Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Precipitation is the main control on the global distribution of soil clay minerals","authors":"Hengzhi Lyu,&nbsp;Huayu Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global distribution of clay minerals is intricately linked with climatic conditions and bedrock composition, which interact to control the weathering intensity of silicate and other minerals. However, the quantitative relationship between clay minerals and climate is not well understood, partly due to the lack of quantitative assessments of the role of the various factors responsible for clay mineral formation. Here we examine the quantitative relationship between soil clay minerals and climatic factors on the global scale, by extrapolating clay mineral abundances to a large scale. We found that mean annual precipitation (MAP) is the first order control on the global clay mineral distribution, while mean annual temperature (MAT), elevation, slope, lithology, upland hillslope soil thickness (UHST), and upland hillslope regolith thickness (UHRT) have secondary roles or localized impacts on clay mineral distributions. We found that precipitation thresholds exist in weathering intensity and clay mineral formation: (1) Illite decreases monotonically and kaolinite increases monotonically with increasing MAP below the threshold of 1800–2000 mm, whereas gibbsite increases monotonically with increasing MAP below the threshold of 2200–2400 mm. (2) Smectite and Fe oxides increase with increasing MAP below the threshold of 600–800 mm, and then decrease with increasing MAP between 600 and 800 mm and 1800–2000 mm. (3) All clay minerals are insensitive to extremely high MAP, above 1800–2000 mm. We suggest that paleoprecipitation can be semi-quantitatively reconstructed based on variations in the relative contents of clay minerals, which can be used as a proxy indicator of wet and dry variations for paleoclimate studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104891"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141979285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning for subsurface geological feature identification from seismic data: Methods, datasets, challenges, and opportunities","authors":"Lei Lin ,&nbsp;Zhi Zhong ,&nbsp;Chenglong Li ,&nbsp;Andrew Gorman ,&nbsp;Hao Wei ,&nbsp;Yanbin Kuang ,&nbsp;Shiqi Wen ,&nbsp;Zhongxian Cai ,&nbsp;Fang Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104887","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104887","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Identification of geological features from seismic data such as faults, salt bodies, and channels, is essential for studies of the shallow Earth, natural disaster forecasting and evaluation, carbon capture and storage, hydrogen storage, geothermal energy development, and traditional resource exploration. However, manual seismic interpretation is distinctly subjective and labor-intensive. With the advent and rise of 3D surveys, the size of seismic data has increased dramatically, making purely manual interpretation impractical. Since 1989, a large number of machine learning-based methods for identifying geological features have been proposed to address these challenges. To date, these methods have not been reasonably synthesized. Motivated by a progressive increase in applications, this review presents an overview of advances in the utilization of machine learning to identify geological features from seismic data. First, we classify these methods from five different perspectives. Second, we provide a comprehensive overview of 241 publications related to seismic geological feature identification and offer a detailed analysis of the development of these methods categorized by geological feature type. Third, 20 field and 12 synthetic seismic datasets, which are publicly available and relevant to the identification of faults, salt bodies, channels, caves, and horizons, are cataloged. Fourth, we discuss the issue of false positive identification caused by the limited geological features in the training dataset. To address the problems of false positives and insufficient labeled training datasets, we propose a simulation framework for generating 3D synthetic seismic data and corresponding geological labels that include a rich variety of geological features. To the best of our knowledge, this is the synthetic seismic dataset that contains the richest geological features. Finally, we discuss in depth the current challenges and future opportunities to inspire further relevant research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104887"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141964222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of inertinite enrichment in Jurassic coals: Insights from a Big Data-driven review","authors":"Jiamin Zhou ,&nbsp;Longyi Shao ,&nbsp;Timothy P. Jones ,&nbsp;Yangyang Huang ,&nbsp;Mengran Chen ,&nbsp;Haihai Hou ,&nbsp;Jing Lu ,&nbsp;Jason Hilton","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Big Data-driven research is thriving in the geosciences, with initiatives such as The Deep-Time Digital Earth (DDE) program (<span><span>https://deep-time.org/</span><svg><path></path></svg></span>), which is a “big science program” by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS). Northern and northwestern Chinese environments produced a significant number of typically inertinite-rich coals during the Jurassic, which have been extensively researched and represent a high-quality subject for Big Data-driven studies. Inertinite in coals are widely accepted and applied as direct evidence of palaeowildfire with important palaeoclimatic significance, but the