Earth Surface Processes and Landforms最新文献

{"title":"Morphology and dynamics of thermokarst ponds in a subarctic permafrost peatland, northern Sweden","authors":"Fabian Seemann, A. Britta K. Sannel","doi":"10.1002/esp.6021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.6021","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid climatic changes cause permafrost to thaw, initiating thermokarst landforms such as lakes and ponds. These waterbodies cover large extents of the northern circumpolar permafrost region and are significant sources of greenhouse gases. For the assessment of current and potential future waterbody development, continuous monitoring and analyses of the driving factors are required. In Dávvavuopmi, a permafrost peatland located in the sporadic permafrost zone of northern Sweden, high‐resolution imagery of the first two decades of the 21st century is available. This study combined field, GIS and statistical methods to explain spatiotemporal pond dynamics by investigating pond morphology and regional climate characteristics. Erosion affected 42% of the shorelines, and the erosion intensity was significantly correlated with the height and slope of bluffs facing the waterbodies. Along some sections, active erosion was causing shoreline retreat, but the dominant trend in this landscape was pond drainage and terrestrialisation/fen vegetation ingrowth. Between 2003 and 2021 the thermokarst pond area and number decreased by 6%/decade and 27%/decade, respectively. Inter‐ and intra‐annual climatic parameters could not be directly linked to thermokarst pond dynamics. Instead, the climate conditions (MAAT/snow depth) control permafrost degradation, causing enhanced hydrological connectivity in the landscape, which drives the pond drainage trend.","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Runoff and sediment reduction effects of different Paspalum wettsteinii-planting measures on the slopes of Masson pine plantation in the red soil region of southern China","authors":"Feihua Zhou,&nbsp;Ruibo Zha,&nbsp;Zehua Wu,&nbsp;Juan Wu,&nbsp;Qiang Lin,&nbsp;Jieling Wu,&nbsp;Liu Zhang,&nbsp;Liyuan Wang,&nbsp;Xuan Zha","doi":"10.1002/esp.5959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5959","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grass-planting measure is a crucial vegetation approach to mitigate understory soil erosion and improve ecological environment in the red soil region of southern China. This study aimed to quantify the effects of grass (<i>Paspalum wettsteinii</i> Hackel.)-planting measures on runoff and sediment reduction on slopes of <i>Masson pine</i> plantations under rainstorm conditions. We conducted a rainfall simulation experiment at a rainfall intensity of 2.0 mm/min, comparing single strip (MT1, strip spacing: 145 cm), double strips (MT2, strip spacing: 70 cm), and triple strips (MT3, strip spacing: 45 cm) grass-planting measures on slope surface runoff generation and soil erosion processes of the young <i>Masson pine</i> (MT0, no grass strip) plantation, and the bare slope (CK) was selected as the control. Results revealed that grass-planting measures significantly decreased slope erosion parameters compared to CK and MT0. As the average grass coverage increased (MT1 from 10% to 25%, MT2 from 7.5% to 22.5%, MT3 from 7.3% to 25%), the slope surface erosion parameters under the grass-planting measures decreased, resulting in significantly improved runoff and sediment reduction benefits. The runoff reduction effect could reach 32%, while the sediment reduction effect could reach 88%. Moreover, MT3 demonstrated superior performance over MT2 and MT1, with minimal runoff and sediment reduction effects observed for the MT0. Overall, this study suggests that grass-planting measures, coupled with the increasing of grass coverage rates, significantly improve runoff and sediment reduction benefits on slopes in regions experiencing heavy rainfall. Among the tested configurations, MT3 emerged as most effective measure for controlling understory soil erosion in <i>Masson pine</i> plantations, especially when its average grass coverage rate reached 25%. These findings provide valuable insights for selecting appropriate grass-planting strategies, as well as for understanding the underlying mechanisms of how these measures mitigate soil erosion. This scientific reference will aid in the design and implementation of soil and water conservation measures in the region.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4187-4201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Holocene hillslope evolution through extreme rainfall induced landslides in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Geochronology and paleoenvironmental evidence","authors":"Ana Carolina Facadio,&nbsp;Ana Luiza Coelho Netto,&nbsp;Kita Damasio Macario,&nbsp;Karoline Mayume Ishimine,&nbsp;Ortrud Monika Barth,&nbsp;Renata Jou","doi":"10.1002/esp.5975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5975","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Geomorphological, geochronological and paleoenvironmental data were integrated to examine how Holocene environmental changes have influenced geomorphic responses, particularly recurrent landslides and colluvial deposition on the steep slopes of the Rio de Janeiro mountains. This study focuses on a pilot hillslope (32°) with a concave-up topographic hollow and associated shallow translational landslides, enhancing our understanding of how extreme climatic events shaped landscape evolution in the region prior to significant human impact. Recently, the hillslope was reactivated by a shallow landslide triggered by the extreme rainfall event of January 2011, which resulted in over 3600 landslides in the region. Subsequent deep gullying exposed a deposit (&gt;3 m) containing buried, organic-rich colluvial layers. Comprehensive analysis was conducted on sedimentological, geochronological (AMS ¹⁴C), palynological, taphonomic and carbon isotope (δ¹³C) data from this deposit. The geochronological results indicate that the hillslope's evolution involves recurrent shallow translational landslides throughout the Holocene, with organic colluvial layers dating from 10 148 cal years BP at the base to 663 cal years BP at the top. Charcoal fragments of various sizes suggest frequent paleofires during the Holocene. Palynological and taphonomic analyses reveal post-fire herbaceous-shrubby vegetation and ferns (Asteraceae, Poaceae, <i>Alchornea</i>, <i>Baccharis</i>, <i>Celtis</i> and <i>Polypodium</i>), with predominant pollen grains and spores showing mechanical damage indicative of high transport energy and physical stress conditions. The rarefied post-fire vegetation and pioneer forest genera identified in the deposit are associated with a hydrological and mechanical dynamics that likely created less stable conditions on the slope system, promoting the occurrence of shallow landslides throughout the Holocene.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4388-4403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of geomorphological classification uncertainty using rough set theory: A case study of Shaanxi Province, China","authors":"Jilong Li,&nbsp;Shan He,&nbsp;Han Wu,&nbsp;Jiaming Na,&nbsp;Hu Ding","doi":"10.1002/esp.5965","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5965","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Geomorphological classification is affected by classification principles, indicators, methods, and data resolution, which can lead to uncertainty in the results. Such uncertainty directly affects the quality and subsequent applications of geomorphological classification. To quantify and control the uncertainty, it is important to select an appropriate and effective method for evaluating the uncertainty of geomorphological classification. This study evaluated the uncertainty of geomorphological classification of Shaanxi Province at the ground-feature class and image scales, which derived from rough set theory: rough entropy, approximate classification quality, and approximate classification accuracy. The three indicators helped effectively assess the uncertainty of geomorphological classification at multi-scale and measured the degree to which different factors affected the uncertainty of geomorphological classification. The relative impacts of three factors on the uncertainty of classification decreased in the order of classification methods, data resolution, and classification indicators. This finding is helpful to objectively evaluate and control the uncertainty generated in the process and results of geomorphological classification, and can provide targeted reference and guidance for future geomorphological classification work, which is more conducive to decision-making and application. At the same time, this study is also a beneficial supplement to the geomorphological research based on digital terrain analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4532-4548"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142252164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imbrication fabric as a diagnostic feature for the genetic classification of gravels deposited by fluid-gravity versus sediment-gravity subaerial flows","authors":"Andrea Brenna,&nbsp;Ivan Martini,&nbsp;Luca Menapace,&nbsp;Nicola Surian,&nbsp;Dario Ventra,&nbsp;Massimiliano Ghinassi","doi":"10.1002/esp.5986","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Gravel transport in subaerial environments occurs through different flows that are conveniently classified as debris flows, debris floods and water flows based on their distinct morpho-sedimentary dynamics and different implications for geomorphic hazard. Because distinctive features allowing gravelly sedimentary bodies to be ascribed to related genetic process are still a matter of discussion, this study aims to establish whether imbrication fabric represents a sedimentological fingerprint potentially applicable towards a more robust genetic classification of gravels. We analysed the fabric of 1007 imbricated clasts from modern and ancient deposits. Our results highlight statistically significant differences between imbrication fabrics in gravels deposited by different flows. Particles imbricated by water flows are typified by low imbrication angles (median of 35°) and elongated clasts oriented perpendicular to the flow. In contrast, debris-flow gravels exhibit high imbrication angles (median of 65°) and elongated clasts oriented parallel to the flow. Debris-flood deposits display elongated clasts both parallel and transverse to the main flow and intermediate values of imbrication angle (median of 47°). We propose that imbrication angles result from the combination of stability-driven selection—a process acting under tractional transport and promoting the remobilization of high-angle imbrication fabrics—and shear-stress-driven overriding—a mechanism leading to the formation of the higher imbrication angles—with the first dominating in water flows and the latter being effective in mass transport processes. The progressive change in imbrication fabrics from fluid-gravity to sediment-gravity flow deposits offers easily quantifiable sedimentological evidence to help in distinguishing genetic processes that contribute to the accumulation of gravels in alluvial and colluvial settings. Analysis of imbrication fabric can add valuable information, particularly as regards the classification of (1) coarse deposits in stratigraphic records and (2) modern debris flood deposits.