Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"A review of machine learning applications to geophysical logging inversion of unconventional gas reservoir parameters","authors":"Zihao Wang ,&nbsp;Yidong Cai ,&nbsp;Dameng Liu ,&nbsp;Jun Lu ,&nbsp;Feng Qiu ,&nbsp;Jinghong Hu ,&nbsp;Zhentao Li ,&nbsp;Ranjith Pathegama Gamage","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reservoir parameters are crucial indicators for reservoir evaluation and development and provide insights into long-term reservoir behavior. The primary methods for evaluating these parameters include direct core observations, experimental testing, and indirect evaluation techniques. Since its introduction, geophysical logging has been used to evaluate and invert reservoir parameters owing to its wide coverage. With an increasing focus on unconventional natural gas reservoirs, more refined reservoir evaluations and multiparameter analyses are required for their development to address the complex and microscopic models differing from those of the conventional petroleum reservoirs. Geophysical logging is important in several unconventional fields. Machine learning (ML) was used in unconventional gas reservoirs as an effective method to establish relationships between parameters and logging features. However, the accuracy of evaluating storage layers using a single ML method is limited. Studies focusing only on algorithm updates and indicator values are problematic in terms of interpretability and production applications. A need to standardize the use of algorithms and introduce validation comparisons such as geological methods is evident. In this study, we reviewed ML algorithms and models commonly used for logging inversion applications. The current research status and issues were analyzed for different unconventional gas reservoir parameters. Our findings emphasize the importance of combining geological and other methods for logging inversion using ML. We also used the random forest algorithm to accurately predict the reservoir porosity, gas content, coal structure, and macrolithotypes. Combined with established permeability and vitrinite reflectance models, factor analysis was used to comprehensively analyze and evaluate the coalbed methane reservoirs in the study area. In our assessment of the challenges and future work on ML-based inversion, we observed a clear advantage for ML algorithms under geologically validated methods and experimental control. ML has great potential for optimizing the application of logging inversion for unconventional reservoir parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104969"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142573283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping the evolution of marine carbon during the last deglaciation: δ13C perspectives on the deglacial ocean carbon cycle","authors":"Ling Fang ,&nbsp;Ninglian Wang ,&nbsp;Minkyoung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104966","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104966","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The changes in the ocean circulation and biological pump played crucial roles in the rise in atmospheric CO₂ during the last deglaciation. However, our understanding remains limited regarding which processes―air-sea exchange, ocean circulation, and the biological pump―primarily influence the spatial dynamics of the oceanic carbon cycle. To address this knowledge gap, the present study compiles global stable carbon isotope (δ¹³C) records from various sources, including shallow and deep planktic, along with epifaunal and infaunal benthic foraminifera. The synthesis reveals a total increase of 0.37 ± 0.05 ‰ in marine δ¹³C values since the last glacial maximum. Of this increase, 68 ± 5 % is attributed to the response of the oceans in the southern hemisphere, while 32 ± 4 % is attributed to the northern hemisphere. By analyzing the difference between planktic and benthic foraminifera, a decreased vertical δ¹³C gradient (δ¹³C_sp–sb) is observed during the last deglaciation, indicating rapid carbon exchange between surface and deep waters during deglaciation. Additionally, the offset between the epifaunal and infaunal δ¹³C (δ¹³C_sb–db) provides insights into changes in productivity and bottom water oxygenation. Overall, the global synthesis suggests that the δ¹³C variation is largely controlled by ocean circulation in the northern hemisphere and at higher latitudes of the southern hemisphere, while primary production significantly influences subtropical regions. Furthermore, the δ¹³C confirms that the rise in atmospheric CO₂ during the first phase of Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) resulted from reduced primary production in subtropical regions along with strong ventilation in the second phase of HS1. Interestingly, the δ¹³C variations during the Younger Dryas (YD) suggest strong ventilation without evident changes in primary production. This four-dimensional dataset provides valuable insights into the transient changes in the ocean carbon cycle during deglaciation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104966"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rejection of Holliday et al.'s alleged refutation of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis","authors":"Martin B. Sweatman ,&nbsp;James L. Powell ,&nbsp;Allen West","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104960","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We