Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Microplastics transport in soils: A critical review","authors":"Qihang Li ,&nbsp;Anna Bogush ,&nbsp;Marco Van De Wiel ,&nbsp;Pan Wu ,&nbsp;Ran Holtzman","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105108","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105108","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial environments are an emerging contaminant of high concern to ecosystems and human health. However, our understanding of the MPs' fate, particularly their transport within soils, remains elusive. This knowledge gap arises from the multiplicity of coupled physical, chemical and biological processes and parameters affecting MPs transport, together with the scarcity of systematic studies that aim to isolate their individual effects. In this paper, we provide a critical review of the state-of-the-art in our understanding of MPs transport, highlight knowledge gaps and suggest future research to bridge them. We classify the governing factors into four main categories: (i) MPs properties; (ii) soil physicochemical properties; (iii) hydrological conditions; and (iv) biological activity. Our analysis reveals that lack of clear trends in the dependence between MP transport and individual key parameters—often leading to contradictory findings—could be explained by the interference (“co-effects”) with other parameters and processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105108"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fossil leaf cuticle: Best practices for preparation and paleo-CO2 analysis","authors":"Xiaoqing Zhang ,&nbsp;Dana L. Royer ,&nbsp;Carina E. Colombi ,&nbsp;Juan Martin Drovandi ,&nbsp;Jennifer C. McElwain ,&nbsp;Gaëtan Guignard ,&nbsp;Qin Leng ,&nbsp;Barry H. Lomax ,&nbsp;Nathan D. Sheldon ,&nbsp;Rebekah A. Stein ,&nbsp;Garland R. Upchurch ,&nbsp;Yongdong Wang ,&nbsp;Hong Yang ,&nbsp;Richard S. Barclay ,&nbsp;Ying Cui ,&nbsp;Wolfram Kürschner ,&nbsp;Joseph N. Milligan ,&nbsp;Isabel Montañez ,&nbsp;Jon D. Richey ,&nbsp;Tammo Reichgelt ,&nbsp;Margret Steinthorsdottir","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leaf cuticle is the waxy envelope that protects leaves from desiccation, UV damage, and abrasion. The cuticle encodes information about a plant's chemistry and leaf epidermal and stomatal cell morphology. Fossil leaf cuticle has been used to determine taxonomic affinities for almost two centuries and recognized in recent decades for its value in reconstructing paleoenvironments and paleoclimates, especially atmospheric CO₂. Fossil leaf cuticle preparation techniques are typically reported as single workflows tied to individual studies, starting with finding fossils in the field through the steps of preparing cuticle for chemical and morphological analysis, including decisions about type of microscopy and level of sampling effort at different spatial scales (number of fields-of-view, leaves, and species). The siloed nature of these publications makes finding appropriate methods and workflows for new studies difficult, especially for less experienced researchers. Here, we attempt to synthesize a breadth of existing workflows and make recommendations to guide methodological decision-making for new studies, with a particular focus on paleo-CO₂ reconstruction via a proxy based on leaf gas-exchange principles (the Franks model). We describe and annotate chemical procedures for preparing cuticles for analysis and include recommendations regarding leaf conditions for which each is most appropriate. For studies making repeated measures of morphology (e.g., stomatal density), we describe a resampling routine that can guide decision-making, in real time, about sampling effort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105104"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why are readily soluble phytoliths more resilient?","authors":"Zimin Li ,&nbsp;Yunqiang Wang ,&nbsp;Kai Yue ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Song","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105105","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105105","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Phytoliths are plant born opal-A amorphous silica bodies that form in living foliar tissues. They return to soil within plant debris and are considered by biogeochemists and soil scientists as an important source of dissolved silicon (DSi) in the soil-plant system due to their relatively high dissolution rate. However, they are also used in other disciplines as microfossils to reconstruct paleoenvironments because of their stability over millennia. Thus, some phytoliths contribute massively to the continental export of DSi to rivers and oceans, hence to the global Si cycle, while other phytoliths persist in soils and sediments. Here, we reviewed various factors affecting the phytolith resilience. Aside from phytolith properties (specific surface reactivity), their resilience can be enhanced by soil processes such as surface passivation through Al loading or redox-dependent Fe coating, and aggregation. Soil and sediments may thus contain two pools of phytoliths: fresh and stabilized phytoliths. The first reservoir is an important DSi source, contributing actively to the Si soil-to-plant cycle and the DSi transfer to rivers and oceans. Yet, Si can be retrieved from the global Si cycle through phytolith entrapment in aggregates. This process contributes to the second pool of stabilized phytoliths that protect them against dissolution. We further propose that two processes drive phytolith entrapment: (1) inheritance in aggregates having a nucleus of phytoliths bearing plant debris; and (2) formation of microaggregates associating phytoliths, organic and mineral colloids through surface interactions. This emerging vision opens new routes to understand the global biogeochemical cycle of Si and phytolith residence induced by soils aggregation process. Thus, we propose that upcoming novel research on the geochemical stabilization of soil phytolith resilience should quantify the pool of phytoliths within soil aggregates in various ecosystems. Finally, it needs to further assess the factor affecting their storages and phytolith residence such as soil properties (e.g., moisture condition and depth), microbes, and extreme climatic environment (e.g., humidity, temperature, and rainfall). This will benefit us to better understand the life cycle of phytoliths in soil and sediments and its role as microfossils in paleoecology and phytolith radiocarbon dating.