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4088-4098"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mio-Pliocene paleo-course of Indus River in Upper Sutlej-Zhada basin: Implication of tectonic uplift on river piracy and drainage reorganization in SW Tibet and NW Himalaya","authors":"Abhishek Kashyap,&nbsp;Anand Kumar Pandey,&nbsp;Mukunda Dev Behera","doi":"10.1002/esp.5977","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5977","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We analysed the elevated low-relief relict landscapes in the transient Upper Satluj-Zhada basin and the adjoining region in the tectonically active north-western (NW) Himalaya–south-western (SW) Tibetan orogen to understand the evolution of the regional landscape and drainage system under the influence of the Karakoram Fault-Leo-Pargil Horst system. This elevated low relief landscape represents the Mio-Pliocene establishment of a new river network, which testimonies the present Sutlej River, which has been experiencing a transient surface uplift-incision regime since (~4–1 Ma) with a local base level at the confluence of the Sutlej and Spiti River. The Miocene exhumation of the Ayilari Range and Leo-Pargil Horst across the Karakoram fault (KF) system led to headward erosion, which abandoned the Paleo-Sutlej-Indus drainage system, which in turn caused drainage reversal along Qusum detachment (QD) and produced southward migration of the Paleo-Sutlej River towards the mountain front. Our results indicate that the Upper Indus River has significantly lower χ-ranges at higher elevations as compared with the adjacent Upper Sutlej River at lower elevations, which corresponds with a river piracy model that incorporates area gain-loss feedback. The Upper Sutlej River in the Zhada basin is characterized by a comparable series of coplanar slope-break knickpoints at ~4000–4500 m elevation, and their adjoining divides are in a state of disequilibrium as a consequence of the very high rapid incision across the Leo Pargil Horst, which drives the regional gradation process. The headward-eroding Upper Indus River captured the proto-Sutlej due to a base-level change of &gt;~1500 m, which significantly impacted the regional growth pattern and tectonics. The Mio-Pliocene sedimentation pattern of the Upper Sutlej-Zhada basin in the SW Tibet–NW Himalaya reflects this regional drainage capture, tectonic uplift and paleo-drainage reorganization. The present finding has wider implications for the Mio-Pliocene reorganization of drainage systems and the possible linkage of the Upper Indus River with the Paleo-Sutlej over the Zhada basin.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4428-4443"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5977","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to ‘Mangrove forest drag and bed stabilisation effects on intertidal flat morphology’","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/esp.5971","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5971","url":null,"abstract":"<p>\u0000 <span>Gijsman, R.</span>, <span>Horstman, E.M.</span>, <span>Swales, A.</span>, <span>MacDonald, I.T.</span>, <span>Bouma, T.J.</span>, <span>Wal, D.</span>, <span>Wijnberg, K.M.</span> (<span>2024</span>) <span>Mangrove forest drag and bed stabilisation effects on intertidal flat morphology</span>. <i>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms</i>, <span>49</span>(<span>3</span>), <span>1117</span>–<span>1134</span>, https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5758</p><p>In the Data Availability Statement of the ‘Open Research’ section, the authors missed the opportunity to mention that the hydrodynamic data that were specifically used for the calibration of the drag coefficients were obtained by the University of Waikato. The calibration of the drag coefficients is presented in Section S2 of the ‘Supporting Information’. For that reason, the authors would like to add the following sentence to the Data Availability Statement: ‘The hydrodynamic data that are used for the calibration of the drag coefficients are available from the University of Waikato upon reasonable request’.</p><p>Accordingly, in the ‘Acknowledgements’, the authors would like to adjust the sentence ‘Pressure, profile and vegetation data was partly obtained in prior field campaigns funded by the Royal Society of New Zealand's Marsden Fund (grant 14-UOW-011)’ to ‘Pressure, profile and vegetation data were partly obtained in prior field campaigns by EMH, Karin Bryan and Julia Mullarney (University of Waikato), funded by the Royal Society of New Zealand's Marsden Fund (grant 14-UOW-011)’.</p><p>The authors apologize for this inaccuracy.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 12","pages":"4074"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5971","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting soil loss in small watersheds under different emission scenarios from CMIP6 using random forests","authors":"Yulan Chen,&nbsp;Nan Wang,&nbsp;Juying Jiao,&nbsp;Jianjun Li,&nbsp;Leichao Bai,&nbsp;Yue Liang,&nbsp;Yanhong Wei,&nbsp;Ziqi Zhang,&nbsp;Qian Xu,&nbsp;Zhixin Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaxi Wang","doi":"10.1002/esp.5980","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5980","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil loss is a common land degradation process worldwide, which is impacted by land use and climate change. In this study, random forests (RF) were first used to establish a soil loss model at the scale of a small watershed in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau based on the field observation data. Subsequently, the model was used to predict soil loss in the Chabagou watershed under the historical (1990–2020) and future emission scenarios, namely SSP1–2.6 (low-emission), SSP2–4.5 (medium-emission) and SSP5–8.5 (high-emission) (2030–2,100) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 6 (CMIP6). In the RF model, the coefficient of determination (R²) and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (NS) were both greater than 0.86, and the RMSE-observations standard deviation ratio (RSR) was less than 0.36. Additionally, the RF-based model had higher simulation accuracy and robustness