Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Fast-eroding Taiwan and transfer of orogenic sediment to forearc basins and trenches in the Philippine and South China seas","authors":"Eduardo Garzanti , Kalyani Nayak , Marta Padoan , Giovanni Vezzoli , Alberto Resentini , Sebastien Castelltort , Andrew Tien-Shun Lin , Nathalie Babonneau , Gueorgui Ratzov , Shu-Kun Hsu , Kuo-Fang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article reviews what is known about sediment composition and transport within and offshore Taiwan Island, a place on Earth where ultrarapid erosion is induced by strong tectonic activity, powerful earthquakes, high relief, and intense precipitation during the passage of typhoons. Literature information is here integrated with new petrographic, heavy-mineral, clay-mineral, elemental-geochemistry, and Sr and Nd isotope-geochemistry data on river sands and fluvial, shelf, and deep-sea muds to obtain a general overview of sediment generation and offshore dispersal pathways.</p><p>The Taiwan thrust belt is bracketed by two opposite-verging subduction zones, and orogenic detritus is transferred across rugged relief to surrounding forearc basins and trenches in the deep sea. Despite humid tropical climate, physical erosion is so fast that both sand petrography and clay mineralogy faithfully reflect the lithology of source rocks. In the Coastal Range, Miocene Luzon Arc andesites shed feldspatho-lithic volcaniclastic sediment rich in pyroxenes and smectite, whereas quartzo-lithic sand is recycled from the overlying Pliocene-Pleistocene sandstones. Basement rocks of the Tananao Complex supply quartzo-lithic metamorphiclastic sand with epidote and amphibole and mud rich in chlorite and illite. Lower Cenozoic mudrocks of the Slate Belt produce lithic to quartzo-lithic metasedimentaclastic sand with durable ZTR minerals and mostly illite, whereas upper Cenozoic strata of the Western Foothills shed recycled quartzo-lithic to litho-quartzose sedimentaclastic sand with ZTR minerals, garnet, and mixed clay-mineral assemblages. Scarce kaolinite, inconsistent behavior of mobile elements in sediment derived from opposite sides of Taiwan Island, and lack of correlation between geochemical and climatic parameters consistently indicate a weathering-limited regime. High weathering indices in sediment of western Taiwan rivers thus cannot be ascribed to present conditions but were largely inherited from recycling of Paleogene sedimentary rocks, generated in humid mainland China at a time of global greenhouse climate and subsequently accreted to the frontal part of the Taiwan thrust belt.</p><p>Offshore dispersal pathways are traced by the spatial distribution of clay minerals and geochemical fingerprints. Abundant illite and high <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr ratio indicate the Lanyang River as a major sediment contributor to the Ryukyu forearc basin, whereas smectite-bearing sediments of the Hualian, Xiuguluan, and Beinan rivers are conveyed to the Ryukyu Trench <em>via</em> the Hualian, Chimei, and Taitung canyons. Sediment from southern Taiwan feeds the Luzon forearc basin and reaches the Manila Trench <em>via</em> the Gaoping River and submarine canyon. Smectite transported long-distance from the Luzon Arc by the Kuroshio Current reaches as far north as the Ryukyu accretionary wedge, the Manila accretionary wedge and the Tainan Shelf, where only a littl","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 104523"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42613705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term periodicity of sedimentary basins in response to astronomical forcing: Review and perspective","authors":"Rui Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhijun Jin ,&nbsp;Mingsong Li ,&nbsp;Michael Gillman ,&nbsp;Shuping Chen ,&nbsp;Quanyou Liu ,&nbsp;Ren Wei ,&nbsp;Juye Shi","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Periodicity is a fundamental phenomenon occurring throughout the history of our planet Earth. Investigations into the mechanics of terrestrial cyclicity<span> should consider short-term variations commonly linked to Milankovitch cycles<span> and long-term variations sometimes hypothesized to have a galactic origin. Stratigraphic sequences in sedimentary basins<span> record Earth's long-term periodicities and potential astronomical forces. This paper reviews multiscale harmonic periodicities (e.g., ∼740, ∼220, ∼90, and ∼ 30 Myr cycles) in the sedimentary basin archive records. These periodicities exhibit similarities to estimates of galactic cyclicities, which suggests the possibility of a causal relation. Here, we consider the possibility that galactic dynamics control some periodic components on Earth. The gravitational