enrichment mechanism of inertinite in Jurassic coals have not yet been comprehensively understood. In this research, Big Data methodology and thinking were used to collect 1298 sources of information with inertinite content, and to reconstruct the palaeogeographic distributions of that inertinite. In addition, &gt;300 datasets on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and inertinite reflectance were collected. Based on these data and in combination with palaeoclimatic databases, two enrichment mechanisms for the high levels of inertinite are proposed. The results show that Jurassic coals in China are significantly enriched in inertinite compared to coals in the rest of the world, with an average inertinite content of 18.9% in the Early Jurassic and up to 36.8% in the Middle Jurassic. Combustion-sourced PAHs are widespread in Jurassic coal seams in different basins and are dominated by 4-ring and 5-ring PAHs. Both coal petrology and PAHs characteristics are indicative of a wildfire origin for inertinite, and the inertinite reflectances suggest that the palaeowildfire types were mainly low-temperature fires. It is proposed that the abundant inertinites in Jurassic coals were formed as the result of the multi-factorial coupling of palaeoflora, palaeoclimates, and palaeoenvironmental evolution. The enrichment models for the inertinite in the Early-Middle Jurassic coals indicate that these inertinites were mainly formed during periods of more obvious seasonal contrasts. Based on analysis from a Big Data review of inertinite concentrations in coals, a quantitative classification criterion is proposed to define those with &gt;30% inertinite as “inertinite-rich coal”, and those with &gt;50% inertinite as “inertinite coal”.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104889"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142049757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"REY-P cycles recorded by the Ediacaran phosphorite on the Yangtze Platform (South China)","authors":"Fang Zhang ,&nbsp;Haifeng Fan ,&nbsp;Hongjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Yaowen Wu ,&nbsp;Danish Khan ,&nbsp;Massam Ali ,&nbsp;Hanjie Wen ,&nbsp;Fanghui Li ,&nbsp;Jiaolong Xiao ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rare earth elements and yttrium (REY) composition of paleo-seawater and redox conditions of localized water masses during deposition are documented by the REY preserved in modern pristine chemical sedimentary phosphorites. However, contrary to modern phosphorites, some older ones (e.g., Cambrian and Proterozoic phosphorites) display anomalous REY patterns that deviate from modern seawater, and limit the use of their parameters (e.g., Ce anomalies) as a reliable proxy for redox conditions in this case. In this work, elements of bulk-rocks and apatite grains, Sr<img>Nd isotopes, and phosphate oxygen isotopes (δ¹⁸O_P) from Jingxiang (JX), Yichang (YC), and Xingshen (XS) phosphorites of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in South China were investigated to address this quandary. The REY indexes and patterns of bulk-rocks and apatite, as well as Nd isotopes of bulk-rocks, suggest that the phosphorites deposited in the lower, middle, and upper members of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation record the sources of REY as being of terrigenous, mixed, and seawater origins, respectively. During the deposition of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, high δ¹⁸O_P values (18.61 ± 1.04) of all bulk-rocks, close to contemporary marine authigenic apatite, indicate that phosphorus has been involved in strong marine bio-cycling, assuming a final terrestrial source. However, REY composition of the seawater column recorded by authigenic apatite in the lower member of Doushantuo Formation exhibited a right-leaning REY pattern, representing a terrestrial REY end-member. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of bulk-rocks (0.71031 ± 0.00719) and apatite grains (0.71098 ± 0.00099) also remained consistent throughout the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, except for the high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values found in bulk-rocks (0.72200 ± 0.00085) and apatite (0.72271 ± 0.00064) in the lower member of JX, which are presumed to result from source rocks with high radioactive Sr. Combined with REY indexes (Ce anomalies, Y/Ho ratios, and the differentiation of REY) and constant ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values of apatite, varying REY patterns from the lower to upper members of the Doushantuo Formation indicate that the scavenging rate of terrestrial REY inputs to the ocean by suspended particles (e.g., Fe<img>Mn oxyhydroxides) in the water column is controlled by the degree of seawater oxidation. Our study highlights that REY inputs to seawater could undergo seawater cycling (i.e., the removal of REY by particulates of seawater under oxygen-containing conditions), and only REY that undergo sufficient seawater cycling can reflect the true redox conditions of the water column. Therefore, the sources and cycling of REY in seawater should be carefully identified when applying Ce anomalies and Y/Ho ratios of phosphorites to trace the redox conditions of ancient seawater.