Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Heat flow and thermal structure of the South China Sea","authors":"Wenjing Zhu ,&nbsp;Shaowen Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The South China Sea (SCS), the largest marginal sea in the western Pacific, is crucial for understanding geodynamic processes from continental breakup to seafloor spreading. The thermal state plays an important role in lithospheric deformation; however, that of the SCS remains poorly understood owing to poor data coverage and quality in early compilations. The incremental data accumulations over the decades enable an in-depth investigation of the thermal state of the SCS. A new compilation of 1338 heat flow data from the SCS indicates a high thermal condition with a mean of 75 mW/m². The central oceanic basin is uniformly hot while continental margins show strong lateral variations due to various tectonic settings and shallow environmental factors. Sedimentation correction considering both heat generation and thermal blanket was applied; the suppression on seafloor heat flow by sedimentation is as significant as 20 %–40 % in the Qiongdongnan Basin. A broad high heat flow anomaly zone is confirmed, extending from the ocean-continent transition in the northeast to the Xisha Trough and the central depression of the Qiongdongnan Basin. The combination of post-rifting magmatism and hydrothermal circulation is thought to be responsible for it. The thermal lithospheric thickness of the SCS is estimated to be 50–80 km and the mantle contributes more than 65 % of the seafloor heat flow. This compilation offers unprecedented insights into the heat flow pattern depiction and interpretation for the SCS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105028"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a big-data approach for reconstructing regional to global paleogeography and tectonic histories: Preface","authors":"Zheng-Xiang Li ,&nbsp;Bruce Eglington ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Geoscience has come to an era of addressing system-scale big science questions through synthesising the rapidly expanding bodies of discipline-based global databases, while sharply discipline-focused in-depth research is conducted to test hypotheses based on such syntheses. Such big-data oriented research has been further empowered by rapid developments in machine-learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) over recent years. This special issue presents some outcomes of IGCP 648 Supercontinent Cycles and Global Geodynamics (2015–2020) that feature work taking a big-data approach to address regional to global geotectonic issues. Papers in this volume have topics ranging from (1) the building of global palaeomagnetic and other geoscience databases, (2) development of statistical approaches and methods for using big-data analysis to address geoscience questions with quantified confidence estimation, (3) examples of applying big-data analysis to synthesise regional geotectonic and palaeographic reconstructions, (4) using big-data approaches to evaluate the chemical evolution of Earth's mantle and its lead isotope system, to (5) using multiple global datasets and geodynamic synthesis to reconstruct ancient Earth history that includes a full-plate reconstruction with palaeolongitude constraints back to 2 billion years, and related geodynamic evolution featuring a hypothesised first-order mantle structure evolution since 1.7 billion years ago.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105030"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ediacaran-Cambrian Boundary in the Anti-Atlas belt (Morocco): A review of biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and geochronology","authors":"Jamal El Kabouri ,&nbsp;Ezzoura Errami ,&nbsp;Fred T. Bowyer ,&nbsp;Bruno Beker-Kerber ,&nbsp;Said Belkacim","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105010","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition represents a pivotal geological marker, denoting the decline of the Ediacaran biota and the emergence of most modern phyla in an interval marked by perturbations to the carbon cycle (as evidence by carbonate carbon isotopes, δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;carb&lt;/sub&gt;), biotic turnover, dynamic paleoredox regimes, and magnetic field instability. Following initial international expeditions to the Anti-Atlas belt in Morocco, numerous attempts have sought to pinpoint the exact stratigraphic level of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary (E-C) in this important succession, where ca. 3 km of continuous carbonate rocks provide one of the most complete successions for the establishment of a global δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;carb&lt;/sub&gt; chemostratigraphic reference curve. Subsequently, a growing number of publications have explored the stratigraphy, paleontology, and geochronology of the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition in the Anti-Atlas. Despite extensive efforts, the precise position of the E-C boundary in the Anti-Atlas remains ambiguous, with multiple proposed positions ranging from within the Ouarzazate