trees, with fallen trees and the most hydraulically-influential wood jam types increasing by &gt;200%. These increases are particularly associated with sinuous streams draining deciduous woodland. Streams draining coniferous woodland and heath-scrub-lawn-mire show less fallen trees and wood jams and smaller increases between surveys, with particularly low abundances along streams disturbed by conifer clearance and stream restoration. This analysis has quantified the transformation of extended lengths of New Forest streams, revealed the likely degree to which the transformation is attributable to different management actions, and provided insights into possible future trajectories of change.</p><p>Following brief training, the survey is suitable for application by river volunteers and professionals. Repeat surveys in future decades and on other sites can quantify changes to in-stream wood, riparian vegetation and stream planform, providing invaluable insights into the consequences of management actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood jam mobility in a morphologically active river in northern Chilean Patagonia","authors":"Lorenzo Martini,&nbsp;Alberto Paredes,&nbsp;Karla Sánchez,&nbsp;Andrés Iroumé,&nbsp;Lorenzo Picco","doi":"10.1002/esp.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wood is crucial in river systems, influencing both ecological and physical dynamics. Understanding its behaviour in relation to fluvial morphology is essential for effective watershed management, especially after extreme events. The tendency of wood to accumulate into wood jams (WJs) adds complexity, as these dynamics remain challenging to assess. This study explored the relationship between channel morphological changes and WJ mobility in the Blanco River, Chile, which was affected by a volcanic eruption in 2008–2009. The methodological approach involved utilising multi-temporal drone surveys conducted in 2018, 2019 and 2023, over a river segment with an area of 29.5 ha and a length of 2.2 km. First, the characterisation of morphological units, quantification of geomorphic changes, and classification of morphodynamic mechanisms were accomplished using orthophotos and robust Digital Terrain Models (DTM) of Difference (DoD). Then, WJ abundance, spatial arrangement and mobility were derived from their manual delineation over 3 years. Finally, the characteristics of missing, newly formed, and persistent WJs were further analysed in relation to the morphodynamics. The results revealed that the river remains highly active, even 10–15 years post-eruption. From 2018 to 2023, at least 1.43 × 10⁵ m³ of sediment was displaced, yielding a value of 1.21 × 10⁵ m³ km⁻² year⁻¹. Most of this displacement was attributed to floodplain erosion from the channel's lateral shifts. WJs covered up to 10% of the study area annually. Mobility rates were 68% and 78% for the periods 2018–2019 and 2019–2023, respectively. In areas with no geomorphic changes, larger, less compact WJs were more likely to persist. However, persistent WJs were also associated with bank erosion and sediment deposition over bars. In contrast, missing or newly formed WJs tended to be smaller, more compact and were primarily linked to significant erosional and depositional processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling river and floodplain evolution using physics-based and reduced-complexity approaches","authors":"Andrew P. Nicholas","doi":"10.1002/esp.70008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70008","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Models of river-floodplain evolution have previously been classified as adopting either <i>physics-based</i> or <i>reduced-complexity</i> approaches, with the latter presumed to afford a weaker representation of fluvial processes and dynamics. Results are presented herein that enable the first direct comparison of two such approaches within a single fluvial morphodynamic modelling framework. This is achieved using a new morphodynamic model that can be implemented using two alternative hydrodynamic solvers, while all other model components are unchanged. The two solvers are a momentum conserving (MC) Godunov-type finite volume scheme; and an inertial formulation (IF) of the shallow water equations, which neglects momentum transport. Simulations reported herein demonstrate that the two modelling approaches can produce channels characterised by very similar morphology and process rates. Moreover, both solvers exhibit consistent behaviour that illustrates the key role of lateral dynamics (driven by both bank erosion and other mechanisms of floodplain reworking) as a control river channel pattern. Overall, the IF solver is characterised by greater sensitivity to changes in model parameter values and, for some parameterisations, may promote channels with unrealistic planform morphology. Moreover, the neglect of momentum transport by the IF solver restricts its capacity to represent flow acceleration over bar tops, which has implications for its ability to simulate bar-driven braiding and low sinuosity braided anabranches. Despite this, the simpler IF solver is capable of simulating the evolution of meandering channels (and their floodplains) using coarse model grids, due to its representation of streamline curvature effects on sediment transport direction. The resulting reduction in computational cost associated with implementing the IF solver suggests that such reduced-complexity approaches may be particularly suitable for use in simulating the long-term (millennial) evolution of meandering river floodplains, perhaps more so than braided channels, which have often been the focus of reduced-complexity modelling studies in the past.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cirques in the eastern Kunlun Mountains, NE Tibetan Plateau and their links to climatic and non-climatic factors","authors":"Qian Zhang,&nbsp;Han Meng,&nbsp;Yong Sun,&nbsp;Ninglian Wang,&nbsp;Chaolu Yi,&nbsp;Li Zhang,&nbsp;Lupeng Yu,&nbsp;Yubin Wu","doi":"10.1002/esp.70034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cirque metrics are widely used to deduce palaeoclimate conditions, with extensive research in the alpine regions of High Mountain Asia (HMA). Some debates remain regarding the relationship between cirque morphology and climate/topography and a detailed study is needed to deepen the knowledge of cirque development. This study delineated and analysed 375 cirques in the eastern Kunlun Mountains, northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Results show that cirque area and development degree decrease from west to east. Cirques and modern glaciers predominantly face north. In an east–west contrast, more cirques face west, with lower cirque floor altitude (CFA) than those facing east, highlighting the effect of the east Asian monsoon (EAM). The eastward decline in CFA in the eastern Kunlun Mountains implies that the palaeoprecipitation increases eastward, highlighting the dominant role of the EAM on glaciation during the last glacial period. The lower aspect asymmetry of the cirques than that of the modern glaciers implies greater glacial coverage during the last glacial period than today. By comparing the results across the HMA, it is suggested that cirque density, specific area, size, floor altitude and aspect asymmetry exhibit no distinct correlation with annual temperature, precipitation, altitude and bedrock resistance. Cirque development depends on the relative efficacy of glacial erosion, which is jointly controlled by local climate, topography and bedrock type, which may be regionally diverse. This may be an explanation for the inconsistencies in the relationships between cirque metrics and climate in different regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unrepeatable river: Exploring chaotic variability in laboratory channels","authors":"David L. Adams,&nbsp;Marwan A. Hassan,&nbsp;Sarah Davidson","doi":"10.1002/esp.