Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Physics-aware machine learning revolutionizes scientific paradigm for process-based modeling in hydrology","authors":"Qingsong Xu ,&nbsp;Yilei Shi ,&nbsp;Jonathan L. Bamber ,&nbsp;Ye Tuo ,&nbsp;Ralf Ludwig ,&nbsp;Xiao Xiang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105276","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105276","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate hydrological understanding and water cycle prediction are crucial for addressing scientific and societal challenges associated with the management of water resources. Existing reviews predominantly concentrate on the development of machine learning (ML) in this field, yet there is a clear distinction between hydrology and ML as separate paradigms. Here, we introduce physics-aware ML as a transformative approach to overcome the perceived barrier and revolutionize both fields. Specifically, we present a comprehensive review of the physics-aware ML methods, building a structured community (PaML) of existing methodologies that integrate prior physical knowledge or physics-based modeling into ML. We systematically analyze these PaML methodologies with respect to four aspects: physical data-guided ML, physics-informed ML, physics-embedded ML, and physics-aware hybrid learning. These four approaches integrate ML with physics in diverse manners, offering models that balance interpretability, generalization, computational cost, representation, and operability. PaML facilitates ML-aided hypotheses, accelerating insights from big data and fostering scientific discoveries. We initiate a systematic exploration of hydrology in PaML, including rainfall-runoff and hydrodynamic processes. Our study highlights the most promising and challenging directions for different objectives in process-based hydrology, such as advancing PaML-based solutions and enhancing parameterization, calibration, data generation, spatio-temporal representation, and uncertainty quantification through PaML methods. Finally, a new PaML-based hydrology community, termed HydroPML, is released as a foundation for hydrological applications. HydroPML enhances the explainability and causality of ML and lays the groundwork for the digital water cycle's realization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105276"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging the biomass gap: Advances, challenges and prospects in unlocking Radar's potential in terrestrial ecosystems","authors":"Sana Ullah ,&nbsp;Majid Nazeer ,&nbsp;Man Sing Wong","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Radar (radio detection and ranging) technology operates in all weather and lighting conditions, making it a valuable tool for several purposes. It offers advantages such as the ability to penetrate vegetation canopies and ground surfaces. This study examines the progress, challenges, and prospects of using radar technology for improved biomass estimation in terrestrial ecosystems. Various sensors have been utilized for biomass estimation, including synthetic aperture radar (SAR), interferometric SAR (InSAR), and ground penetrating radar (GPR). SAR applications in tropical forests have employed C-band SAR sensors, such as Sentinal-1 A/B, while RADARSAT-2 has been used in temperate and subtropical forests. Advanced SAR (ASAR) has been effective in both tropical and temperate forests. L-band SAR sensors, such as phase array L-band SAR (PALSAR), have been used in tropical, temperate, boreal, and mixed forests, while unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-SAR and polarimetric L-band imaging SAR (PLIS) have been employed in boreal, mixed, and temperate forests, respectively. L-band InSAR has been used in boreal forests, and X-band InSAR, including Tandem-X and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM), has been implemented in boreal, tropical, and temperate forests. P-band SAR and polarimetric interferometry SAR (PolInSAR) have been used with ONERA aerial system SETHI in tropical forests, and GPR with field portable GEOTECH in subtropical forests. SAR sensors face challenges including signal attenuation due to incidence angle, polarization sensitivity, heterogeneous landscapes, data availability, and temporal decorrelation. InSAR sensors encounter phase decorrelation, baseline issues, and various errors. GPR sensors face signal attenuation, ground penetration, target detection, and ground truth validity challenges. To improve biomass estimation, this article suggests considering forest type-specific models, using multi-frequency SAR, employing polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) for scattering analysis, integrating radar with light emission and detection (LiDAR) or optical data, implementing advanced data processing techniques, and utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and stochastic modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105275"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planetary albedo and reflected shortwave flux: Basic characteristics, mechanisms of change and future projections","authors":"Ruixue Li ,&nbsp;Bida Jian ,&nbsp;Jiming Li,&nbsp;Jiayi Li,&nbsp;Zhenyu Cao,&nbsp;Yang