potential<span> model of the Galaxy provides a plausible explanation of the periodic processes superimposed onto geospheres. The passage of the Solar System through the spiral arms and its vertical oscillation around the galactic plane may together influence the cyclical perturbation imprinted in the geological archives. In addition to galactic–geologic correlations, analysis of long-term periodic processes should also consider the mechanisms driven by Wilson megacycles, mantle cycles, and other geodynamic cycle hierarchies. Because measurements of these processes involve divergent branches of science, a comprehensive understanding of the causes of long-term periodicities in sedimentary basins will require multidisciplinary collaboration.</span></span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 104533"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48425112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geologic, geomorphic, tectonic, and paleoclimatic controls on the distribution and preservation of Chicxulub distal ejecta: A global perspective","authors":"S. James,&nbsp;Saranya R. Chandran,&nbsp;J. Aswathi,&nbsp;Devika Padmakumar,&nbsp;K.S. Sajinkumar","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104545","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104545","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary (KPB), the only known global impact ejecta<span><span> layer, resulted from the Chicxulub Impact Event (66 Ma). KPB is well-documented across the different distal locations (paleodistances &gt;5000 km), yet an understanding on the preservation of KPB remains evasive. Identification of the different preservation controls is thus quintessential, especially when the distal KPB maintains a constant thickness of 2–5 mm globally. We evaluate 84 distal KPB sites (as exposed on land today) through review and assessment of different parameters. The parameters include current geological provinces, nearest active tectonic boundary, geomorphic setting, lithological associations, paleoposition (at 66 Ma), paleodistance from impact point (at 66 Ma), paleoclimate and paleobathymetry. The most common geological province, closest </span>plate boundary type and geomorphic setting are accretionary complex (43 sites), collisional boundary (53 sites) and bedrock mountain (35 sites), respectively. KPB layer manifests in different lithologies, but most commonly in clay, marl, clay-limestone, and clay-marl dominant litho-units. At 66 Ma, 68 KPB deposited in marine settings, meanwhile only 16 in terrestrial conditions. Cenozoic paleobathymetry depicts the increased exposure of KPB sites to non-marine settings as time progresses (Paleocene-Holocene). During Cenozoic, the warm </span></span>temperate climate<span><span> remains the dominant climate across majority of the distal KPB sites. Evaluation of the different parameters leads to the conclusion that the preservation of KPB is aided by deposition within sedimentary basins in marine conditions during early Paleocene, presence of thick sedimentary units overlying KPB and dominance of low-denudational climates (warm temperate/subtropical arid) during Cenozoic. Furthermore, the study weighs the Chicxulub ejecta transport mechanisms by assessing the different chemical (Ir-anomaly, boundary clay) and physical attributes (impact </span>spherules, shocked minerals, Ni-rich spinels) at KPB. The observations support the dust cloud (non-ballistic) model of ejecta transportation and emplacement over the ballistic ejecta plume model.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 104545"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47568616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The crystallization temperature of granitic pegmatites: The important relationship between undercooling and critical metal prospectivity","authors":"Dalton M. McCaffrey ,&nbsp;Simon M. Jowitt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104541","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104541","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Granitic pegmatite deposits contain important critical metal resources, but the geologic processes that generate critical metal mineralization in these systems remain enigmatic. Previous research indicates that liquidus undercooling is one of multiple important controls on critical metal mineralization in granitic pegmatites, although other research has suggested that this process may be unnecessary. Here we investigate the influence of crystallization temperature and undercooling on pegmatite-hosted critical metal mineralization using a global compilation of naturally-measured crystallization temperatures from &gt;200 granitic pegmatite occurrences that span various pegmatite classes, geothermometer types, and intrapegmatite zones.