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 104885"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141934970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiphase fluid-rock interactions and flow behaviors in shale nanopores: A comprehensive review","authors":"Jianchao Cai,&nbsp;Xinghe Jiao,&nbsp;Han Wang,&nbsp;Wu He,&nbsp;Yuxuan Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The complicated flow behaviors of multiphase fluids in shale reservoirs are significantly influenced by fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interactions due to the non-negligible intermolecular forces at the nanoscale, which is crucial for the effective development and efficient extraction of shale oil. The complexity of multiphase fluid distribution and flow behaviors in shale reservoirs is further increased by low porosity, low permeability, poor connectivity, high inhomogeneity, and multi-component minerals, making the development process more challenging. Molecular dynamics simulation is widely to precisely capture the intermolecular forces and effectively explain the complex distribution and flow behaviors of these fluids under fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interaction forces. In this review, the characteristics of mineral composition, pore structure, porosity, permeability, and fluid types are first elaborated to illustrate the particularity of shale reservoirs and fluids compared to conventional scale reservoirs. The results show that shale minerals are composed of inorganic and organic matter with extremely low porosity and permeability, and nanoscale pore size, in which the complicated oil-water-CO₂ multiphase fluid types are caused by the primary underground water, fracturing water and injected CO₂. The research progress of molecular simulation on the fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interaction mechanisms and on multiphase shale fluids flow behaviors are then reviewed in detail. The strong intermolecular interaction forces can result in the different occurrence states of fluids, the fluid-fluid interfacial slip, the fluid-rock boundary slip and heterogeneous fluid viscosity/density, significantly exacerbating the complexity of fluids flow. Meanwhile, the injected CO₂ in the formation becomes a supercritical state with high diffusivity and strong solubility, and causes oil expansion, density and viscosity reduction, interfacial tension reduction, wettability alteration and molecular diffusion, which effectively replaces adsorbed hydrocarbon components by competitive adsorption behaviors, and promotes oil flow. The challenges and outlook of molecular simulation research and upscaling applications are finally discussed. This review aims to provide a microscopic understanding of the distribution characteristics and flow behaviors of multiphase shale fluids in nanoconfined space for both unconventional oil and gas researchers and industry professionals.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104884"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142076251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Caspian Sea level changes during instrumental period, its impact and forecast: A review” [Earth-Science Reviews 241 (2023)/104428]","authors":"H. Lahijani ,&nbsp;S.A.G. Leroy ,&nbsp;K. Arpe ,&nbsp;J.-F. Crétaux","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104856","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 104856"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825224001831/pdfft?md5=eccd3fbacf2af697473b4d29fe1f309c&pid=1-s2.0-S0012825224001831-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141711446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Site formation processes and the taphonomy of vertebrate remains in underwater caves","authors":"Meg M. Walker,&nbsp;Julien Louys","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Palaeontological and zooarchaeological deposits have been recovered from underwater caves across the globe, but studies on site formation processes in these environments are scattered and have never been systematically examined. Flooded caves in the phreatic zone of karst systems include sinkholes and fensters (windows) that form a connection between the sub-aerial and sub-terranean landscapes, and conduits and chambers that establish underground networks of tunnels. Burial environments in these spaces are variable, and sedimentary, cave morphologic, and hydrologic variability within a single site can have profound impacts on taphonomic processes. The key determinant on long term preservation in these spaces is, however, the presence of water which dictates the nature of any habitation and by which species, and the process of decay. Water tables can fluctuate with long- and short-term sea level changes, with concomitant shifts in burial environments between flooded ‘wet’ or exposed ‘dry’ settings in near-shore cave systems. Distinguishing wet and dry burial conditions is necessary to reconstruct site formation processes in caves exhibiting evidence of changing or cyclical phreatic and vadose conditions. Signatures of aquatic deposition have been identified in underwater sites under marine, lacustrine and fluvial settings, but similar investigations are lacking for submerged cave landscapes. Water influences the decay process, alters bone surfaces, and modifies internal physical and chemical properties of bones. By exploring the environmental properties of flooded caves alongside known aquatic modifications, this review aims to build a framework for taphonomy of underwater cave palaeontological and archaeological sites. We detail biostratinomic and diagenesis processes that can be explored by actualistic, experimental, and observational studies. Future consideration could be given to the effects of human actions on the spatial distribution and modifications of bones in these spaces and the combined effects of environmental and anthropic agents.