Journal of Hydrology最新文献

{"title":"Enhanced submarine groundwater discharge and freshening of a subterranean estuary from rain","authors":"Peter B. Zamora ,&nbsp;Hillel B. Cabria ,&nbsp;Raymond S. Rodolfo ,&nbsp;Fernando P. Siringan ,&nbsp;Kevin M. Befus ,&nbsp;M. Bayani Cardenas","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133253","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133253","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Subterranean estuaries (STEs), the seawater-groundwater mixing zone in coastal areas, are important for water quality and ecosystem health of coastal areas. How STEs respond to heavy tropical rain is poorly known, and thus any associated hydrologic and biogeochemical effects on coastal waters are also poorly understood. The response of a STE to a period of heavy rain was studied at a beach in the Philippines. The beach water table rose rapidly with rain events and then gradually receded over the course of several days. Groundwater hydraulic head measurements, intertidal zone sediment subsurface temperature profiles, electrical resistivity geophysical surveys, and seawater ²²²Rn concentration trends indicated an increase in submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) during and after the rainy period for a few days. A broad reduction in porewater salinity at the intertidal zone STE was observed within 24 h of the storm. Recharge from heavy rainfall caused seaward head gradients to rapidly increase, which affected the salinity and temperature of the STE. Such sudden hydrologic changes within the STE and increases in SGD can potentially affect geochemical processes and deliver nontrivial amounts of solutes such as nutrients to coastal waters, similar to surface water floods. Such events could become more common as climate change amplifies the magnitude and frequency of extreme rain events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133253"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel finding of occurrence of geogenic nickel in the arsenic-enriched groundwater of the Himalayan Brahmaputra River Basin aquifers","authors":"David Anand Aind ,&nbsp;Somnath Dasgupta ,&nbsp;Abhijit Mukherjee","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Widespread occurrence of geogenic groundwater contaminants, such arsenic (As), poses a significant health risk to millions of people worldwide through ingestion of contaminated drinking water. However, the (co)occurrence of other, less studied contaminants that may be sourced from similar geological settings, are less documented. Here, for the first time, we document the (co)occurrence of excess concentrations of nickel (Ni) in the intensely As-enriched groundwater from the alluvial aquifers of the Brahmaputra River Basin (BRB). Approximately 30 % of the sampled groundwater (n = 70) exceeds the drinking water guideline value of 20 µg/L for Ni, while around 20 % of samples contain both Ni (&gt;20 µg/L) and As (&gt;10 µg/L). Furthermore, the groundwater also has elevated levels of Fe (up to 19 mg/L) and Mn (up to ∼ 5 mg/L). The groundwater is mildly oxidizing to strongly reducing (Eh 234 mV to −72 mV), with dominant hydrogeochemical facies ranging from Ca-Mg-HCO₃ to Na-HCO₃ type. Linear correlation shows that Ni has a strong positive correlation with Fe (r = 0.9), As (r = 0.84), and Mn (r = 0.68) in the northern bank of the Brahmaputra River, while having a less prominent relationship with Fe (r = 0.78), As (r = -0.35) and Mn (r = 0.46) in the southern bank. We hypothesize that Ni-rich rocks from the Indus-Tsangpo suture zone and the Tidding suture serve as the primary sources of geogenic Ni in the BRB, later weathered, transported and deposited by the Brahmaputra (Siang/Tsangpo) and Lohit rivers, forming extensive alluvial plains. We suggest that the reductive dissolution of Fe-oxyhydroxides is the primary mechanism of Ni and As release in the groundwater on the northern bank of BRB. At the same time, Fe and SO₄²⁻−reduction play an active role in the contaminant mobilization in the southern bank. The emergence of (co)occurring geogenic contaminants, such as Ni, increases the health risk for millions of residents in the study area, who are already exposed to excessive levels of As in groundwater-sourced drinking water at BRB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133249"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-objective spatial optimization of pond system for diffuse pollution control of paddy field watershed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River","authors":"Yan Bai ,&nbsp;Wei Ouyang ,&nbsp;Lianhua Liu ,&nbsp;Jianqiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Jingyi Gong ,&nbsp;Fang Geng ,&nbsp;Xinyi Liu ,&nbsp;Yue Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133250","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133250","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ponds within paddy field watershed have been proved to be effective in controlling runoff, sediment, and nutrient loss. However, the optimal area and distribution of these ponds are not always achieved at watershed scale. To address this, optimizing pond area and allocation is crucial for effective diffuse pollution control in water management. This study presented a Decision Support System (DSS) that integrated a pond measurement database (POND database), the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) for optimization, and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for simulation. This DSS aims to