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Our analysis indicates that pegmatites generally crystallize between 400 and 700 °C, many of which crystallize between 400 and 600 °C. Pegmatite classes yield the following mean crystallization temperatures (±2SE): abyssal: ∼670 ± 50 °C, muscovite: ∼675 ± 50 °C, muscovite-rare element: ∼535 ± 25 °C, rare element: ∼525 ± 20 °C, and miarolitic ∼460 ± 25 °C. These variations indicate that critical metal-mineralized (i.e., rare element and miarolitic classes) pegmatites have a mean liquidus undercooling temperature of ∼175 °C and ∼240 °C, respectively, whereas barren pegmatites crystallize near the hydrous haplogranite solidus. Main-stage zone temperatures for different pegmatite families indicate that Nb-Y-F (NYF; ∼560 ± 20 °C) pegmatites crystallize at temperatures ∼50 °C higher than Li-Cs-Ta (LCT; ∼515 ± 20 °C) pegmatites, suggesting that the formation of different pegmatite families and associated commodities requires different petrogenetic processes. In addition, the subdivisions of the rare element class that are associated with different commodities also have different crystallization temperatures, where Li-mineralized pegmatites have a mean crystallization temperature of ∼510 ± 25 °C compared to Be- and rare earth element (REE)-mineralized pegmatites with mean temperatures of ∼550 ± 45 °C. In terms of intrapegmatite zoning, crystallization of the border to the core zone (main-stage zones) occurs at near-isothermal mean temperatures (∼530–500 °C), late-stage zones form at lower temperatures than the former (miarolitic cavities: ∼420 ± 45 °C, replacement: ∼465 ± 55 °C), and unzoned, typically unmineralized pegmatites crystallize at relatively high mean temperatures (∼680 ± 55 °C). However, albite-spodumene pegmatites, an unzoned, occasionally economic-grade rare element pegmatite subclass, have a mean temperature of ∼490 ± 70 °C. We also speculate that large intrapegmatite temperature variations may be important for forming pegmatite deposits such as the Tanco pegmatite. This study demonstrates that (1) large degrees of undercooling are necessary for pegmatite-forming melts to surpass the mineralogical barrier and host critical metal mineralization, and (2) pegmatite field zonation, or the apparent lac","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 104541"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42033602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emergent role of critical interfaces in the dynamics of intensively managed landscapes","authors":"Praveen Kumar ,&nbsp;Alison Anders ,&nbsp;Erin Bauer ,&nbsp;Neal E. Blair ,&nbsp;Molly Cain ,&nbsp;Ashlee Dere ,&nbsp;Jennifer Druhan ,&nbsp;Timothy Filley ,&nbsp;Christos Giannopoulos ,&nbsp;Allison E. Goodwell ,&nbsp;David Grimley ,&nbsp;Diana Karwan ,&nbsp;Laura L. Keefer ,&nbsp;Jieun Kim ,&nbsp;Luigi Marini ,&nbsp;Marian Muste ,&nbsp;A.N. Thanos Papanicolaou ,&nbsp;Bruce L. Rhoads ,&nbsp;Leila Constanza Hernandez Rodriguez ,&nbsp;Susana Roque-Malo ,&nbsp;Shengnan Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104543","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104543","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Complex interactions among water, dissolved and suspended material, and gases occur within the critical zone. These interactions depend upon and influence geologic and geomorphic processes, the chemical composition of constituents, and biological activities of microbes, higher organisms and associated ecological communities. All these components of the critical zone are co-evolving through inter-dependencies that extend over various space and time scales. In intensively managed agricultural landscapes, critical zone interactions are extensively disrupted to facilitate agro-ecosystem services. However, such disruptions are not evenly distributed across the landscape. Our research, conducted over eight years at the Intensively Managed Landscapes Critical Zone Observatory, demonstrates that the dynamics of intensively managed critical zones do not operate uniformly across time and space. Instead, </span><em>critical interfaces,</em> or zones of transition between different aspects of the landscape system, play a disproportionately important role in regulating material fluxes through mechanisms of storage, transport, and transformation, often through threshold responses and intermittent connectivity across these interfaces. We provide insight into how critical interfaces affect the intricate dynamics of water, energy, carbon, nutrients, and sediment in intensively managed landscapes. Since anthropogenic activities are continually and extensively modifying critical interfaces, sound understanding of the