Wang,&nbsp;Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Jianping Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Earth's planetary albedo (PA) and reflected solar radiation (RSR) are critical for energy distribution and variability, significantly influencing the climate system and its response to climate change. This review presents an updated assessment of the characteristics, mechanisms, model simulations, and future projections of PA and RSR, providing valuable insights into their implications for the Earth's climate system. We summarize the trends and long-term variations in PA/RSR and their key drivers. Over the past two decades, global mean PA/RSR has significantly decreased, exacerbating Earth's energy imbalance, which is attributed to reduced low/mid-level cloud cover in tropical and subtropical oceans, retreating snow/ice cover at high latitudes, and reduced aerosol scattering at Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Note that cloud fraction dominates RSR variations in most areas, but snow/ice coverage plays a larger role in polar coastal regions. Furthermore, we review the potential mechanisms that maintain hemispheric PA symmetry, highlighting the combined effects of tropical cloud movement and asymmetries in extratropical baroclinic activities. By applying the emergent constraint method and observations, we reduce the uncertainty of future projected RSR by 76 %. We find a significant decline in both global and hemispheric RSR this century, with trends slowing under low and medium emission scenarios, but accelerating under high emission scenarios. Finally, we emphasize future challenges in paleoclimatic radiation studies and the need for accurate long-term radiation data, and we suggest that strategies like emission reductions and reforestation may be vital for stabilizing Earth's PA on a long-term scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105274"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbonatite Isotope Dataset (CID): A critical reappraisal of Sr, Nd, C, O isotopes and trends","authors":"V. Hurai ,&nbsp;M. Huraiová ,&nbsp;M. Slobodník ,&nbsp;K. Slavíček","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105273","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105273","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Here we present a compilation of published Sr&lt;img&gt;Nd and C&lt;img&gt;O isotope data on carbonatites and phoscorites of the World integrated in the Carbonatite Isotope Dataset, covering the known interval of the carbonatite formation from recent up to ∼3 Ga ago. The dataset brings together 2545 &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr, 2692 &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;Nd/&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;Nd and 2528 &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C/&lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C-&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O/&lt;sup&gt;16&lt;/sup&gt;O isotope ratios from a total of 319 deposits and occurrences with known ages. Measured Sr&lt;img&gt;Nd isotope ratios have been revised, recalculated and errors fixed using a set of unified equations and normalization factors. The final data can be sorted according to chemical composition, formation age, model ages, geotectonic setting, associated silicate magma and geographic affiliations (region, state, and continent). Analysis of Sr&lt;img&gt;Nd isotope evolution of carbonatites and phoscorites revealed gradual change from primordial depleted mantle character of parental magmas to recent HIMU-like, plume-related character modified to various extents by the assimilation of continental crust. Large perturbations of Sr&lt;img&gt;Nd isotope compositions are coincidental with the break-up and fragmentation of Columbia and Gondwana. Theoretical examples of isotope fractionation associated with magma mixing, phenocryst accumulation, degassing, and alteration have been calculated and compared with those observed in carbonatites affiliated with mantle plumes. Most variations in the recorded C&lt;img&gt;O isotope composition can be attributed to subsolidus alteration of primary igneous carbonatite with low-temperature aqueous fluids enriched in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. The low-temperature alteration combined with the igneous source heterogeneity and high-temperature magma-crust interactions obscure the stable isotope fractionation coincidental with phenocryst accumulation and magma degassing. Inverse modelling of Sr-Nd-C-O isotope trends showed that the interaction of mantle plume-derived magma with the crust may result in mixing trends with curvatures and slopes dominantly controlled by time-integrated changes in the &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;Nd and &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr proportions, thereby modifying Sr/Nd ratios in the mixing phases. Models of mixing mantle components with similar Sr/Nd ratios, such as HIMU and EM1, also showed conspicuous, age-dependent modifications of the mixing line slope. Hence, the HIMU-EM1 trend revealed in modern carbonatites cannot be used as a template for interpreting isotopic signatures of pre-Cretaceous carbonatites. It is therefore likely that the role of enriched