identify cost-effective conservation strategies to meet desired water quality goals. Results showed that, with constraints on water quality and available area, the implementation of ponds in paddy field watersheds led to reductions of 8.4 % to 36.9 % in diffuse nitrogen (N) and 11.12 % to 45.7 % in phosphorus (P) loss. As the desired reduction rates increased, stricter controls on diffuse pollution necessitated a significant increase in pond system area. Under the optimal allocation scenario identified by the DSS, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) losses could be reduced by 24.27 % and 29.45 %, respectively. Annual precipitation had a negative impact on the pond system’s efficiency, with effective water quality management achievable with annual rainfall below 1150 mm. These findings evaluated the potential of pond systems in managing diffuse pollution. The proposed DSS framework offered valuable technical support for optimizing pond area and allocation, enhancing the effectiveness of water quality management in paddy field watersheds. This research contributes significantly to understanding and implementing effective conservation strategies for evaluating water quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133250"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of surface water–groundwater interaction in coal mining subsidence areas: A case study of the Kuye River Basin in China","authors":"Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Song Du ,&nbsp;Shihang Hu ,&nbsp;Donglin Dong ,&nbsp;Dong Jiang ,&nbsp;Chenglong Cao ,&nbsp;Gang Lin ,&nbsp;Jingying Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133243","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133243","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coal mining subsidence (CMS) alters surface water–groundwater interactions, increasing the complexity and uncertainty of the water cycle. Here, we propose an integrated model for simulating the water system in coal mining subsidence areas (CMSAs).Using the major coal-rich sub-basins in the Yellow River Basin of China as the study area, we identified the CMSAs, established a water system model based on historical hydrological data (2005 ∼ 2020), and predicted the future evolution of the water system under the combined influences of climate, land use, and coal mining activities (2021 ∼ 2060). The results show that, by 2060, compared with the scenario without CMS, the annual surface runoff will decrease by 0.29 m³/s, while the groundwater levels in the unconfined and the confined aquifer will decline by 10.28 m and 11.64 m, respectively. These alterations derive from three synergistic mechanisms: (1) the natural hydrological cycle is disrupted through CMSAs, leading to a sustained reduction in surface runoff and seasonal river discontinuities; (2) the surface water–groundwater connectivity is enhanced via coal mining goaf and induced fractures, accelerating the groundwater loss through mine drainage; (3) the regional groundwater funnels form in CMSAs due to clustered coal extraction, leading to a significant decline in groundwater levels. This study demonstrates that CMS exerts a negative influence on surface runoff and groundwater levels, large-scale clustered mining operations serve as the primary driver of surface water–groundwater exchange in coal-rich river basins. We propose that in the context of global efforts to address climate change, the necessary efforts should be made to manage and utilize CMSAs, mitigate hydrological degradation, and ensure water security.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133243"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rethinking modelling of particulate pollutants in combined sewer overflows (CSOs): A focus on model structure","authors":"Vasileios Chrysochoidis ,&nbsp;Günter Gruber ,&nbsp;Thomas Hofer ,&nbsp;Peter Steen Mikkelsen ,&nbsp;Luca Vezzaro","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133239","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133239","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The persistent challenge of combined sewer overflows (CSOs) in urban drainage systems is exacerbated by climate change and urban growth, with increased attention on water quality historically overshadowed by water quantity monitoring. Modelling CSO water quality challenges is affected by several known challenges, especially for particulate pollutants (i.e., data uncertainties, overparameterization, and non-transferability). This study assesses the impacts of model structure and output resolution (aggregated yearly, inter-event and intra-event basis) on model performance when predicting particulate pollutants levels during CSO events. Four model structures are compared for their ability to simulate the TSS discharge load profile at the inlet of a CSO chamber in Graz, Austria, using Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) to assess accuracy and profile similarity with observed data. The model structures include two physics-based (detailed hydrodynamic, conceptual) and two data-driven approaches (hybrid machine learning, empirical). Alternative models are proposed to improve model performance, considering a multi-model, a stochastic approach, and an event-based clustering. We showed that data-driven models captured in-sewer processes that are unexplained and not incorporated in physical process-based models. Our results underline the high inter-event variability of CSO pollutant dynamics, showing how a uniform deterministic