impact of these modifications is essential for intensive management to also be sustainable management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 104543"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44750358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mantle peridotites of ophiolites rarely preserve reliable records of paleo-oceanic lithospheric mantle","authors":"Ben-Xun Su ,&nbsp;Qi-Qi Pan ,&nbsp;Yan Xiao ,&nbsp;Jie-Jun Jing ,&nbsp;Paul T. Robinson ,&nbsp;Ibrahim Uysal ,&nbsp;Xia Liu ,&nbsp;Jian-Guo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104544","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104544","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;Mantle peridotites&lt;span&gt; of ophiolites have traditionally been interpreted as fragments of residual oceanic lithospheric mantle depleted by partial melting. However, recent petrological, geochemical and isotopic data suggest that this hypothesis needs to be reconsidered. Spinel grains in ophiolitic mantle peridotites, previously believed to record melt extraction, exhibit significant compositional variations that are incompatible with partial melting. These grains occur mostly as interstitial, anhedral crystals associated with clinopyroxene or as inclusions in silicates; they commonly also contain a variety of inclusions. Their elemental compositions are highly variable at both intra- and inter-grain, as well as intra- and inter-sample scales. In addition to association with spinel, interstitial clinopyroxene is also widespread in ophiolitic mantle peridotites. Individual clinopyroxene grains show positive correlations between Al&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and Cr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt; contents, akin to those observed in orthopyroxene, which deviate from partial melting trends. Reactive and replacive features are well-developed in orthopyroxene grains. Olivine has anomalously variable Li isotope compositions and generally heavier Fe and Cr isotope compositions than coexisting spinel, contrary to theoretical predictions and results from mantle peridotite &lt;/span&gt;xenoliths&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. Additionally, aggregates of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, spinel and amphibole are also commonly observed in many samples. All of these characteristics suggest significant post-crystallization modifications of the constituent minerals in the mantle peridotites of ophiolites. Amphibole, a widespread &lt;/span&gt;hydrous mineral&lt;span&gt; in mantle peridotites of ophiolites, serves as robust evidence of the past presence of hydrous melts/fluids. It typically exhibits variable compositions that can be distinguished from grains in other lithologies or different tectonic settings. These melts/fluids are most likely related to the intrusion of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;dunite&lt;span&gt;, chromitite, clinopyroxenite, and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;wehrlite&lt;span&gt; bodies, which may form layered or podiform occurrences in mantle lherzolites and harzburgites. The mantle peridotites can be interlayered with dunites at scales ranging from several centimeters to hundreds of meters in length and several centimeters to several meters in thickness. Drill cores of ophiolitic peridotites reveal a wide range of lithologies and extensive geochemical heterogeneity in the mantle sequences of investigated ophiolites. The modified geochemical signatures found in minerals and bulk-rock samples go far beyond what could be produced by partial melting alone; some peridotites may have even formed through the direct accumulation of crystals from melts. These active melts/fluids are inferred to be hydrous and enriched in Mg and Ca. They not only introduced exotic components to m","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"244 ","pages":"Article 104544"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46808574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the nature of the Cimmerian Continent","authors":"A.M. Celâl Şengör ,&nbsp;Demir Altıner ,&nbsp;Cengiz Zabcı ,&nbsp;Gürsel Sunal ,&nbsp;Nalan Lom ,&nbsp;Eşref Aylan ,&nbsp;Tayfun Öner","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104520","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104520","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>The Cimmerian Continent is the narrow continental strip that rifted from the northeastern Gondwana-Land margin mostly during the Permian<span> between the present-day Balkan regions and Indonesia and collided with the Laurasian margin sometime between the </span></span>latest Triassic<span> and the late Jurassic<span>, in places possibly even in the