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105105"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143675641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review on rainfall patterns of Thailand: Insights into variability and its relationship with ENSO and IOD","authors":"Mallappa Jadiyappa Madolli ,&nbsp;Shubham Anil Gade ,&nbsp;Vivek Gupta ,&nbsp;Abhishek Chakraborty ,&nbsp;Suriyan Cha-um ,&nbsp;Avishek Datta ,&nbsp;Sushil Kumar Himanshu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105102","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105102","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agriculture, a historically crucial sector for Thailand's economy, has been severely impacted in recent years due to global climate change causing widespread alterations in rainfall patterns across the country. Therefore, for developing resilient climate adaptation measures, it is important to understand the inter-annual variability of rainfall and its associated processes. Large-scale oceanic phenomena, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), have played significant roles in controlling the inter-annual variability of rainfall across the Asian continent. In this study, we present a review of past studies with an emphasis on rainfall variability and its association with large-scale oceanic phenomena, such as ENSO and IOD, in Thailand. This study found that trends in annual and seasonal rainfall characteristics were heterogeneous, with both increasing and decreasing trends observed within the country and at the regional scale. Generally, ENSO significantly affects the rainfall variability across Thailand. Above-normal and below-normal rainfall are associated with the La Niña and El Niño years, respectively, in Thailand. However, the magnitude of ENSO's effects on rainfall variability in Thailand varies at both spatial and temporal scales. The review also shows a significant association between major IOD events and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. The effect of IOD on rainfall variability was found to be weak to moderate across Thailand, although the effect was significant during the co-occurrence of IOD events with the ENSO events. Additionally, tropical depressions, tropical cyclones, and Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone's contribution are mainly associated with torrential rainfall and are an integral part of the interannual variability of rainfall across Thailand. In general, this review found that the contribution of different moisture sources, seasonal to intra-seasonal variations in rainfall, topographical variations, geographical location between Indian and Pacific oceans, and influence of large-scale variations including ENSO and IOD, make Thailand's rainfall highly complex at both spatial and temporal scales. Overall, the findings of this study would help scientists and policymakers understand the process and dynamics of rainfall variability and its association with large-scale oceanic phenomena in the study area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105102"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143679964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithofacies types and formation mechanisms of Carboniferous - Permian shales: Insights from big data and machine learning","authors":"Donglin Lin ,&nbsp;Zhaodong Xi ,&nbsp;Shuheng Tang ,&nbsp;Gary G. Lash ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105099","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105099","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carboniferous-Permian shale deposits around the world are known to contain abundant shale gas resources making them critical for increasing global shale gas reserves and production. Lithofacies analysis is crucial for identifying and predicting “sweet spots” targets. This study employed total organic carbon (TOC) data from 8166 samples, mineral content data from 4524 samples, and major and trace element data from 814 samples of Carboniferous and Permian shales worldwide. The aim of the present study is the generation of a classification scheme of the studied shale samples and elucidation of the conditions under which they accumulated. Random Forest and Artificial Neural Networks methods were employed to identify those factors that exerted greatest control on development of shale lithofacies and to explore the implications of lithofacies types on the exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas. Our results, based on big data statistical and deconvolution analytical methods, a lithofacies classification scheme was proposed uses a TOC of 5.3 % as a boundary, and combined with a ternary diagram of siliceous‑carbonate-clay minerals. Seven main lithofacies were developed in the Carboniferous and Permian shales, which are organic-rich siliceous shale (Ss-H), organic-rich mixed shale (Ms-H), organic-rich argillaceous shale (CMs-H), low-organic matter siliceous shale (Ss-L), low-organic matter mixed shale (Ms-L), low-organic matter argillaceous shale (CMs-L), and low-organic matter calcareous shale (Cs-L). The development of a particular shale lithofacies at a specific time interval appears to have been largely controlled by paleoclimate, paleoproductivity, as well as terrigenous input. Ss-H appears to be the most promising shale lithofacies type for hydrocarbon exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas. These organic and silica-rich deposits appear to have accumulated under warm, moist paleoclimate conditions, moderate paleoproductivity, and in association with increased volcanic activity. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for shale lithofacies research as well as for the exploration and development of Carboniferous and Permian shale gas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105099"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of sediment connectivity: Conceptual connotations, characterization indicators, and their relationships with soil erosion and sediment yield","authors":"Chenyu Shi ,&nbsp;Yue Liang ,&nbsp;Wei Qin ,&nbsp;Lin Ding ,&nbsp;Wenhong Cao ,&nbsp;Minghao Zhang ,&nbsp;Qin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105091","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Soil erosion is an important driver of land and ecological degradation, with hydraulic erosion in particular leading to widespread impacts and damage. As an important concept and indicator for characterizing the potential and pathways of sediment production and transportation within watersheds or on slopes, sediment connectivity has gained global attention and thus been analysed since its proposal in 2003. Sediment connectivity has become an effective metric for analysing the sources, processes, and potentials of soil erosion and sediment yield (SY) in watersheds, and it has been considered a popular research topic in the field of soil erosion over the past decade. Considering the lack of up-to-date systematic reviews of conceptual connotations, characterization indicators for sediment connectivity, and quantitative relationships between these indicators and erosion and SY, a bibliometric analysis of “sediment connectivity” was conducted via the CiteSpace tool, which is based on the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus (Elsevier) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. In this research, the current state, popular topics, and trends in relevant studies were identified, and the conceptual connotations, influencing factors, and indicator algorithms of sediment connectivity and their quantitative relationships with soil erosion and SY were summarized. Furthermore, the contents and directions to be strengthened and improved in the future were determined. The results indicated that over the past 21 years, sediment connectivity has been analysed in 123 countries or regions. Researches have focused primarily on related concepts, indicators, scales, and influencing factors. This concept has been widely applied in various practices such as soil and water resource regulation, land use optimization, and soil erosion control. In previous studies, several linear (&lt;em&gt;SY&lt;/em&gt; = &lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;·&lt;em&gt;IC&lt;/em&gt; + &lt;em&gt;b&lt;/em&gt;) and exponential (&lt;em&gt;SY&lt;/em&gt; = &lt;em&gt;a&lt;/em&gt;·&lt;em&gt;e&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;em&gt;b&lt;/em&gt;·&lt;em&gt;IC&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;) increasing relationships between sediment connectivity indicators (such as the index of connectivity (IC)) and SY at the slope or watershed scale have been established, facilitating the development of research on prediction and attribution analysis for the identification of sediment sources and changes. There is a consensus on “what sediment connectivity is” to date, but a unified and complete system has not been yet formed for sediment connectivity and several of its derived concepts. The Index of Connectivity (IC), as the primary means for quantitatively characterizing the status and distribution of sediment connectivity, has led to the creation of more than 20 different algorithms, whereas the included parameters mainly reflect the internal factors influencing topography and land use/cover. The effects of climatic factors and human activities have not been fully considered in previous studies, which has led to relatively backwards research","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105091"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breakup Magmatism in the South Atlantic: Mechanisms and Implications","authors":"Mansour M. Abdelmalak ,&nbsp;Lucas M. Rossetti ,&nbsp;John M. Millett ,&nbsp;Sverre Planke ,&nbsp;Dougal A. Jerram ,&nbsp;Jan Inge Faleide ,&nbsp;Stéphane Polteau","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean was accompanied by extensive intrusive and extrusive magmatism collectively grouped in the South Atlantic Igneous Province (SAIP). The SAIP includes the onshore Paraná-Etendeka large igneous province (PELIP), offshore seaward-dipping reflectors sequences, the Rio Grande Rise and Walvis Ridge, and voluminous intrusive magmatism. Nonetheless, the nature of the processes that lead to continental breakup remain controversial, and the environmental impact of these events is not yet fully understood. In order to investigate the tectonomagmatic evolution of the South Atlantic, we present a new compilation of the various geochemical compositions and radiometric ages associated with the SAIP as well as an estimation