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 104883"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825224002101/pdfft?md5=4e9234545ee97d516085206ff059d305&pid=1-s2.0-S0012825224002101-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141934971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provenance and genesis of karstic bauxite deposits in China: Implications for the formation of super-large karstic bauxite deposits","authors":"Xuefei Liu,&nbsp;Lihua Zhao,&nbsp;Qingfei Wang,&nbsp;Xuefei Sun,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Shujuan Yang,&nbsp;Jun Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104882","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since the Carboniferous, over 7.0 billion tons (Gt) of karstic bauxite deposits have formed in the North China Craton (NCC) and the South China Block (SCB), rendering them the largest karstic bauxite deposit resource bases globally. Karstic bauxite deposits in the NCC primarily occur in the Late Carboniferous (&gt;5.0 Gt), and those in the SCB occur in the Early Carboniferous (∼0.2 Gt), Early Permian (∼0.3 Gt), Late Permian (&gt;1.0 Gt), and the Cenozoic (∼0.5 Gt). &gt;120 large karstic bauxite deposits have been found in China, among which several super-large karstic bauxite deposits (single deposit &gt;0.1 Gt) formed during the Late Carboniferous of the NCC and the Late Permian of the SCB. Karstic bauxite deposits that formed during the five levels have different sources, controls, and ore-forming processes. However, the current provenances and processes of karstic bauxite deposits of all five levels, which are primarily based on detrital zircon and mercury isotope analyses, remain unclear. New detrital rutile U&lt;img&gt;Pb ages and geochemistry revealed intimate details of the thus-far poorly understood metamorphic source rocks. The predominance of 1950–1800 Ma rutile from karstic bauxite deposits throughout the NCC confirmed the contribution of 1950–1800 Ma metamorphic rocks, which further approved the presence of a string of the Paleoproterozoic paleo-massifs during the bauxitization period. The Al-rich rocks, primarily including the metamorphic rocks inside the NCC and the magmatic rocks in the continental arcs flanking the NCC, experienced strong weathering under the promotion of contemporaneous volcanism at the northern margin of the NCC and formed a series of large to super-large karstic bauxite deposits. In the SCB, the Early Carboniferous, Early Permian, and Cenozoic karstic bauxite deposits contain abundant 650–500 Ma detrital rutile grains that were primarily formed during metamorphism along Gondwana margin and recycled into the regional Cambrian to Silurian strata. These Cambrian to Silurian strata, together with a small quantity of 900–700 Ma magmatic and metamorphic rocks in the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt, were subsequently exposed and weathered, forming the Early Carboniferous karstic bauxite deposits in central Guizhou and the Early Permian karstic bauxite deposits in the northern part of Guizhou and central Yunnan. Al-poor recycled clastic and carbonate rocks limited the substantial formation of the Carboniferous–Permian super-large karstic bauxite deposits. Rare detrital rutile was discovered in the Late Permian karstic bauxite deposits, affirming the opinion that their intensive formation was induced by volcanic eruptions related to the Emeishan mantle plume and Pacific Plate subduction. The study of detrital rutile and zircon from the Cenozoic low-quality karstic bauxite deposits in central Guangxi showed that the Al-poor sedimentary rocks and a small amount of magmatic rocks exposed around the karstic depression underwent lo","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104882"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141934936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subaqueous deltas in the stratigraphic record: Catching up with the marine geologists","authors":"Ron Steel ,&nbsp;Ariana Osman ,&nbsp;Valentina M. Rossi ,&nbsp;Jana Alabdullatif ,&nbsp;Cornel Olariu ,&nbsp;Yang Peng ,&nbsp;Fernando Rey","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104879","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104879","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Delta bathymetry, seismic data and near-surface sediment sampling on modern deltas with significant wave, tidal or marine current influence betray a double clinoform architecture with a bridging subaqueous platform. Much of the muddy portion of river-sediment discharge that reaches the coastline bypasses the mouth bar/shoreline clinoform and is deposited, eroded, re-suspended and stored in the distant subaqueous portion of deltas. The sediment stored on the prograding slope of the subaqueous delta is predominantly muddy and heterolithic sediment gravity flows, a diagnostic feature of the prograding and rapidly accumulating subaqueous delta. The subaqueous delta sometimes becomes markedly skewed offshore to run parallel to the shoreline, a routing often aided by shelf currents. Early marine researchers tackled the problem of how sediment from the river reaches so far out (commonly 100 km) on the shelf; they showed that negatively and positively buoyant river plumes, and reworked delta front/shoreface sediments are dispersed out onto the subaqueous delta, greatly assisted by the action of waves, tides and especially friction-reducing fluid mud on the seabed of the subaqueous platform. Documentation of the growth of modern subaqueous deltas has contributed to recent progress in understanding mud dispersal on shelves. Equivalent understanding of ancient deltas, however, has lagged behind.