Journal of Hydrology最新文献

{"title":"Wellbore-reservoir and multiphysics coupling model for liquid CO2 cyclic injection in a CCUS-EGR framework","authors":"Xinyuan Gao ,&nbsp;Shenglai Yang ,&nbsp;Beidong Wang ,&nbsp;Yiqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiangtao Hu ,&nbsp;Mengyu Wang ,&nbsp;Bin Shen ,&nbsp;Ermeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Rui","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133188","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133188","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural gas is a vital underground clean energy resource and inject CO₂ into gas reservoirs can enhance natural gas production while simultaneously reducing carbon emissions. In this study, we developed an extended wellbore-reservoir-thermo-hydro-mechanical-diffusion (WR-THMD) coupling model to establish a comprehensive closed-loop framework for carbon capture, utilization, and storage-enhanced gas recovery (CCUS-EGR). Utilizing this model, we investigated the operational conditions of the wellbore and reservoir, focusing on the effects of engineering parameters on system performance. The results indicate that to optimize system CO₂ storage capacity, stabilize the pressure differential between the wells, and enhance storage efficiency, we recommend employing relatively low injection mass flow rates and injection temperatures. When designing wellbore parameters, it is crucial to account for significant temperature losses in the production well, as these losses substantially raise the flow obstruction of the produced gas and direct to potential thermal energy loss. Lower injection mass flow rates can effectively minimize thermal losses and delay CO₂ breakthrough in the production well. This study provides a foundational framework for effectively managing CCUS-EGR systems, aiding in the advancement of underground clean energy production and CO₂ storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"658 ","pages":"Article 133188"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143706125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of the conduit geometric structure on the estimation accuracy for the karstic water storage variation","authors":"Yuxi Li ,&nbsp;Longcang Shu ,&nbsp;Chengpeng Lu ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaonong Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133156","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133156","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Karst conduits are specialized groundwater flow pathways, and karst water resources are significantly influenced by conduit geometric characteristics due to uneven interactions between groundwater and karst aquifer media. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine how variations in the geometric structure of karst conduits affect the estimation accuracy of karstic water storage variation (KWSV) by using a numerical modelling approach. By analysing spring flow recession hydrographs following rainfall events in matrix–conduit coupled karst systems, this study demonstrated that conduits with greater diameter, roughness coefficient, tortuosity and conduit conductance values could lead to systematic underestimations of the KWSV due to rapid flow responses and accelerated recession behaviour. However, the variation patterns of the KWSV variables vary among different conduit structural parameters. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating detailed geometric data into karst models to improve the predictive accuracy of the KWSV and gain greater insights into the role of the conduit geometric structure in controlling groundwater flow behaviour, particularly in regions with complex karst networks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133156"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial and seasonal variation of groundwater geochemistry in high-grade metamorphic aquifers- implications for CKDu in Sri Lanka","authors":"Charitha Udeshani ,&nbsp;Fu-Jun Yue ,&nbsp;Rohana Chandrajith ,&nbsp;Nadeesha Hemali Koralegedara ,&nbsp;Si-Liang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133154","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133154","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Two-thirds of the island of Sri Lanka is considered dry land due to limited rainfall. At the same time, these regions are predominantly underlain by high-grade metamorphic rocks with limited water storage capacity. Widespread chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu), which is considered to be influenced by groundwater geochemistry and related factors, is reported in this part of the island. This study, therefore aimed to investigate the geochemical composition and seasonal variations of groundwater in metamorphic aquifers to elucidate possible relationships with the occurrence of CKDu in the dry climatic region. For this study, samples from sixty-six groundwater wells, five surface water sources and one natural spring were analyzed for major anions, cations, trace elements and stable isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) during pre- and post-monsoon periods. The results showed that the major ions in groundwater mainly derived from the weathering of silicate and carbonate minerals, while seasonal fluctuations significantly influence the geochemical composition. High ionicity in groundwater was found in the pre-monsoon period compared to the post-monsoon. Groundwater isotope compositions confirmed extensive evaporation and possible mixing with surface water during the dry period. Compared to non-CKDu clusters, EC, HCO₃^– and TH were significantly higher in CKDu hotspots, where over 70 % of samples exceeded safe drinking water limits in both sampling seasons. The