of magma volumes constrained by extensive seismic, gravity, and magnetic datasets. The SAIP was formed during the Early Cretaceous, from the Valanginian to Albian (135–110 Ma), with the majority of the magmatic activity lasting c. 3.5 Myr interval between 135.5 and 132 Ma. Onshore magmatism is characterized by massive outpourings of tholeiitic basaltic flows formed by melting of hotter than normal mantle along with significant lithospheric thinning. Magma source compositions varied during magmatism with enriched “plume-like” components transitioning to more depleted “MORB-like” (Mid-Ocean-Ridge-Basalt) signatures. The total magma volume of the SAIP ranges between 10 × 10⁶ km³ and 16 × 10⁶ km³ with a striking asymmetry in volumes of the onshore and offshore volcanism along the conjugate margins. Offshore, ∼67 to 70 % of the total magma volume is located on the African side whereas 30 to 33 % of the total magma volume is located on the South American side. Onshore, ∼10 % of the total magma volume is located on the African side whereas 90 % of the total magma volume is located on the South American side. This asymmetry in volume distribution is attributed to different factors including variations in rifting mode, differences in initial lithospheric thickness, and structural inheritance. The geochemical data were analyzed and integrated to provide insights on magma generation and source compositions along with an updated geological model for the South Atlantic magmatism. The onset of the activity of the SAIP at the start of the Weissert Event suggests that the SAIP may have played a major role on the climatic and oceanographic changes during the mid-Valanginian.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105088"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithospheric architecture and evolution of the Qinling Orogen of Central China and associated controls on metallogeny","authors":"Deng-Yang He ,&nbsp;Kun-Feng Qiu ,&nbsp;Hao-Cheng Yu ,&nbsp;Simon M. Jowitt ,&nbsp;Xi Zheng ,&nbsp;Rajat Mazumder ,&nbsp;Jun Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orogenic events are not only of importance for the geological evolution of regions and continents but are also significant controls on the formation timing, genesis, and nature of the mineral deposits hosted by the resulting orogen. This study highlights the use of multi-proxy elemental and isotopic mapping of granitoids to advance our understanding of lithospheric architecture and the formation of large-scale mineral systems associated with orogenic events. Here, we combine and review regional multi-proxy element–isotope systematics and the spatial and temporal relationships between granitic magmatism and mineral deposit formation within the Qinling Orogen of Central China. The collation of these data allows the modeling of the evolution of Triassic lithospheric architecture of the orogen and its controls on metallogenesis in this region. The Qinling Orogen is divided into eastern, middle, and western segments by two north-south trending lithospheric discontinuities located at 103°E–104°E and 107°E–108°E. Spatial variations in the Nb–Ta–Zr–Hf elemental and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of Triassic granitoids throughout this region provide insight into the heterogeneity of mantle and crust material within this region, as well as the interaction between crust and mantle derived melts within the Qinling Orogen. The orogenic Au and porphyry Cu and/or Mo mineralization within this region is also concentrated along lithospheric discontinuities. These include granitoid-hosted porphyry Cu deposits that cluster and are localized within older crustal material with the most enriched Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions and low Nb/Ta ratios, suggesting the crucial role of fertile metasomatic lithospheric mantle in the formation of these porphyry Cu systems. In comparison, porphyry Mo/Mo–Cu deposits are generally located in areas with younger basement material that has been reworked multiple times, suggesting that intense crust–mantle interaction promotes the reworking of ancient crustal material, which mobilized Mo within the older crustal material to be incorporated into porphyry Mo systems. The links between tectonism, orogenic processes, and metallogeny within the Qinling Orogen outlined in this review not only provide insights for future exploration within this region but also in other orogenic systems globally, highlighting the importance of incorporating orogenic and tectonic processes in mineral systems and exploration targeting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105092"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triassic terrestrial tetrapod faunas of the Central European Basin, their stratigraphical distribution, and their palaeoenvironments","authors":"Eudald Mujal ,&nbsp;Hans-Dieter Sues ,&nbsp;Raphael Moreno ,&nbsp;Joep Schaeffer ,&nbsp;Gabriela Sobral ,&nbsp;Sanjukta Chakravorti ,&nbsp;Stephan N.F. Spiekman ,&nbsp;Rainer R. Schoch","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105085","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Since the early nineteenth century, the Central European Basin (CEB) has been a historically important region for the study of terrestrial tetrapods from the Triassic Period, and continues to yield a wealth of new finds. A review of the fossil evidence permits the recognition of new patterns of diversity for various clades during the recovery period following the end-Permian mass extinction. Unfortunately, the fossil record for tetrapods in the CEB across the Permian–Triassic boundary is virtually non-existent. The lowermost Triassic strata are almost entirely devoid of