earliest Cretaceous<span>. In contrast to the initial definition and most subsequent models, the Cimmerian Continent did not leave Gondwana-Land in one piece, but such submarine platforms as the Sakarya, Menderes-Taurus and Kırşehir in Turkey, and what is herein called the Greater Lhasa from Afghanistan to Myanmar began separating both from Gondwana-Land and from the rest of the Cimmerian Continent at about the same time during the Permian. By contrast, the northern part of the Cimmerian Continent remained as a large, single-piece, island arc-type ribbon continent from Turkey to Malaysia comprising the units of the Rhodope-Pontide Fragment in Turkey, most of Transcaucasia and Iran, the Farah, western Qiangtang, Bao-Shan and the Shan States blocks and western Thailand and Malaysia throughout its independent history. This coherent ‘ribbon continent’, perhaps the largest documented in earth history, was almost wholly an ensialic arc only in places having generated Mariana-type ensimatic offspring. Thus, the northern margin of the Cimmerian Continent was of Pacific-type and not Atlantic-type as claimed by many authors in the literature. Naming its various parts individually helps description but should not be allowed to mislead interpretations in terms of individual, so-called ‘terranes’, as often happens. It seems that many of the oceanic basins that opened within and behind the Cimmerian Continent, including the Neo-Tethys, were back-arc basins and the Cimmerian continent had a serpentine motion as it traversed the Tethyan realm. It is therefore impossible to reconstruct synthetic isochrons to track the northerly migration of the large ribbon continent (except for purposes of simple visualisation of the journey of the Cimmerian Continent across the Tethyan realm). The Cimmerian Continent also had a complex internal tectonics, involving much along the strike-slip faulting, presumed to have been controlled by the age, subduction angle, rate of subduction, and the topography of the floor of the Palaeo-Tethys.</span></span></span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"247 ","pages":"Article 104520"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48840571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cretaceous long-distance lithospheric extension and surface response in South China","authors":"Jianhua Li ,&nbsp;Shuwen Dong ,&nbsp;Peter A. Cawood ,&nbsp;Hans Thybo ,&nbsp;Peter D. Clift ,&nbsp;Stephen T. Johnston ,&nbsp;Guochun Zhao ,&nbsp;Yueqiao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104496","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104496","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lithospheric extension plays a pivotal role in governing the evolution of continents and the birth of oceanic basins on Earth. Despite this, quantifying wide-mode lithospheric extension and its effects on surface uplift remain elusive. The vast (&gt; 800-km-wide) Cretaceous extensional system in South China offers a unique opportunity to study the processes and mechanism(s) of wide-mode extension and their impacts. Here we review the essential constraints from crustal and mantle structures determined from geological, seismic reflection/refraction, and other geophysical data. Our compilation reveals a stratified lithosphere with depth-dependent extension in a magma-poor domain, expressed by normal faulting in the upper crust, ductile stretching in the mid-lower crust, and localized Moho uplift associated with mantle shear zones. From the magma-poor domain to the magma-rich domain, lateral variations in the extensional mode involve increased crustal melting, decreased crust-mantle decoupling, and mantle shear-zone abandonment caused by magmatic underplating. Extension-related strain fields across the South China lithosphere are uniformly NW-SE oriented, indicating vertically coherent deformation. Stress transmission across this coherent system likely occurred via basal traction and localized mantle shearing. Lower-crustal stretching and lithospheric removal accompanied and promoted the tectonic exhumation of extensional domes and mountain ranges. We propose a coupling between slab rollback, mantle flow, and lithospheric extension. Rollback-induced mantle flow likely drove lithospheric extension in South China by imposing shear forces at the lithosphere base.