reject the claim of Holliday et al. (2023) that they have “comprehensively refuted” the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH). Scores of peer-reviewed articles in dozens of peer-reviewed journals from hundreds of researchers, many of whom were not members of the core research team of Firestone et al. (2007), have corroborated the YDIH and replicated the key evidence dozens of times (Powell, 2022; Sweatman, 2021). Refuting a hypothesis that is so well established should require compelling new evidence and a plausible alternative process. Holiday et al. (2023) offer neither but, instead, question the peer-reviewed evidence supporting the hypothesis. Many of their arguments are faulty and were already rebutted in earlier reviews. The remaining differences in interpretation are part and parcel of science and do not lend themselves to the refutation—that is, the falsification—of an active hypothesis. Words alone cannot do that, not even the 96,000 words of Holiday et al. (2023). Only evidence can.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104960"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical modelling of coupled climate, tectonics, and surface processes on the eastern Himalayan syntaxis","authors":"Xueyun Lu ,&nbsp;Jingtao Lai ,&nbsp;Lining Wang ,&nbsp;Jianqing Ji ,&nbsp;Dalai Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104964","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104964","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The geosphere dynamics near Earth's surface is a key scientific issue for understanding how Earth system works. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the interplay between these geospheres still remain unclear. Here, we take the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the most typical region undergoing ferocious geosphere interplay on the planet, as our primary research area. We incorporated a topography-dependent precipitation model into traditional geomorphological-thermomechanical modelling and conducted over 200 experiments to investigate the interplay between climate, tectonics, and surface processes during the evolution of the orogenic wedge. The results show that a distinct type of orogenic wedge emerges when the convergence rate and average precipitation fall within specific ranges determined by the crustal geothermal field. Within this type of orogenic wedge, a sustained, stationary, localized and relatively rapid erosion process can be established on the windward flank. This can further induce sustained and rapid uplift of rocks, exhumation and deformation, forming a large-scale antiform, which exhibits a certain degree of similarity to the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. We propose that the formation of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis share this similar mechanism. Our analysis of the results indicates that the influences of climatic forcing, tectonic forcing, and geothermal field on the evolution of orogenic wedge can be integrated into a single parameter (<span><math><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></math></span>), and we propose that 0.24≤<span><math><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>F</mi></msub></math></span>≤0.45 is a necessary condition for the development of a syntaxis, which provides a quantitative constraint on the formation of a syntaxis for the first time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104964"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Fracture sets and sequencing” [Earth-Science Reviews 257 (2024) 104888]","authors":"David J. Sanderson ,&nbsp;David C.P. Peacock ,&nbsp;Casey W. Nixon","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104916","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104916"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing the frontiers of CO2 geological storage: A statistical and computational perspective","authors":"Ming Li ,&nbsp;Xue Zhou ,&nbsp;Congguang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhi Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianfei Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This discussion addresses a recent systematic review by Zhang and Arif on the residual trapping capacity of subsurface systems for geological CO₂ storage, published in <em>Earth-Science Reviews</em>. The discussion highlights the critical role of residual trapping in ensuring long-term CO₂ sequestration. Utilizing statistical methods and computer theory, the study examines measurement techniques, influencing factors, and future prospects. Methodological concerns, such as reliance on published datasets and the need for advanced statistical analyses, are identified. The discussion suggests improvements in statistical robustness and computer modeling techniques in research. Future directions include incorporating machine learning for data analysis and enhancing simulation models for better CO₂ storage predictions. This comprehensive evaluation underscores the significance of rigorous analytical methods in advancing the field of CO₂ geological storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104906"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detecting the impact of climate change on alpine mass movements in observational records from the European Alps","authors":"Mylène Jacquemart ,&nbsp;Samuel Weber ,&nbsp;Marta Chiarle ,&nbsp;Małgorzata Chmiel ,&nbsp;Alessandro Cicoira ,&nbsp;Christophe Corona ,&nbsp;Nicolas Eckert ,&nbsp;Johan Gaume ,&nbsp;Florie Giacona ,&nbsp;Jacob Hirschberg ,&nbsp;Roland Kaitna ,&nbsp;Florence Magnin ,&nbsp;Stephanie Mayer ,&nbsp;Christine Moos ,&nbsp;Alec van Herwijnen ,&nbsp;Markus Stoffel","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Anthropogenic climate change is rapidly altering high mountain environments, including changing the frequency, dynamic behavior, location, and magnitude of alpine mass movements. Here, we review three decades of scientific literature (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1995 to early 2024) to assess to what degree observational records from the European Alps – as the region with the most comprehensive records – reveal these changes. We do this for the processes that are most common in this region, namely rockfall, rock avalanches, debris flows, ice avalanches, and snow avalanches. The systematic literature search and review yielded 335 publications, of which we omitted publications that did not focus primarily on observational records. The remaining 103 publications used observations from over 100 sites and 30 inventories to investigate the connection between climate change and mass movements. About one third of the relevant studies found a measurable impact of climate change on the investigated alpine mass movement processes (with the exception of large rock avalanches). The clearest climate-controlled trends are (i) increased rockfall frequency in high-alpine areas due to higher temperatures, (ii) fewer and smaller snow avalanches due to scarcer snow conditions at low and mid elevations, and (iii) a shift towards avalanches with more wet snow and fewer powder clouds. While there is (iv) despite a clear increase in debris-flow triggering precipitation, debris-flow activity has not been found to uniformly increase, though there is some evidence for increasing activity above treeline and at locations without historical precedence. The trends for (v) ice avalanches are spatially very variable with no clear direction. Ice temperatures are measurably increasing, but – despite a theoretical expectation – this has not impacted ice avalanche activity to date. The reviewed literature also reveals that quantifying the impact of climate change on these mass movements remains difficult in part due to the complexities of the natural system, but also because of limitations in the available datasets, confounding effects, and existing statistical processing techniques. Better assessments could be achieved if we would more broadly support the compilation and maintenance of large standardized data catalogs, bring together various dispersed datasets (in said catalogs), including from social and citizen science projects, invest in long-term natural observatories, and develop suitable processing techniques. Better observations will additionally support the development and performance of process-based models. If we can advance natural hazard research on these fronts, more quantitative predictions of future change are well within our reach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104886"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rebuttal of Sweatman, Powell, and West's “Rejection of Holliday et al.'s alleged refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis”","authors":"Vance.T. Holliday ,&nbsp;Tyrone L. Daulton ,&nbsp;Patrick J. Bartlein ,&nbsp;Mark B. Boslough ,&nbsp;Ryan P. Breslawski ,&nbsp;Abigail E. Fisher ,&nbsp;Ian A. Jorgeson ,&nbsp;Andrew C. Scott ,&nbsp;Christian Koeberl ,&nbsp;Jennifer R. Marlon ,&nbsp;Jeffrey Severinghaus ,&nbsp;Michail I. Petaev ,&nbsp;Philippe Claeys","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104961","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104961","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We stand by our original review. There is no support for a cosmic-origin catastrophe at ~12,850 cal years BP. There is also no support that at ~12,850 cal years BP human populations diminished, late Pleistocene megafauna were wiped out or reduced, and an unique global climate change occurred. The comments are largely built around the same claims we previously rebutted (and rebut here again) based on a broad range of scientific research published in long-standing and recognized journals on impact cratering and mineralogy/geochemistry, as well as late Quaternary geology, paleoclimatology, paleobiology and archaeology. Evidence and arguments purported to support the YDIH involve flawed methodologies, inappropriate assumptions, incomplete comparisons, overgeneralizations, misstatements of fact, misleading information, unsupported claims, irreproducible observations, misinterpretation of fundamental data, logical fallacies, and selected omission of contrary information. These issues are discussed within broader themes in the conduct of scientific research. The burden of proof is on the developers and supporters of the YDIH to critically test their own hypothesis and to fully respond to a large, diverse body of critiques, observations and contradictory evidence. To date, they have failed to do this.