mantle component EM1 has been overestimated in Precambrian carbonatites at the expense of a continental crust assimilant. The same conjecture is valid for the enriched mantle component EM2, because sub-horizontal mixing trajectories with a wide range of εSr&lt;sub&gt;CHUR&lt;/sub&gt; combined with limited range of εNd&lt;sub&gt;CHUR&lt;/sub&gt; can also be reproduced by the contamination of mantle plume","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105273"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145107160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of gravity currents under external and internal stratification in geophysical systems","authors":"Zhiguo He ,&nbsp;Samuel Ukpong Okon ,&nbsp;Rui Zhu ,&nbsp;Thomas Pähtz ,&nbsp;Eckart Meiburg","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gravity currents play an important role in various geophysical processes and practical applications. However, the dynamics of these density-driven flows are significantly affected by external and internal density stratification conditions. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the dynamic characteristics of gravity currents under different stratification regimes, focusing on propagation speed, bottom separation, turbulent mixing, entrainment mechanisms, and the excitation of internal waves. By synthesizing results from laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and theoretical analysis, we discuss how external and internal stratification conditions influence the dynamic behavior of gravity currents. Research findings consistently show that ambient stratification suppresses the propagation speed, energy conversion, turbulent mixing, and entrainment mechanisms. However, interactions between gravity currents and internal waves result in current splitting and decapitation, significantly altering the flow structure and mass transport in stratified environments. By integrating insights from multiple studies, this paper highlights key research advances and provides a structured framework for understanding the fundamental and applied aspects of gravity current dynamics in density-stratified environments. It identifies knowledge gaps and recommends future research directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105270"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145047609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of dissolved inorganic carbon isotopic fractionations in carbonate-bearing areas: Processes, models and applications","authors":"Jun Zhong ,&nbsp;Hu Ding ,&nbsp;Gibran Romero-Mujalli ,&nbsp;Albert Galy ,&nbsp;Sheng Xu ,&nbsp;Cong-Qiang Liu ,&nbsp;Si-Liang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105261","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105261","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) represents a dynamic system of carbon species in aqueous solutions, exhibiting significant variations in both concentrations and isotopic compositions. Over the past decades, researchers have extensively reported the chemical and isotopic compositions of DIC, significantly enhancing our understanding of the mechanisms governing DIC cycling. While significant advances have been made in applying DIC isotopes (δ¹³C_DIC and Δ¹⁴C_DIC) for groundwater dating and carbon sources discrimination, some studies still fail to select the appropriate models (i.e. neglecting necessary isotopic fractionation), leading to misunderstandings. This review synthesizes published theories and models of carbon isotopic fractionation to examine DIC cycling under the following conditions: (I) carbonate weathering in both closed and open systems; (II) the transition from open to closed system; (III) the DIC−carbonate exchange process; (IV) strong acid-driven weathering; (V) temperature variations; (VI) CO₂ degassing from rivers. The detailed analyses performed to DIC's chemical and isotopic compositions reveal substantial differences in its behavior under contrasting environmental conditions, and thus these findings would guide the applications of carbon isotopes in groundwater dating and carbon sources discrimination. Specifically, in groundwater dating, neglecting the processes influencing ¹³C-¹⁴C data can significantly limit the utility of radiocarbon dating, and we thus recommended incorporating carbon mixing between two carbon-bearing reservoirs (soil CO₂ and carbonate) along with DIC exchange with these reservoirs. Furthermore, the non-linear variations between δ¹³C_DIC and Δ¹⁴C_DIC in river systems suggest that Δ¹⁴C_DIC is more suitable for constraining DIC sources, while δ¹³C_DIC is more sensitive to CO₂ degassing. We propose that a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms controlling DIC's chemical and isotopic compositions, coupled with extensive measurements across diverse climate zones, would substantially improve our comprehension of the dynamic interplay between carbon cycling and climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 105261"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioindicators of potentially toxic elements in Mangrove ecosystems","authors":"Thant Zin Maung ,&nbsp;Theerawut Phusantisampan ,&nbsp;John Pichtel ,&nbsp;Sompong O-Thong ,&nbsp;Weeradej