Group to the lower part of the Tifnout Member (Adoudou Formation, Taroudant Group). Here, we conduct a comprehensive review of the available chemostratigraphic, paleontological, and geochronological data associated with the late Ediacaran-Cambrian Ouarzazate Group and Adoudou Formation within the Anti-Atlas belt. The objective is to refine our understanding of the regional expression of the E-C boundary and offer clarity on the inconsistencies observed among biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and geochronology. This review underscores that the currently proposed boundary relies primarily on the δ&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C&lt;sub&gt;carb&lt;/sub&gt; excursion, lacking corroboration from other independent markers such as geochronology and globally significant ichnofossil assemblage constituents. Additionally, through the integration of newly available data and enhanced global chemostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology, our findings suggest that the E-C boundary within the Western Anti-Atlas may be positioned as low as within the upper unit of the Tabia Member. However, this interpretation relies heavily on a Fortunian age for the ichnotaxa &lt;em&gt;Monomorphichnus&lt;/em&gt;, in the absence of co-occurring specimens of the boundary-defining ichnospecies &lt;em&gt;Treptichnus pedum&lt;/em&gt;. Moreover, a revised assessment of chemostratigraphic correlation and geochronological markers indicates that the Tabia and Tifnout members in the Central and Eastern Anti-Atlas do not correlate with the same named members in the Western Anti-Atlas. Both the Tabia and Tifnout members of the Central-Eastern Anti-Atlas may instead correlate with the middle part of Tifnout Member in the Western Anti-Atlas. This implies a late Ediacaran to early Cambrian ca. 10 m.y stratigraphic gap in the Central-Eastern Anti-Atlas and hence the E-C boundary in the Central-Eastern Anti-Atlas is likely sit","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105010"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Paleoproterozoic (c. 2.3 Ga) Gowganda Formation: Deep water, glacially-influenced debrites and related mass flow along a passive margin","authors":"Kirsten Kennedy,&nbsp;Nicholas Eyles","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Gowganda Formation (ca. 2.3 Ga) of the Huronian Supergroup in Northern Ontario, Canada is the best-preserved stratigraphic record of a Paleoproterozoic glaciogenic environment in the world. The Lower Gowganda has been ascribed to a putative panglacial ‘Snowball Earth’ event despite little agreement as to its origins, paleotectonic and paleogeographic setting, and paleolatitude. The present study leverages a large database of previous field investigations with new sedimentological, structural and basin analysis data that shows that Gowganda facies record glacially-influenced, subaqueous, gravity-driven mass flow processes in deep water. The Lower Gowganda Formation is dominated by hundred-meter thick amalgamated units of thickly-bedded to massive, chaotically-bedded and graded diamictites. It also contains thick (&gt;50 m) regionally extensive laminated mudstone units (‘laminites’) with a small number of mostly pebble-grade lonestones, and interbedded graded sandstone and conglomerates. We interpret diamictite facies as debrites formed by downslope subaqueous mixing of large volumes of unstable glacially-derived gravel, sand, and mud. Laminites are distal turbidites with sparse ice-rafted drop stones and outrunner clasts from adjacent debris flows. Interbedded massive and graded conglomerates and sandstones are identified as turbiditic deposits resulting from slumping and resedimentation of basin margin glaciofluvial or nearshore deposits; clast shapes and lithologies are the same as those in diamictites which is key evidence for remixing with mud during mass flow to generate thick regionally-extensive diamictites in a deep water base-of-slope setting. Ice contact, basin margin sediments were not preserved. There are clear sedimentological and paleotectonic parallels between the Gowganda Formation and glacially-influenced successions of younger Neopreoterozoic age indicating a commonality of depositional environments where glaciogenic sediment was recycled and focussed into evolving rifts during continental breakup and along succeeding passive margins. We emphasize the ongoing role of both basement faulting and glacial erosion in creating significant and evolving paleo-topographic relief, giving rise to marked variations in stratal thickness. We conclude that glaciogenic sediments were reworked by gravity and preserved along the tectonically-active passive margin of a recently-rifted Superior Craton during the breakup of Kenorland. Pleistocene glaciogenic sedimentation adjacent to modern uplifted passive basement margins, such as the coast of Norway, is an appropriate tectono-sedimentary analog.