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104961"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dust in the Critical Zone: North American case studies","authors":"J. Brahney ,&nbsp;R.C. Heindel ,&nbsp;T.E. Gill ,&nbsp;G. Carling ,&nbsp;J.M. González-Olalla ,&nbsp;J. Hand ,&nbsp;D.V. Mallia ,&nbsp;J.S. Munroe ,&nbsp;K. Perry ,&nbsp;A.L. Putman ,&nbsp;S.M. Skiles ,&nbsp;B.R. Adams ,&nbsp;Z. Aanderud ,&nbsp;S. Aarons ,&nbsp;D. Aguirre ,&nbsp;K. Ardon-Dryer ,&nbsp;M.B. Blakowski ,&nbsp;J.M. Creamean ,&nbsp;D. Fernandez ,&nbsp;H. Foroutan ,&nbsp;T. Merrill","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104942","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104942","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dust cycle facilitates the exchange of particles among Earth's major systems, enabling dust to traverse ecosystems, cross geographic boundaries, and even move uphill against the natural flow of gravity. Dust in the atmosphere is composed of a complex and ever-changing mixture that reflects the evolving human footprint on the landscape. The emission, transport, and deposition of dust interacts with and connects Critical Zone processes at all spatial and temporal scales. Landscape properties, land use, and climatic factors influence the wind erosion of soil and nutrient loss, which alters the long-term ecological dynamics at erosional locations. Once in the atmosphere, dust particles influence the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth, and interact with longwave (terrestrial) radiation, with cascading effects on the climate system. Finally, the wet and dry deposition of particles influences ecosystem structure, composition, and function over both short and long-term scales. Tracking dust particles from source to sink relies on monitoring and measurement of the geochemical composition and size distribution of the particles, space-borne and ground-based remote sensing, and dust modeling. Dust is linked to human systems via land use and policies that contribute to dust emissions and the health-related consequences of particulate loads and composition. Despite the significant influence dust has in shaping coupled natural-human systems, it has not been considered a key component of the Critical Zone. Here, we demonstrate that dust particles should be included as a key component of the Critical Zone by outlining how dust interacts with and shapes Earth System processes from generation, through transport, to deposition. We synthesize current understanding from global research and identify critical data and knowledge gaps while showcasing case studies from North America.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104942"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on Jaillard, E., (2022): Late Cretaceous-Paleogene orogenic build-up of the Ecuadorian Andes: Review and discussion","authors":"Antenor M. Alemán","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104939","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104939","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Although Jaillard's (2022) paper denotes the first attempt to propose a model for the orogeny build-up of the Ecuadorian Andes, it is based on endorsing the poorly constrained and uncertain Caribbean Colombia Oceanic Plateau (CCOP) from the Coastal Ranges (CR) to the Western Cordillera (WC). This model is inconsistent with the crustal thickness variation confirmed by seismic tomography profiles and Moho map (Araujo et al., 2021), unreliable REE chondrite-normalized flat patterns (Kerr, 2014), absent of HIMU Pb isotope anomaly and lack of W, He or Ne isotope information indicative of primordial mantle. Along the Coastal Ranges, Jaillard discusses the NE-oriented San Lorenzo Arc (SLA) within the context of a back-arc basin, incorporating the Chongón Colonche High (CCH) as a remnant arc orthogonal to the margin since its emplacement. Contrarily, he overlooks the widespread Cretaceous olistolith outcrops representing the cryptic and vanished Paleocene suture zone, unlike the undeformed Santa Elena Formation. The occurrence of CR lower continental crust, inferred from lower than 7 Km/s <em>sec</em> V_p velocity, decisively challenges the CCOP paradigm. To the east, while Jaillard describes west-vergent contractional deformation and the prowedge foredeep flysch, he geologically thickens the Western Cordillera by rooting thrusting near the crustal-mantle boundary, including the slender Guaranda Terrane (Totoras amphibolite). This is inconsistent with the 85 Ma crystallization age of HT metamorphism predating the collision event, further questioning the CCOP model. Additionally, Jaillard disregards the Pallatanga suture melange and the adakite Pujilí Granite obstructing subduction, which shifted westward post-collision, forming the Rio Cala intraoceanic arc synchronous with flysch foredeep deposition (Vallejo, 2007) and providing the stresses for contractional deformation. Along the foreland basin, Jaillard's distortion from lithostratigraphic to chronostratigraphic isopach maps impedes recognition of the molasse source, provenance, and deposition, coeval with the EC development. The Abitagua Granite, adjacent to the giant Pungarayacu heavy oil field, necessitates continuity of Cretaceous source rocks under the EC, also functioning as a detachment. The high gravitational potential energy achieved during strong collision dissipates through extensional gravitational collapse, modulating eastward as toe-thrust imbrication and utilizing the Cretaceous detachment to form the Eastern Cordillera retrowedge concurrently with WC contractional deformation, resulting in a bivergent fold and thrust belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"258 ","pages":"Article 104939"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}