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A limited dataset of ancient, double-clinoform deltas has nevertheless strengthened our understanding of how lithology and facies change across the subaqueous deltas. The ancient examples, particularly in well-resolved seismic data as on the Indus Delta and New Jersey shelf, show that the subaqueous delta clinoforms can be distinguished clearly from the mouth bar/delta front or shoreline clinoforms. However, architectural reconstruction from outcrop or well-log data is less simple. The diagnostic two-tier architecture of ancient double-clinoform successions (often eye-catching where the upper sandy shoreline deposits sit abruptly atop the underlying muddy subaqueous delta deposits) is frequently delineated by a continuous or discontinuous erosion surface that vertically separates the two tiers. This is the subaqueous platform surface of sediment bypass onto the subaqueous delta clinoform. Most bypassed sediment accumulates on the gentle foreset and flattening bottomset of the subaqueous delta to produce a 10s of m-thick, upward-coarsening muddy to heterolithic succession with tell-tale thin interbeds of rippled, graded and wavy-laminated tempestite and gravity-flow ‘event’ beds. The subaqueous platform is composed of variably thick mudstone and sandstone beds. The upper tier (ca. 5-15 m-thick) above the subaqueous platform is commonly sand-prone, but may also be muddy, and represents the delta-plain to shoreline clinoform. Additional features that help identify the compound delta are (1) rapid termination of the shoreline deposits, then fronted only by","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 104879"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141847529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New perspectives on offshore groundwater exploration through integrated sequence-stratigraphy and source-to-sink analysis: Insights from the late Quaternary succession of the western Central Adriatic system, Italy","authors":"B. Campo ,&nbsp;C. Pellegrini ,&nbsp;I. Sammartino ,&nbsp;F. Trincardi ,&nbsp;A. Amorosi","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104880","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sequence stratigraphic concepts have a variety of applications well beyond hydrocarbon exploration. Through coastal plain-to-shelf stratigraphic correlation of Last Glacial Maximum deposits from the Central Adriatic area, we tested a source-to-sink approach for exploring offshore groundwater reserves stored within the lowstand systems tract. Above an erosional unconformity (sequence boundary) formed at the Marine Isotope Stage 3–2 transition in response to sea-level fall, lowstand fluvial gravel-sand bodies, up to 20 m thick, can be tracked continuously downstream, from the coastal-plain paleovalleys to the shelf, 30 km away from the modern shoreline. The LST is overlain by a mud-dominated wedge (TST + HST) made up of alluvial, estuarine and delta plain deposits in lateral transition to thick shallow-marine and prodelta clay successions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Using three catchment-to-shelf transects, 35–70 km long, we document the separation between potential reservoir/aquifer units (LST), primarily made of coarse-grained (porous) deposits, and the overlying, laterally continuous seal (TST + HST), which mainly includes fine-grained (low permeability) estuarine to marine sediments. Thickness maps of reservoir/aquifer and seal units provide a three-dimensional view of the stratigraphic architecture and of accumulation patterns at the systems tract scale. Lowstand fluvial deposits spread across a 5600 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; wide area of the western Central Adriatic shelf, with average thickness of about 10 m. North of the Meso-Adriatic Deep (MAD), two major depocenters, up to 60 m thick, reflect the local highest fluvial sediment load that correlates, further offshore, to the lowstand Po Delta. West of the MAD, LST deposits, up to 25 m thick, were nourished by Apennine rivers. In the southern area, lowstand deposits are &lt;10 m thick. The LST is overlain across the entire western Central Adriatic shelf by an up to 80 m-thick succession of TST + HST fine-grained deposits.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A first assessment of sediment volumes provides a value of 130 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for TST + HST and 57.2 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; for LST. Sediment provenance analysis delineates the contribution to the shelf of individual detrital sources (Apennine rivers from the west, Po River from the north), offering a powerful tool in quantifying sediment fluxes (about 52 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; from the Apennines catchments and 5 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; from the lowstand Po system).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a whole, the application of sequence stratigraphic concepts led, for the first time, to the identification of a potential groundwater reservoir stored beneath the western Central Adriatic shelf. This LST aquifer possibly contains about 13.85 km&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of groundwater (the salinity of which is unknown), and is vertically confined by a thick, low-permeability unit (i.e., TST + HST) that might have prevented salt-water intrusion into the underlying aquifer. The documented stratigraphic continuity likely makes this offshore aquifer an actively r","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"256 ","pages":"Article 104880"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825224002071/pdfft?md5=d57b5de2d8ba229dc9ae200fd0c5c890&pid=1-s2.0-S0012825224002071-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141847659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}