co-occurrence of significantly high dissolved-Si (mean = 44 mg/L) and F⁻ (mean = 0.90 mg/L) levels in hard water (mean = 340 mg/L) showed the potential risk of their combined effect for CKDu incidence in hotspots. The study showed that groundwater in CKDu hotspots is not suitable for direct consumption due to exceeding geochemical contaminants compared to their standards. Therefore, it is recommended to improve groundwater quality and make it suitable for consumption, possibly through artificial aquifer recharge and water treatment methods. This study highlights the potential groundwater-related risk factors for CKDu in the dry zone, demonstrating that groundwater geochemistry is significantly influenced by seasonal fluctuations and underlying geological characteristics in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133154"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic compensation operating rule of parallel reservoirs to enhance sufficient hydrological and reservoir capacity compensation","authors":"Zhentao Tang ,&nbsp;Xiaoya Deng ,&nbsp;Aijun Guo ,&nbsp;Yimin Wang ,&nbsp;Jianxia Chang ,&nbsp;Yibin Liang ,&nbsp;Zhehao Li ,&nbsp;Dingrong Zhai ,&nbsp;Rui Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the joint operation of parallel reservoir systems, it is possible to effectively coordinate and compensate for water supply among reservoirs by utilizing hydrological characteristics, reservoir regulation capabilities, and geographical differences. However, the rules for joint operations of parallel reservoir systems are complex when the multiple reservoirs supply water to one user with multiple demands (such as the agricultural and ecological demand). The object of this study is proposing a set of compensation operating rules to address the above issues. The set of rules include the reservoir sequential compensation operating rule, the partial compensation operating rule, and the dynamic compensation operating rule. The rules are extracted with a case study of the parallel reservoir system of the Hotan River Basin (HRB), China. The parallel reservoir system of HRB include two large-scale reservoirs and sixteen small-scale reservoirs. The results indicate that all three type rules could realize the hydrological and reservoir capacity compensation of the parallel reservoir system. The reliability of joint water supplies reaches 100%, while the reliability of individual water supplies is 50%, 54%, and 64%, respectively under the above three operation rules. Considering the characteristics of runoff and the reservoir, the reservoir dynamic compensation operating rule allocate the water resources with the joint water demand of each user in each period. And the dynamic compensation operating rule improves the reliability of water supply. This indicates that the rule successfully addresses the water demand for various users, bridging the gap between supply capacity and joint demand. It is suitable for extreme hydrological conditions and widely applicable.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater leakage of an endorheic basin with extensive permafrost coverage in the western Mongolian Plateau","authors":"Shun Hu ,&nbsp;Cenhanyi Hu ,&nbsp;Keyu Meng ,&nbsp;Yinghui Long ,&nbsp;Jing Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingxin Wang ,&nbsp;Linglin Zeng ,&nbsp;Zilong Liao","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Groundwater is critical for social development and ecological environment in the Great Lake Depression, a mountainous endorheic basin characterized by permafrost coverage in western Mongolian Plateau. However, its leakage to surrounding regions and the related impacts on water resource stability have never been studied under climate warming. This study attempts to meticulously examine the dynamics of groundwater leakage and its implications for terrestrial water storage (TWS) and groundwater stability from 2002 to 2022. A modified water balance approach by introducing the term of groundwater exchange, different from traditional equation for endorheic basin, was utilized to calculate groundwater leakage. The findings indicate that the average annual groundwater leakage amounts to 111.87 × 10⁸ m³/year, with approximately 89.67 % of this leakage occurring during the warm season from May to October. The study identifies three critical thresholds of the difference between precipitation (P) and evapotranspiration (ET) (P-ET = 17.39 mm, 33.74 mm, and 58.14 mm) necessary for maintaining TWS stability on an annual basis. Under conditions of climate warming, there is a notable increase in groundwater leakage, with an absolute rate of 0.83 mm/year, which is particularly pronounced during the cold season. Based on the average monthly variation of multi-year P-ET, TWS, air temperature, groundwater level and calculated groundwater leakage, it demonstrates that groundwater leakage is significantly influenced by frozen soil conditions, including both permafrost and seasonally frozen soil, which mediate the interactions between groundwater and surface water/soil water. Soil freezing during the cold season from November to April of next year, coupled with sufficient P-ET, plays a crucial role in facilitating groundwater recharge during the warm season. Additionally, according to the basic permafrost and soil properties and calculated changing rate of TWS, the northern edge of Great Lake Depression is identified as potential pathway for increased groundwater leakage. The study concludes that both TWS and groundwater are at considerable risk of decline. This research underscores the significance of groundwater leakage in the broader content of hydrological studies and practical water resource management, while also elucidating the effects of climate warming on groundwater dynamics and