Meeinkuirt","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105258","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105258","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mangrove ecosystems are facing an increased risk of contamination from toxic elements originating from anthropogenic activities. Bioindicating organisms indigenous to an ecosystem can be used to assess the degree of pollution. Microorganisms are the most applied biota in the evaluation of environmental quality using bioindicators, as they can be evaluated via high-throughput metagenomics sequencing technology. The current review provides a comprehensive report of potentially toxic element (PTE) accumulation, associated bioindicators, and analytical approaches for metals and biota in mangrove ecosystems. The review explores microbial interactions with key environmental variables such as pH, redox potential, and salinity. The behaviors of specific metals and related bioindicators in a typical mangrove ecosystem are presented. The review focuses on microbial bioindicators, their abundance and composition, and their analysis via metagenomics. The current review, with emphasis on mangrove ecosystems, provides a foundation for understanding PTE bioindicators and their interactions with the environment. These findings can support future bioindicator-based programs, including ecosystem health assessments and metagenomics-driven monitoring for conservation and restoration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105258"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144913573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of capillary heterogeneity on CO2 flow and trapping across scales","authors":"Hailun Ni ,&nbsp;Boxiao Li ,&nbsp;Nihal Darraj ,&nbsp;Bo Ren ,&nbsp;Catrin Harris ,&nbsp;Prasanna G. Krishnamurthy ,&nbsp;Idris Bukar ,&nbsp;Steffen Berg ,&nbsp;Jeroen Snippe ,&nbsp;Philip Ringrose ,&nbsp;T.A. Meckel ,&nbsp;Samuel Krevor ,&nbsp;Sally Benson","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105257","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105257","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Capillary heterogeneity has been identified over the last decade as a key control on subsurface CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; flow behavior during geological CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sequestration. These heterogeneities can be formed in all sedimentary rocks, ranging from slight variations in the sand grain sizes to extensive sequences of interbedded sands, shales, and limestones. Capillary heterogeneity has been largely, although not entirely, overlooked in subsurface flow modeling because it is assumed to only directly influence fluid redistribution over scales of centimeters to meters. However, even small-scale fluid movements can result in dramatic impacts on the mobility and trapping of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; over kilometers. Therefore, neglecting capillary heterogeneity at multiple scales could potentially lead to errors in modeling and predicting field-scale plume migration. In this review paper, we aim to provide a consistent overview to (1) establish that capillary heterogeneity can have a major impact on CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; plume migration, (2) establish the respective length scales at which capillary heterogeneity matters, and (3) provide guidance for numerical modeling.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This review covers pertinent literature and extracts key observations from core to field scales. Experimental studies have shown that millimeter-decimeter scale capillary heterogeneity can cause the so-called capillary heterogeneity trapping in addition to pore-scale residual trapping. Even at such a small scale, capillary heterogeneity can already lead to complex upscaled constitutive relationships, such as flow-rate dependent and anisotropic relative permeability, which affects field-scale CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; migration even when field-scale heterogeneities are present. Under gravity-dominated flow regimes, centimeter-meter scale capillary heterogeneity can entrap a significant amount of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; at the field scale, not only after imbibition but also during drainage. In certain cases, the presence of capillary heterogeneity can even completely stop the vertical movement of the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; plume, hence greatly reducing leakage risks. At the meter-kilometer scale, the influence of capillary heterogeneity is more pronounced and can hinder or redirect CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; migration in both lateral and vertical directions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The impact of capillary heterogeneity across multiple spatial scales poses a great challenge in modeling CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; migration at the field scale, because it is practically impossible to build a field-scale earth model with grid blocks at the millimeter scale. We recommend a hierarchical modeling approach to address this challenge. At the field scale, earth models are built to capture geological