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Experimental work relies on the assumption that, under controlled conditions, repeat trials will yield consistent outcomes. This assumption is crucial in geomorphology, as both a theoretical and applied science, yet it is rarely examined directly. We investigated the repeatability of channel forms by conducting 14 trials using a gravel-bed stream table. Analyses of morphology and hydraulics using simple statistics, dimensional reduction techniques and hierarchical clustering were used to quantify similarities and differences between outcomes. Average channel form was consistent across all trials, but practically, irreducible variations in initial conditions led to divergent outcomes through chaotic dynamics. Notably, two distinct channel outcomes were observed, resembling attractor states, relating to the presence or absence of an avulsion. The results indicate that even under well-controlled conditions, repeatability is not guaranteed in physical models. The findings prompt a re-framing of how experimental certainty and repeatability are defined in practice. Conducting repeated trials may mitigate the confounding effects of variability, but the optimal number of trials remains unclear and is likely case-specific. We suggest that future research incorporate repetitions and explore probabilistic approaches to presenting results. Embracing and quantifying this variability can enhance the robustness of physical models and provide deeper insights into channel dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UAV and photogrammetric techniques to study shoreline changes in the high Arctic as exemplified by the Kaffiøyra region, Svalbard","authors":"Kamil Czarnecki,&nbsp;Ireneusz Sobota","doi":"10.1002/esp.70037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-latitude coasts are among many polar ecosystems vulnerable to global climate change. This paper presents research results on coastline changes in Kaffiøyra, Svalbard (High Arctic). Archival aerial photographs and satellite imagery (1966, 1990, 2017) were used, and field surveys (by UAVs) were carried out in 2021–22 to create high-resolution digital terrain models (pix ~ 5 cm). The Area Of Interest (AOI) covered ~1.5 km² and was divided into four main zones of different characteristics (mouth of the river, beach, bay and sand spit). Remote sensing methods were used to determine the directions of changes in the Kaffiøyra coastline and to indicate the main factors affecting the deposition or erosion of sediments. With the support of a UAV kit with a GNSS receiver, using photogrammetric software, models, with precise and low error rates, were obtained depicting the state of the Arctic environment. The average rate of coastline retreat in the adopted AOI ranged from −0.24 ± 0.16 to 0.70 ± 0.16 m yr⁻¹ (1966–2021), but in the selected period: −0.32 ± 0.57 to 0.19 ± 0.57 (1966–1990), −0.38 ± 0.40 to 1.10 ± 0.40 (1990–2017); −0.27 ± 0.47 to 1.33 ± 0.47 (2017–2021). The study described the direct factors (coastal currents, tides, hydrographic network) and indirect factors (meteorological conditions and recession of Kaffiøyra glaciers) but focused on the morphometric transformation of the shoreline. In this study, the authors sought to explain the causes of the changes that are occurring in the polar environment. They performed the analysis under the very specific meteorological and topographical conditions of the Kaffiøyra lowland, discovering and closing the spatial gaps of coastal research in the Arctic. The results were compared with different locations on Spitsbergen, where the reasons for these changes were quite different.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of river capture on fluvial terraces and bedrock incision","authors":"Sean F. Gallen,&nbsp;Karl W. Wegmann","doi":"10.1002/esp.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<p>River terraces are commonly used to infer climate and tectonic histories. Yet, it is increasingly recognised that other processes, such as river capture, can affect river terrace genesis and incision rates and patterns. In this study, we conduct a field-based investigation of river terrace sequences along the Kolokithas and Varitis Rivers in central Crete, Greece, that share a confluence and preserve geomorphic evidence for the recent capture of the Kolokithas headwaters by the Varitis. We use digital topographic analysis, mapping, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) geochronology to quantify the river terrace and bedrock incision response to river capture. Topographic analysis indicates the Varitis captured ~30 km² of drainage area from the Kolokithas. We find differences in terrace characteristics, number of terraces, and incision rates and patterns on the adjacent valleys. The Kolokithas has four terrace levels, and the Varitis has five. All terraces are strath terraces, except for the oldest on the Kolokithas, a ~8 m thick fill terrace that starkly contrasts the time-equivalent ~1–2 m thick strath terrace on the Varitis. Relative and absolute age control suggests three Pleistocene terraces were emplaced during cooler climate intervals, and two Holocene terraces are perhaps because of anthropogenic disturbances. The incision patterns differ on each valley, with generally more incision upstream on the Varitis relative to the Kolokithas. Incision rates on the Varitis are roughly twice as high as on the Kolokithas, but the average incision rate of both valleys combined is comparable to coastal rock uplift rates derived from marine terraces. Collectively, our results suggest that fluvial systems are sensitive to climate and tectonic processes even when affected by geomorphic disturbances, like river capture and beheading. However, care must be taken when interpreting river terraces as direct records of climate and tectonic processes, particularly when working on a single river valley.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}