water resource stability in cold regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133175"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled hydrologic, hydraulic, and surface water quality models for pollution management in urban–rural areas","authors":"Matteo Masi ,&nbsp;Daniele Masseroni ,&nbsp;Fabio Castelli","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban expansion and increasing frequency of extreme events threaten both urban drainage and receiving waterbody water quality. Combined sewer systems are particularly vulnerable, as they mix wastewater and stormwater, making them susceptible to reduced drainage efficiency and potential release of pollutants. Nature-based solutions, such as constructed wetlands, offer an effective means of pollution mitigation by providing sustainable and cost-efficient methods for enhancing water quality and reducing pollution in urban environments. This study presents a numerical modelling framework to simulate the impact of pollution and to design effective remediation strategies in mixed urban–rural networks subjected to storm events. The model consists of three main modules integrating hydrological, hydrodynamic, and reactive transport components to simulate the water and pollutants dynamics. The first module simulates runoff based on a distributed hydrological model and propagation within the canal network. A reactive transport module simulates advective–dispersive transport and biochemical reactions of pollutants. A third module evaluates the effectiveness of horizontal flow constructed wetlands for pollution mitigation. The model is applied to a suburban area near Milan, Italy, where sewer overflows enter a network of irrigation canals. The results demonstrate that the model was effective in identifying a suitable location for implementing a constructed wetland and in determining its proper size to achieve improved water quality. According to the simulations, the designed treatment system can achieve a contamination reduction of up to 23% for ammonium, 84% for nitrates, and 85% for carbonaceous BOD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133172"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key geochemical processes in typical magmatic hydrothermal systems explaining REE patterns in the neutral boiling springs","authors":"Xiaobo Zhang,&nbsp;Qinghai Guo,&nbsp;Xin Li,&nbsp;Anping Luo,&nbsp;Feng Hu,&nbsp;Mengzhao Zhang,&nbsp;Weihao Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133147","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133147","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mobility and fractionation of REE in hydrothermal system have been studied by a number of researchers. A major effort has been made in this study to investigate the genesis of REE in the parent geothermal liquid-fed (PGL-fed) neutral boiling springs. The Daggyai and Rehai are two typical magmatic hydrothermal systems in which several representative PGL-fed boiling springs have been collected. PHREEQC V3.0 with self-constructed database was used to calculate the aqueous REE species in the PGL and construct models to study the impacts of pH, temperature, and Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides on the distribution of REE. Simulation results showed that NdCl²⁺, NdF²⁺, NdSO₄⁺, Nd³⁺, NdCl₂⁺, and NdOH²⁺ are dominant species under strong acid condition. Solid REE oxides start to precipitate at pH of higher than 2.9, meanwhile, the content of all the REE species decrease rapidly to lower than 1 ppb. The impact of temperature on REE fractionation in PGL-fed boiling springs was analyzed under a nearly neutral pH condition (fixed at pH 6.3). The simulation results showed that high temperature (over 200℃) favors the REE hydroxyl over the other species; however, REE fluorides are dominant followed by REE free ions, carbonates, and sulfates at temperature lower than 150℃. The presence of Fe/Mn (hydr)oxides can change the distribution of REE in geothermal fluids due to its strong affinity to dissolved REE species. The result given by a simplified 1-D model showed that after interaction of 150 aliquots of PGL, the REE_N patterns have a strong trend of depletion of LREE; as this simulation continues until 6000 aliquots have passed, the REE_N patterns tend to be flat especially at temperature of 100℃. This can help to explain the differences of REE_N patterns in Daggyai and Rehai geothermal fields that the relatively flat REE_N patterns in Rehai is probably because the presence of hydrothermal alteration minerals such as pyrite, rhodochrosite, kaolinite and illite-montmorillonite interstratified clays.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133147"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing fracture connectivity from flowmeter tests using coupled modeling of borehole and fracture flows with Brinkman equations","authors":"Hyun Seung Seo ,&nbsp;In Wook Yeo","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Boreholes, where flow tests such as tracer and flowmeter tests are conducted, present analytical challenges due to the pipe flow behavior that differs significantly from Darcian flow in porous media. This study addresses these challenges by employing the Brinkman equations, which combine the Navier-Stokes equations and Darcy’s law to create a unified model that integrates borehole and fracture flow. Fracture networks integrated with boreholes are constructed using fracture attributes obtained from borehole acoustic televiewer logs, and their permeabilities are calibrated by comparing simulated flows with measured data, enabling accurate reproduction of observed profiles and the development of a high-resolution 3D fracture network. The results indicate that groundwater flow is primarily controlled by a limited