modelling approach for all wet-weather events leads to poor performance. Intra-event assessment shows significant deficiencies across all models. The use of stochastic approaches and event clustering techniques did not improve to better model performance notably, advocating for a new generation of modelling approaches that explicitly consider the highly spatial and temporal heterogeneity of in-sewer processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133239"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the choice of model calibration procedure affects projections of lake surface water temperatures for future climatic conditions","authors":"Jaroslaw J. Napiorkowski ,&nbsp;Adam P. Piotrowski ,&nbsp;Marzena Osuch ,&nbsp;Senlin Zhu ,&nbsp;Emilia Karamuz","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Almost all hydrological models require calibration. The same model but with different parameters may lead to diverse simulations of the hydrological phenomena. Hence, the choice of a calibration method may affect the model performance. The present paper is the first study analyzing how the choice of air2water model calibration procedure may influence projections of surface water temperature in lowland lakes under future climatic conditions. To address this issue, projections from 14 atmospheric circulation models, data from 22 lowland Polish lakes located in a temperate climate zone, and 12 different optimization algorithms are employed. The studied lake areas range from 1.5 km² to 115 km², and their maximum depths range from 2.5 m to 70 m. Depending on which calibration algorithm is applied, the differences in mean monthly surface water temperatures projected for future climatic conditions may exceed 1.5 °C for a small deep lake. On the contrary, the differences observed for shallow and relatively large lakes, due to the optimization procedure used, were lower than 0.6 °C each month. The largest differences in projected lake water temperatures were observed for the winter and summer months, which are especially critical for aquatic biota. Among the optimization algorithms resulting in the largest differences were those that fit historical data well, as well as those that do not reproduce historical data appropriately. Therefore, strong performance for historical data does not guarantee reliable projections for future conditions. We have shown that projected lake water temperatures largely depend on the calibration method used for a particular model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133236"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reservoir characterization by push–pull tests employing kinetic interface sensitive tracers – Quantification of residual trapping in geological storage of carbon dioxide","authors":"H. Gao ,&nbsp;A.B. Tatomir ,&nbsp;D. Zhou ,&nbsp;N.K. Karadimitriou ,&nbsp;H. Steeb ,&nbsp;M. Sauter","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133240","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133240","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kinetic interface-sensitive (KIS) tracing is a recently developed methodology to monitor the change in fluid–fluid interfacial area (FIFA) in the context of geological storage of supercritical CO₂ in saline aquifers. Previous studies have demonstrated the applicability of KIS tracers at the scCO₂ injection stage, while its application at the storage stage when the tracked scCO₂ is residually trapped has not yet been studied. The main challenges that impede tracer application at the storage stage are the unknown concentration of the reacted tracer accumulated in the measurement region, resulting from the persistent interfacial reaction that occurs at the scCO₂ / brine interface with the KIS tracer injected by the scCO₂, as well as the effects of the spatial distribution and shape of residual scCO₂ blobs. A “water push–pull” method is proposed here, enabling the application of the KIS tracer at the storage stage. This study applies pore-scale and field-scale numerical simulations to study the KIS tracer reactive transport during the “water push–pull” experiments. It is found that the measurement is not affected by the residual scCO₂ architecture, when the Péclet number is smaller than 5. The measurement relies on the steady-state concentration distribution formed in the measurement region, resulting from the equilibrium between the reaction production and the tracer removal due to the freshwater injection. The tracer breakthrough curves (BTCs) are not affected by the initial concentration nor a change in flow rate, and correlation functions between the FIFA and the slope of the BTCs are found.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133240"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field experimental study of hydrothermal salt forces in rectangular canals in seasonally frozen soil region","authors":"Weidong Chang ,&nbsp;Gang Li ,&nbsp;Zhengyi Wang ,&nbsp;Hua Tang ,&nbsp;Yuwei Ma ,&nbsp;Haoyuan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seasonal freezing and thawing significantly influence the migration and distribution of soil hydrothermal salts. Understanding the dynamics of hydrothermal salt forces in canal foundation soils is crucial for effective canal disease control and optimization. However, the impact on rectangular canals remains poorly understood. Therefore, field-scale studies on water-heat-salt-force–displacement monitoring were conducted for the canal. The study analyzed the changes and interaction