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 104496"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47791356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current state and future directions for deep learning based automatic seismic fault interpretation: A systematic review","authors":"Yu An ,&nbsp;Haiwen Du ,&nbsp;Siteng Ma ,&nbsp;Yingjie Niu ,&nbsp;Dairui Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Yuhan Du ,&nbsp;Conrad Childs ,&nbsp;John Walsh ,&nbsp;Ruihai Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104509","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104509","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Automated seismic fault interpretation has been an active area of research. Since 2018, Deep learning (DL) based seismic fault interpretation methods have emerged and shown promising results. However, to date, these methods have not been reasonably summarised, making it difficult for those involved to make sense of the current development process. To close this gap, we systematically reviewed the DL-based fault interpretation literature published between 2012 and 2022, and searched seven digital libraries. Fault interpretation has been considered an image-processing task using only convolutional neural networks (CNN)-based DL methods, and most of them have been trained in a supervised manner. U-Net and its variants designed for the image segmentation task are the most commonly used network structures. A total of 73 seismic datasets were summarised from the 56 articles included, of which only three field datasets and four synthetic datasets were publicly available benchmarks. The study reported benefits of using DL, such as its outstanding learning and generalisation capabilities or predicting faults in a fast, cheap and repeatable manner, which ultimately led to an increase in the acceptability of these methods and the potential to incorporate them into oil and industry workflows. However, we identified 12 challenges that hinder its integration into industrial workflows, including the most discussed lack of sufficient annotated data. We conclude with an in-depth discussion of current research trends and potential future research directions to promote research on less studied areas and collaboration between computer scientists and geoscientists.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 104509"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49423380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hadean to early Mesoarchean rocks and zircons in the North China Craton: A review","authors":"Yusheng Wan ,&nbsp;Chunyan Dong ,&nbsp;Hangqiang Xie ,&nbsp;Simon A. Wilde ,&nbsp;Shoujie Liu ,&nbsp;Pengchuan Li ,&nbsp;Mingzhu Ma ,&nbsp;Yuan Li ,&nbsp;Yuqing Wang ,&nbsp;Kunli Wang ,&nbsp;Dunyi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span>The North China Craton<span> (NCC) is the largest craton on the Chinese Mainland, with 3.8–3.0 Ga rocks occurring mainly in three areas, namely: Anshan-Benxi (Anben), eastern Hebei, and Xinyang. In addition, 3.0 Ga and 3.1 Ga TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) rocks have also been identified in north Liaoning and the Bohai Bay Basin, respectively. Detrital and xenocrystic zircons dated at 4.1–3.1 Ga occur more widely in the craton. In Anben, &gt;3.3 Ga rocks are mainly distributed in six complexes, whereas in eastern Hebei, 3.8 Ga TTG rocks and 4.0–3.9 Ga detrital zircons have recently been discovered. Anben is similar to eastern Hebei in terms of the Archean zircon age records, but &gt;3.3 Ga TTG rocks are different in both rock-type and composition. The recent identification of 3.8 Ga granitic </span></span>xenoliths<span> in young volcanic rock at Xinyang indicates the existence of Eoarchean rocks in the deep crust of the craton. Taking the NCC as a whole, the most significant zircon-forming magmatic events occurred at 3.8 Ga, 3.7–3.65 Ga, 3.45 Ga, 3.3 Ga and 3.1 Ga. The &gt;3.0 Ga TTG rocks are mainly trondhjemite<span>, with their low Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios indicating formation under low- to medium-pressure conditions. These are different from 3.0 to 2.5 Ga TTG rocks in the NCC and 3.8–3.0 Ga TTG rocks in southern West Greenland, which are dominated by tonalite, with some having high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios. The &gt;3.0 Ga rocks have large variations in whole-rock ε</span></span></span>_Nd(t) and in-situ zircon ε_Hf(t), with many showing negative values. Zircons have δ¹⁸<span><span>O values mainly between 5.0 and 7.0‰, consistent with Hadean and Archean magmatic zircon data worldwide. The diversity of Eoarchean granitoid </span>magmatism across the craton indicates that continental evolution on Earth at that time already displayed complexity and maturity. It is further considered that the NCC may contain several different ancient continental nuclei with long-term formation and evolutionary histories back to the Hadean.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"243 ","pages":"Article 104489"},"PeriodicalIF":12.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43181618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}