features and heterogeneities in high but still practical grid resolutions. For each facies or rock type in the field-scale model, high-resolution meter-scale “conceptual” models are built using millimeter-scale grid blocks to capture representative fine-scale bedding ge","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105257"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144922102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomechanical stability for hydrate-based CO2 sequestration in marine sediments: A comprehensive review","authors":"Qi Zhang,&nbsp;Zixuan Song,&nbsp;Daoyi Chen,&nbsp;Mucong Zi","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105254","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105254","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrate-based CO₂ sequestration (HBCS) in marine sediments presents a promising strategy for long-term carbon storage, capitalizing on the thermodynamic stability of CO₂ hydrates under seafloor conditions. While the phase behavior and formation mechanisms of CO₂ hydrates have been extensively investigated, the geomechanical stability of hydrate reformation during and after CO₂ injection remains insufficiently explored, with direct implications for safety, efficiency, and scalability. This review synthesizes current knowledge on HBCS across three key offshore geological settings: sub-seafloor formations, natural gas hydrate reservoirs, and depleted oil/gas fields. We identify major gaps, including (i) limited experimental data on the mechanical properties of pure and mixed CO₂ hydrates and their comparison with methane hydrates, (ii) absence of validated constitutive models linking hydrate saturation to sediment mechanics, and (iii) unverified assumptions in numerical models regarding hydrate-induced stiffness gains. We conclude that advancing HBCS requires targeted laboratory studies, development of robust mechanical models, and integration of real-time monitoring in field trials. Addressing these priorities will be essential for safe, reliable, and scalable offshore CO₂ storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105254"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144904513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lacustrine shale oil systems in China: Advances in characterization methods and resource accumulation models","authors":"Xusheng Guo ,&nbsp;Enze Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Ma ,&nbsp;Maowen Li ,&nbsp;Menhui Qian ,&nbsp;Tingting Cao ,&nbsp;Zhiming Li ,&nbsp;Junjie Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lacustrine shale oil is an important replacement for conventional oil and gas in China, yet it differs markedly from North American marine shales, exhibiting stronger heterogeneity both between stratigraphic intervals and within beds. Such variability demands high-density sampling, but conventional reservoir testing and sampling methods may be inefficient and yield biased results. The applicability of marine shale exploration models to lacustrine systems also remains uncertain, and a unified enrichment framework is lacking. This study: 1) investigates the lithofacies and organic facies of different lacustrine shale systems; 2) reviews advances in characterizing the four key properties of shale (storage capacity, oil content and mobility, and fracability); 3) synthesizes recent insights into shale oil occurrence, flow, and enrichment; 4) classifies lacustrine shale plays by source–reservoir configuration; 5) identifies geological sweet spots under different tectonic–sedimentary conditions; and 6) establishes corresponding enrichment models. Results show that freshwater lacustrine basins, with substantial terrigenous input, mainly develop siliceous–argillaceous shales or fine sandstone–siltstone lithofacies, whereas saline systems dominated by endogenous deposition favor carbonate-rich lithofacies. Organic matter enrichment is primarily controlled by high primary productivity in freshwater lakes and by selective preservation in saline lakes. Tailored techniques such as magnetic fluid volume measurement, portable X-ray fluorescence, and multistep pyrolysis improve the accuracy of key geological parameters. Organic matter content and kerogen–hydrocarbon interactions are the main controls on oil retention, while oil mobility is influenced by organic–inorganic coupling, pore structure, pressure gradients, and fluid properties. Fundamentally, enrichment mechanisms are similar in marine and lacustrine shales, differing mainly in their macroscopic expressions. Based on the source–reservoir configuration, lacustrine shale plays can be categorized into three types: (1) source-storage separation on meter-scale, (2) source-storage coexistence on centimeter- to millimeter-scale, and (3) source-storage integration on sub-millimeter-scale. Low–medium maturity integration plays in saline settings show the greatest exploration potential, while analogous plays in freshwater systems require high thermal maturity and favorable preservation conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"270 ","pages":"Article 105256"},"PeriodicalIF":10.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144893395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}