mechanisms of water-heat-salt-force in the soil beneath the canal, along with the damage mechanisms and preventive measures. The results indicate that the most rapid changes in temperature, moisture, and salt occur in the subsoil on the canal side, with the greatest depth of freezing. Heat transfer efficiency provides an intuitive explanation for the sensitivity of ground temperature at the junction of the canal wall and subsoil to air temperature fluctuations, as well as the minimal moisture migration in this region under the subcooling effect. The temperature-moisture curve suggests that current water-heat-force and water-heat-salt-force models exhibit a delay in accurately predicting water migration within the subsoil. Rectangular canals are more susceptible to damage under peak freezing conditions, requiring a combined approach of freezing restraint and frost-heaving force to mitigate damage. These findings offer valuable insights for canal design, maintenance, and further research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133251"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Groundwater flow and age in topography-driven groundwater flow systems with geological barriers","authors":"Lu Jia ,&nbsp;Yueqing Xie ,&nbsp;Andrew J. Love ,&nbsp;Daniel Wohling ,&nbsp;Xin Dai ,&nbsp;Rongbing Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Faults in hydrogeological systems can act as conduits or barriers for groundwater flow. However, the effect of faults on groundwater flow and age has not been widely studied, particularly in topography-driven flow systems (i.e., Tóthian flow systems). This study established Tóthian models through HydroGeoSphere and compared age distributions between models with and without fault zones. Hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer was set at 1 m/d, whereas that of the fault zones (<em>K</em>f) was varied at 0.001–0.75 m/d to simulate barrier effect and at 5–20 m/d to mimic conduit effect. Simple (aquifer thickness 100 m) and complex Tóthian models (aquifer thickness <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> 1500 m) were both considered. Our results show that, when the fault zones act as conduits, the groundwater is slightly younger than it would be without the fault zones, regardless of simple or complex Tóthian models. When the fault zones act as barriers, in most simple Tóthian models, groundwater cannot flow across the fault zones, with new local flow systems forming on both sides. Groundwater age thus increases upstream but decreases downstream of the fault zones. In the other simple Tóthian models (<em>K</em>f at 0.25–0.75 m/d), groundwater can flow across the fault zones at some depths. Age changes are more pronounced in parts with flow parallel to the fault zones than those in other parts. In all complex Tóthian models with fault zones as barriers, new local and intermediate flow systems are formed upstream and downstream of the fault zones. Age changes mainly occur in deep parts of the aquifer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133241"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Robust hydrological evaluation of stochastic rainfall","authors":"Thien Nguyen,&nbsp;Bree Bennett,&nbsp;Michael Leonard","doi":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133247","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhydrol.2025.133247","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As climate conditions evolve, stochastic rainfall models are crucial instruments for assessing hydrological risks, by providing the capability to generate random yet plausible rainfall timeseries. Conventional hydrological risk analysis involves the use of stochastically generated rainfall timeseries as inputs to hydrological models to simulate end-of-system variables that might inform flood-control strategies, water resource management or infrastructure development. To ensure the reliability of these rainfall inputs and subsequent generated streamflow, stochastic rainfall models should be evaluated in terms of their hydrological performance and not merely in terms of rainfall metrics. However, differences within hydrological models could generate different outcomes of a hydrological evaluation despite their similar intent. A hydrological model may either dampen or amplify any potential discrepancies in stochastically generated rainfall when compared to observed rainfall, which poses a challenge for the robustness of interpretation of a hydrological evaluation. Therefore, this paper evaluates the robustness of hydrological assessments by analysing the impact of different hydrological models, catchment characteristics, and evaluation metrics on evaluation outcomes. Stochastically generated timeseries from two rainfall models (a Markov-based model and a latent variable model), as well as observed rainfall timeseries, are inputted to four conceptual rainfall-runoff models (AWBM, IHACRES, GR4J, and Sacramento) to derive daily streamflow timeseries that form the hydrological evaluation. The evaluation is conducted on 25 catchments in Tasmania, Australia. The results show that while the choice of hydrological model has minimal effect on robustness, the evaluation is influenced by variation in catchment features and the selection of evaluation metrics. The results support the use of hydrological models for robustly assessing the performance of stochastically generated rainfall.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 133247"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}