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105033"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The geomorphology of monoclinal scarps associated with interstratal-dissolution fronts in evaporite formations, illustrated with the Upper Jurassic Arab and Hith formations in Ar Riyadh and Central Saudi Arabia","authors":"Francisco Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Yasser Zabramawi ,&nbsp;Abdullah Memesh ,&nbsp;Ahmed M. Youssef ,&nbsp;Alaa Bahamil ,&nbsp;Luis Auqué","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The downdip migration of dissolution fronts in gently tilted evaporite formations produces updip-facing monoclinal folds and adjacent synformal troughs (depositional basins) in the supra-evaporite strata. These gravitational deformation structures, up to 1000 km long, can be expressed in the landscape as laterally migrating fold escarpments and linear depressions, forming the largest karst features on Earth. Despite their large dimensions and numerous associated practical implications (hydrocarbon, salt, geostorage, water quality, sinkhole hazards), the scientific publications dealing with these interstratal evaporite karst features are rather scarce. This work reviews the available literature on dissolutional edges and associated features developed on dipping salt and gypsum/anhydrite formations. It also analyses the &gt;800 km long dissolution and subsidence belt associated with the updip edge of the Upper Jurassic Arab and Hith anhydrites in the Interior Homocline of central Saudi Arabia, with special focus on its striking geomorphic features. This is the largest Ca-sulphate karst feature in the world, despite the aridity of the region, and is also the example in which the associated landforms and deformation structures are best displayed. It displays striking monoclinal scarps with an aggregate length of 420 km, affected by crestal extensional structures and punctured by numerous giant caprock collapse sinkholes. The increased sinkhole hazard and risk documented in the Ar Riyadh area in recent times can be attributed to adverse human activities (localized artificial water input) and the expansion of the urban area across the dissolution front and monoclinal scarp.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105032"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143137630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How “wet islands” form – A case study of the Qilian Mountains on the arid northern Tibetan Plateau during the Middle Miocene","authors":"Yongheng Yang ,&nbsp;Yunfa Miao ,&nbsp;Xuelian Wang ,&nbsp;Jie Wu ,&nbsp;Yulong Ren ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Liwu Li ,&nbsp;Xiaomin Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105041","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105041","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In arid regions, mountains usually exhibit diverse climates and complex ecological niches, fostering the formation of “wet islands”. However, the timing and mechanisms behind the formation of such “wet island” remain poorly understood, particularly in the central East Asia arid region (CEAA). This study focuses on the Qilian Mountains in the northern Tibetan Plateau (NTP), adjacent to the CEAA, which constitute an alpine “wet island” with a mean annual precipitation (MAP) exceeding 500 mm. &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Miao et al. (2012)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; synthesized climate records spanning Eurasia and the oceans since the Middle Miocene and proposed a conceptual hypothesis: global temperature decreases drive aridification, while mountain uplift shapes regional climate humidity. In this study, we explore the Middle Miocene (16–12 Ma), a period characterized by significant global cooling and intense NTP uplift, to quantify how these processes contributed to the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”. First, we integrated typical climate records from the Westerlies, Asian monsoon, Plateau basin, and Qilian Mountains. The results show continuous aridification in the first three regions driven by a cooling-induced reduction in moisture transport. In contrast, the Qilian Mountains experienced a wetting trend due to orographic uplift. Second, this differential climate evolution led to divergent vegetation patterns between the Qilian Mountains and Qaidam Basin: conifers became dominant in the mountains, while the basin interior exhibited a complex vegetation response to both cooling and uplift. The moisture disparity between the mountains and basin also widened, with MAP differences widening from ∼100 mm at 16–15 Ma to ∼470 mm at 13–12 Ma. This growing disparity indicates that the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island” occurred during the Middle Miocene Climatic Cooling period (14–12 Ma). Third, we conducted a regional climate model (RegCM 4.6) simulation at a 30-km resolution, testing temperature sensitivity (a decrease of ∼2 °C) and comparing the results with a topography sensitivity test (uplift from one-third of the present elevation to current level) from &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Miao et al. (2022a)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. The model results show that the cooling-driven precipitation reduction in the CEAA (−100 %) was much greater than the precipitation increase (+30 % to +80 %) caused by uplift. Conversely, the