tetrapod fossils in the CEB, which is in marked contrast with coeval terrestrial deposits in higher-palaeolatitude regions such as South Africa. Temnospondyls were present in many Olenekian horizons and diversified at the beginning of the Anisian, attaining their greatest diversity in the late Ladinian, probably as a response to an increase in available freshwater environments and tolerance of fluctuating salinity in at least some forms. Among amniotes, only procolophonoids have been found in both Olenekian and Anisian strata in Germany, in each instance with two taxa, and they persisted into the late Ladinian. The ichnofaunas tell a rather different (partly complementary) story. Especially in the Olenekian, the poor body fossil record for tetrapods contrasts sharply with the abundance and high diversity of tetrapod ichnofossils, particularly those produced by archosauromorph reptiles. Large tetrapod tracks (&lt;em&gt;Protochirotherium&lt;/em&gt;) suggest that large-bodied archosauriforms were present, but no skeletal remains of such forms have been recovered from known coeval horizons in the CEB to date. Strata of the lower Anisian have recently yielded procolophonids, rhynchosaurs, tanysaurians, a eucrocopodan archosauriform, a ‘sail-backed’ poposauroid pseudosuchian, and a drepanosauromorph. For this time interval, the body fossil record (with three temnospondyl and seven amniote taxa) approaches the diversity of the rich tetrapod track record. The differences between Middle and Late Triassic faunas are not as profound as had traditionally been assumed. Whereas there was an almost complete replacement of temnospondyl taxa except for the long-ranging &lt;em&gt;Gerrothorax pulcherrimus&lt;/em&gt;, the composition of terrestrial amniote assemblages appears to have changed more gradually from the Anisian to the Norian. The Ladinian of southern Germany has yielded a wide range of taxa not otherwise represented in the CEB nor elsewhere. This includes several taxa of lepidosauromorphs including a rhynchocephalian, a colognathid, a trilophosaurid, a shell-less stem-turtle, an owenettid and a procolophonid, and four different archosauriform taxa. A recently discovered late Carnian assemblage from the Stuttgart Formation, which is currently under study, includes small diapsids resembling those from the Ladinian. Diverse Early and Late Triassic microvertebrate assemblages have been described from Polan","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105085"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143698147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity dynamics during the initial Devonian radiation of ammonoids","authors":"Ninon Allaire ,&nbsp;Dieter Korn ,&nbsp;Diego Balseiro ,&nbsp;Claude Monnet ,&nbsp;Catherine Crônier","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonoids are an extinct group of externally-shelled cephalopods that appeared in the Early Devonian. The early evolution of these marine invertebrates occurred against a backdrop of environmental conditions repeatedly disrupted by crises of varying severity. To better understand the genesis of these bioevents and their potential abiotic triggers, this study analyzes the biodiversity fluctuations characterizing the initial Devonian radiation of ammonoids, based on the fossil record from Morocco. The Anti-Atlas of Morocco provides the best record of Devonian ammonoids: the succession is complete and the ammonoid assemblages are well documented in the literature. The taxonomic component of biodiversity was investigated by analyzing species richness and taxonomic changes at high temporal resolution (biozone resolution) and using various analytical methods. Species richness variations over time were computed using a traditional incidence-based binning approach (range-through diversity) and two modern occurrence-based resampling methods (corrected first-order jackknife and shareholder quorum subsampling). Taxonomic changes were examined by analyzing variations in extinction and origination rates; this taxonomic volatility was further evaluated using a poly-cohort analysis. The diversity dynamics of ammonoid species during the Devonian were also explored through network analysis to assess the possible existence of so-called “evolutionary faunas”. The results reveal a highly fluctuating species richness throughout the Devonian, with successive phases of diversification and decline. Diversity peaks are recorded in the late Emsian, early Eifelian, middle Givetian, late Givetian (Devonian maximum), late Frasnian, and late Famennian. More than 15 extinction episodes of varying intensity and duration marked the early evolution of ammonoids; some represented progressive diversity declines, while others were severe losses or involved sudden faunal replacements. Network analysis highlights the successive diversification of six ammonoid evolutionary faunas of varying longevity. The transitions between these faunas define five major turnover intervals, which match with previously documented Devonian events and crises that are considered to be strongly influenced by global environmental changes: (1) Upper Zlíchov and Daleje events (Emsian), (2) Choteč Event (Eifelian), (3) Kačák Event and Taghanic Crisis (end-Eifelian and middle Givetian, respectively), (4) Kellwasser Crisis (end-Frasnian), (5) Condroz and Enkeberg events (early/middle Famennian transition). The temporal distribution of the ammonoid evolutionary faunas aligns with the phases identified through the analysis of origination and extinction rates (poly-cohorts), highlighting distinct macroevolutionary dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105090"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}