than those of the previous soil loss models, indicating its potential for wider applications in simulating soil loss. Compared with soil loss between 1990 and 1999, climate change led to a 35.36% increase in soil loss, while land use change resulted in an 11.13% reduction from 2000 to 2020 in the Chabagou watershed. This reveals that the current land use management could not effectively counterbalance the soil loss caused by rainstorms. Furthermore, compared with the historical period (1990–2020), under SSP1–2.6, SSP2–4.5 and SSP5–8.5 (2030–2,100), the soil loss rates without land use change would be increased by 6.01%, 19.11% and 35.35%, while the soil loss rates with land use change would be changed by −5.88%, +4.41% and +19.12%, respectively. These results help to provide a scientific basis for enhancing the capacity to respond to climate change and mitigation of soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4469-4484"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An adaptive low-rank group sparse model based on edge-preserving for eliminating mixed noise in SRTM","authors":"Xiao Fan,&nbsp;Hongming Zhang,&nbsp;Qinke Yang,&nbsp;Baoyuan Liu,&nbsp;Chenyu Ge,&nbsp;Zhuang Yan,&nbsp;Yuwei Sun,&nbsp;Jincheng Ni,&nbsp;Linlin Yuan,&nbsp;Xiaoxing Huang","doi":"10.1002/esp.5976","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5976","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is a digital representation of the terrain surface morphology that contains rich terrain information and is widely used in environmental analyses. However, SRTM is adversely affected by mixed noise, which typically include random and stripe noise. Mixed noise results in the significant loss of topographic information, which reduce the validity of related research. To eliminate mixed noise in SRTM data, we propose an adaptive low-rank group sparse model based on edge preservation (ALGS_EP) to remove mixed noise from datasets. The method relies on a low-rank group sparse model that considers the gradient features of the terrain. It calculates a terrain factor to adapt the noise elimination model to terrain changes. Additionally, it integrates with the edge structure of elevation data and applies a double-gradient constraint to preserve the structural details of the elevation data. The proposed model, built upon the alternating direction multiplier method framework, enhances the traditional weighted kernel paradigm minimization algorithm by introducing variable weights that adjust according to the gradient of elevation data during iterations. Additionally, it incorporates the correlation between strip noise and residual data blocks when computing the iteration count, ensuring an iterative solution approach that converges to the optimal solution. We used ALGS_EP to process global SRTM 1 data and published a higher-quality and higher-precision elevation dataset. The elevation data noise before and after noise elimination were statistically analyzed. Simulated and empirical results show that the model is highly robust and more effective than existing methods in both visual and quantitative evaluations. The noise elimination rate was 97.6%, compared to the original data. Therefore, this research was valuable for applications that use digital elevation model as an important data layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4404-4427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142199136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phreatic overgrowths on speleothems (POS) from the Mallorca caves: Morphology, mineralogy, and crystal fabric classification","authors":"Ana Entrena,&nbsp;Luis F. Auqué,&nbsp;María J. Gimeno,&nbsp;Joan J. Fornós","doi":"10.1002/esp.5967","DOIUrl":"10.1002/esp.5967","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Phreatic overgrowths on speleothems (POS) are unique precipitates that are found in a small number of coastal caves around the world, like those in the Mallorca Island. Their growth is directly related to the water level of the brackish lakes connected to the sea characteristic of these caves and, therefore, they can be very reliable indicators of past sea levels. The study presented here characterizes and classifies an important number of POS samples collected in the coastal caves of Mallorca. The characterization includes not only the observations made on 117 handheld samples and on 102 thin sections from POS, but also the study of their mineralogy and their location in the caves. This study has provided the basis for a systematization of all these characteristics, some of which are reported here for the first time in POS samples. The results indicate that (1) most of the POS precipitate on stalactites, (2) calcite POS show branched internal and external texture and their most common crystal fabric is mosaic calcite and (3) aragonite POS show globular external texture and fan-shaped internal texture, and their principal crystal fabric is needle-like. All the aragonitic samples have been found above or at the same heights as the current sea level, which indicates that they have probably formed during warmer climates. The calcite POS have been found at heights above and below the present sea level and are interpreted as to have formed during cold and rainy periods. The systematization proposed in this paper could be applied and checked in other POS worldwide. Additionally, the combination of these results with the information obtained from studies on the present precipitation of these phreatic speleothems in some Mallorca caves has provided an insight on their formation conditions which will enlarge the utility of these speleothems as palaeoenvironmental indicators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"49 13","pages":"4289-4309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.5967","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142225602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}