Qilian Mountains experienced a substantial precipitation increase (+100 %) due to uplift, which mitigated the slight cooling-driven decrease (−10 %). These results suggest that global cooling and mountain uplift were pivotal factors in the formation of the Qilian Mountains “wet island”, within a context of overall drying in the CEAA. After the NTP reached its present elevation in the late Middle Miocene, global climate primarily governed the evolution of climate and environment in the interior of Asia. In summary, this study provides a model for understandin","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105041"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142968110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nordic boreo-arctic lands under rapid climatic change: A review of recent and future trends and extreme events","authors":"Jarle W. Bjerke ,&nbsp;Efrén López-Blanco ,&nbsp;Hans Tømmervik ,&nbsp;Anja Striberny ,&nbsp;Corine Davids ,&nbsp;Rannveig Ólafsdóttir ,&nbsp;Stein Rune Karlsen ,&nbsp;Per Sandström ,&nbsp;Minna Turunen ,&nbsp;Taru Rikkonen ,&nbsp;Marit K. Arneberg ,&nbsp;Sten Siikavuopio ,&nbsp;Karl Zinglersen ,&nbsp;Kristine Lynge-Pedersen ,&nbsp;Stefan Sandström ,&nbsp;Pasi Rautio","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Arctic amplification affects the geology, cryosphere, and the total environment of high-latitude maritime-influenced lands. This study synthesizes information on recent and future climatic changes within the Nordic boreo-arctic region. The study area includes Greenland, Iceland, and the central and northern parts of Finland, Norway (incl. Svalbard), and Sweden. The climate scenarios used are derived from the CMIP6 ECEarth3 Earth System Model (ESM) data for the period 2015–2100 under the SSP2–4.5 scenario. The synthesis builds upon a comprehensive range of sources, addressing both gradual climatic changes and the frequency of extreme weather events across all seasons. Ongoing and projected changes to the cryosphere, soil, freshwater systems, wind, precipitation, and frequency of hazardous events are comprehensively reviewed and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105012"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plastic as a Sediment – A universal and objective practical solution to growing ambiguity in plastic litter classification schemes","authors":"C.E. Russell ,&nbsp;F. Pohl ,&nbsp;R. Fernández","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.104994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The universal and growing challenge of inconsistency and ambiguity in plastic classification schemes restricts our ability to predict plastic routing, degradation, and accumulation in all environments worldwide. Global plastic production has risen exponentially, reaching approximately 9200 million tons between 1950 and 2017. Of this, an estimated 5300 million tons have been discarded, with a significant fraction mismanaged and entering the natural environment. Plastics are pervasive, found in nearly every terrestrial and marine environment, and their durability ensures that they can persist in the environment for thousands of years, posing escalating ecotoxicological and environmental risks. To meaningfully address plastic distribution, pathways, and the impact it has, we need a clear, universally applicable classification scheme. Whilst there have been many calls to action from the community, we do not yet have a solution offered that facilitates universal understanding through its applicability. Here we propose treating plastic as sediment, such that we may employ the well-established principles and methodologies of sedimentology within its widely applicable framework for understanding and classifying particles. By applying sedimentological techniques to plastics, we developed a classification scheme to objectively describe plastic by its fundamental sedimentological characteristics that are known to correlate with particle behavior and distribution in the environment., i.e., size, shape, density, and material properties. It centers on objective observation before classification and interpretation, recognition of spatial and temporal changes, and an adaptable and flexible framework that can adapt to the complexities of plastic characteristics and research questions. As the classification scheme isolates each physical variable seen in plastic, through using it, we will be better able to understand how plastic characteristics influence their environmental behavior. Whilst the use of this scheme will be primarily beneficial in assessing source-to-sink routing, transport processes, and accumulation tendencies of plastic objects and particles, its potential impact extends beyond this. It has the capacity to enhance environmental monitoring and management strategies through cross-disciplinary and cross-regional data comparisons and exchanges, which will benefit a broad range of stakeholders interested in understanding and managing plastic pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 104994"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quartz types, formation mechanism, and its effect on shale oil and gas enrichment: A review","authors":"Haikuan Nie ,&nbsp;Quanyou Liu ,&nbsp;Pei Li ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Jianghui Ding ,&nbsp;Chuanxiang Sun ,&nbsp;Changbo Zhai ,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhijun Jin ,&nbsp;Wei Dang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2024.105011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust, and its deposition and cycling are ubiquitous and crucial in energy and environmental sciences. Due to the existence of multiple types of quartz and diverse mechanisms that result in their formation, this variation is expected to significantly impact shale deposition, diagenesis, and reservoir properties. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in the enrichment, development, and production of shale oil and gas plays. Considering their importance, this study systematically summarizes observation and various research methods, such as optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cathodoluminescence (CL), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), quantitative evaluation of minerals by scanning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN), fluid inclusion, which supports our understanding of the mineral diagenesis and generation of both detrital and authigenic origins. Parent rock type, transport distance, and depositional environment are known factors that control the grain size, sorting, roundness and types of detrital quartz. The authigenic quartz contains biogenic, hydrothermal origins and clay mineral transformation while fluid source, diagenetic mechanisms, and growth space control the formation time and crystal size of them. In addition, quartz controls the total organic carbon content, reservoir quality, fracturing ability, organic matter preservation and reservoir enrichment, etc. Notably, the microquartz cement derived from biosiliceous allochems (namely biogenic quartz) has a noticeable positive correlation with total organic carbon content and is formed during the early diagenetic stages which together with the detrital quartz form a rigid framework favorable to primary pores, ultimately forming high-quality marine shale reservoirs. Furthermore, the diagenesis of biogenic quartz also enhances the mechanical properties and fracturing potential of shale reservoirs. The biogenic quartz content and the thickness of shale intervals determine the potential and development of marine shale oil/gas reservoirs. However, in transitional and lacustrine shales, quartz is predominantly detrital in origin and negatively correlated with organic carbon content. In these two types of shales, detrital quartz and quartz formed during the transformation of clay minerals are known to play a positive role in the formation of shale reservoirs and hydrocarbon enrichment. Considering all of these factors, this study investigates different types and contents of quartz in typical shale oil and gas reservoirs worldwide and explains how they have influenced shale oil and gas enrichment and reservoir productivity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105011"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The precursor of apatite: Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) in the earth and environmental sciences - A review","authors":"Alfredo Idini ,&nbsp;Franco Frau","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105044","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105044","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is a solid phase that is well known in the biomedical field because it is widely used and tested as a precursor to bioapatite to treat various diseases affecting bones and teeth. In contrast, the knowledge of OCP in the earth sciences and its actual and possible applications in the environmental field are much less well known. With this review, we aim to fill this gap by showing that OCP is a much more widespread phase than is thought in various geological systems, and its properties allow its effective use in the environmental field, especially when it is used in the removal of various contaminants from wastewater and drinking water. This review not only lists the occurrences of OCP in nature or its uses in the environmental field but also proposes a critical analysis of the literature. In particular, a thorough examination of the failure to recognize OCP in numerous studies has highlighted the importance of performing low-angle XRD measurements in order to achieve proper identification of calcium phosphate minerals. A useful analytical protocol for recognizing and distinguishing OCP from similar phases such as those in the apatite group is suggested. Finally, we propose that OCP be recognized as a natural mineral species by the International Mineralogical Association-Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification (IMA-CNMNC). Such recognition, in our opinion, would provide a renewed and stimulating impetus to studies on the geochemical and mineralogical cycle of phosphorus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"261 ","pages":"Article 105044"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143136956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}