number of highly permeable fractures, but fracture connectivity, regardless of permeability, plays a crucial role in flow between boreholes. This enhanced method provides a robust framework for analyzing borehole-altered flow dynamics in fractured rocks and improves our understanding of complex fracture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133125"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stream restoration strategies often designed to perform in baseflow may be ineffective in stormflow regarding nonpoint pollution abatement","authors":"João Miguel Merces Bega,&nbsp;Davi Gasparini Fernandes Cunha","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133122","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a significant need for studies focusing on restored streams under stormflow conditions in tropical areas to better understand whether stream restoration strategies have positive, neutral, or negative impacts on water quality as these hydrological regimes are often overlooked. Here, we evaluated the effects of structural in-situ restoration interventions (cross-vanes and riffles) on the water quality of an urban tropical stream (Southeastern Brazil) during rainfall events. Mass-volume [M(V)] curves and event mean concentrations (EMCs) of suspended solids and dissolved nutrients were compared between pre- and post-restoration periods. There were evidences of nonpoint source pollution in the studied stream regarding all the assessed water parameters in most of the monitored rainfall events. A substantial first flush of suspended solids was observed pre-restoration, a pattern not seen post-restoration likely due to hydromorphological changes in the stream channel. The EMCs measured post-restoration were either higher or similar to those recorded pre-restoration. While such interventions seemed to prevent the occurrence of the first flush for suspended solids, the added structures did not significantly reduce the overall downstream export of sediments and nutrients as evidenced by the EMCs. Therefore, it is essential to manage these structures specifically for solids removal and to align their functioning with processes that target the removal of specific nutrients. Restoration strategies should extend beyond the stream itself and encompass the entire watershed to achieve significant improvements in water quality. These insights are essential for guiding future tropical stream restoration projects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133122"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143683118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unraveling the amplified role of urbanization on occurrence likelihood of precipitation extremes through nonstationary model in Huaihe River Basin, China","authors":"Pengcheng Xu ,&nbsp;Huanyu Yang ,&nbsp;Dong Wang ,&nbsp;Yuankun Wang ,&nbsp;Qiang Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaopei Ju ,&nbsp;Vijay P. Singh ,&nbsp;Miao Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the combined influence of urbanization and climate change, the frequency and severity of precipitation extremes in the Huaihe River Basin of China (HRB) have intensified over recent decades. This underscores the importance of considering trend-induced nonstationarity in the risk analysis of rainfall extremes. This study utilized daily precipitation observations from 125 rural, suburban, and urban stations in the HRB to develop a nonstationary Generalized Extreme Value (GEV)-based model. The aim was to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution patterns of precipitation extremes (PEs) by integrating physical factors into distribution parameters as potential covariates. A risk amplification factor (RAF) was derived from comparing the recurrence levels between nonstationary and stationary GEV models to elucidate the amplified role of urbanization processes on PEs across different types of stations. Furthermore, for the stations suffering both the urbanization and climate change-induced nonstationarity, the singular impact of urbanization was isolated through the comparative analysis of RAF from <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>GEV</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>U</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>b</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>C</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msub></math></span> and <span><math><msub><mrow><mi>GEV</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>μ</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>σ</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>C</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></msub></math></span>. The study found that all PEs exhibited increasing trends, with significantly increasing trends concentrated in the northern region of the HRB. Urbanization significantly influenced the trend-induced nonstationarity of <strong><em>Rx1day</em></strong> and <strong><em>Rx5day</em></strong> series, while its impact on the <strong><em>R95P</em></strong> and <strong><em>R25</em></strong> series was negligible in rural stations. Urbanization had the most substantial impact on <strong><em>Rx1day</em></strong> and <strong><em>Rx5day</em></strong>, with noticeable changes, while its influence on <strong><em>R25</em></strong> was minimal. Additionally, the changes in recurrence levels for suburban and urban areas were more pronounced than those in rural areas, particularly for <strong><em>Rx1day</em></strong>, <strong><em>Rx5day</em></strong>, and <strong><em>R95P</em></strong>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"657 ","pages":"Article 133137"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143677758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}