Earth-Science Reviews最新文献

{"title":"A review and discussion on the influences of grain-coating clay minerals on water-rock interactions in sandstones","authors":"Huan Li ,&nbsp;Qinhong Hu ,&nbsp;Stuart Jones ,&nbsp;Jon Gluyas ,&nbsp;Eric O. Ansah ,&nbsp;Saju Menacherry ,&nbsp;Qiqi Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work reviews the current understanding and challenges in evaluating the influences of grain-coating clay minerals on water-rock interactions in sandstones. Subsequently, mathematical formulations and reactive transport modelling were employed to advance the understanding of clay coats. Firstly, clay coats can reduce the accessible surface area of detrital grains, which is collectively controlled by the coat coverage, clay platelet thickness, and the width of gap between neighbouring clay platelets. Nevertheless, an extensive coat coverage does not necessarily lead to a significant decrease in the accessible surface area of detrital grains. Secondly, clay coats can retard the diffusion of ions and molecules passing through the coating layer, which is jointly controlled by the microporosity, tortuosity, and thickness of the coating layer. These two effects may significantly decelerate the dissolution rate of detrital reactive grains being coated (e.g., feldspars) and inhibit the precipitation of secondary quartz. Furthermore, the inhibition of secondary quartz by clay coats is also significantly controlled by the width of gap between neighbouring clay platelets and the solid barrier created by clay platelets themselves. Moreover, although the identification and quantification remain challenging, clay coats may undergo a significant dissolution. As a result, the reactivity and compositions of clay coats may significantly impact mineral dissolution and precipitation and sandstone porosity. This study, for the first time, integrates the multiple roles of clay coats in water-rock interactions in sandstones and may serve as a reference for analyzing the influences of clay coats on sandstone diagenesis and geological gas storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 105073"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Permian Tarim and Emeishan Large Igneous Provinces on Petroleum Systems and Gas Emissions in Tarim and Sichuan Basins","authors":"Guangyou Zhu ,&nbsp;Haiping Huang ,&nbsp;Steve Larter","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Igneous intrusions and associated hydrothermal activities have significantly influenced petroleum systems and climate conditions at both local and global scale, especially during the Permian period. This review examines the impacts of the Tarim Large Igneous Province (TLIP) and Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) on the petroleum systems and climate outcomes in the Tarim and Sichuan basins. In the Tarim Basin, the TLIP did not coincide with source rock development, whereas the ELIP in the Sichuan Basin coincided with the formation of organic-rich shales and coals. Thermal effects from igneous intrusions played a critical role in the maturation of source rocks, inducing hydrocarbon generation through the thermal transformation of organic matter. Hydrogen produced from magma or interactions between ultramafic rock and water may play a significant role in hydrocarbon generation within petroliferous basins. Hydrothermal fluids potentially altered mature source rocks in both basins, though the extent remains uncertain. Fractures generated by igneous intrusions not only serve as reservoirs and migration pathways for hydrocarbons, but also enhance reservoir quality through hydrothermal fluid-induced dolomitization in carbonates. Intrusions can also act as barriers, impeding petroleum migration. Trapping mechanisms vary between basins: in the Tarim Basin, folds and faults resulting from intrusion-related deformation are common, while the ELIP's impact on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Sichuan Basin remains less defined. Both TLIP and ELIP released substantial greenhouse gases, yet their climate impacts differ. The ELIP is strongly associated with mass extinctions, whereas the TLIP's environmental consequences were less severe. These differences underscore the need for further research to clarify the influence of igneous intrusions on petroleum systems, source rock maturation, and climate dynamics. Understanding these interactions is crucial for unraveling their roles in geological history and global climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 105072"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143487663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards reliable land cover mapping under domain shift: An overview and comprehensive comparative study on uncertainty estimation","authors":"Chao Ji ,&nbsp;Hong Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An increasing number of land cover products have been generated from remote sensing imagery by deep learning based semantic segmentation models, attributable to their substantial advancements in performance relative to traditional machine learning techniques. However, due to the spatial-temporal-spectral heterogeneity in the complex and diverse remote sensing imageries, the occurrence of discrepancies between the distribution of the test data and the training data, which is also known as domain shift, is common in the application phase of the deep learning model, resulting in a significant number of errors in the model predictions. These errors will introduce inaccuracies and uncertainty to application of the products generated with domain shift. Developing corresponding pixel-wise uncertainty estimation products for these land cover products is one of the promising ways to alleviating the above challenge. However, there is a scarcity of relevant research and products in the field of deep learning based land cover mapping. This paper aims to fill this research gap by providing an overview and comprehensive comparative study on uncertainty estimation for deep learning based land cover mapping under domain shift. This overview not only summarizes the concepts, methods and evaluations on uncertainty estimation, but also elaborates on its current application status in land cover mapping and values in addressing challenges from domain shift. Moreover, we provide a comparative study of ten practical uncertainty estimation methods by quantitatively assessing their performance on four tailor-made land cover datasets related to four common types of domain shift. Consequently, many valuable insights for research and application of uncertainty estimation are revealed. For example, the learning based method which has not been previously applied in the field of remote sensing demonstrates strong performance across most types of domain gap, expect for spectral gap, while the commonly utilized Monte Carlo Dropout method exhibits only average performance. We hope this work can promote the development of uncertainty estimation products of land cover classification, as well as facilitate the progression of reliable mapping techniques under domain shift.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 105070"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary paleoecology of macroscopic symbiotic endobionts in Phanerozoic corals","authors":"Olev Vinn ,&nbsp;Mikołaj K. Zapalski ,&nbsp;Mark A. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Symbiotic associations are key interactions in benthic ecosystems; they drive evolutionary changes that influence the complexity of life. Out of the major groups of Phanerozoic corals, scleractinians, established the highest number of symbiotic associations, followed by tabulate and rugose corals. Corals were most frequently associated with \"worms\", followed by arthropods, mollusks, lophophorates, and other corals. Parasitic relationships were more common than commensal or mutualistic ones. Symbiotic skeletal organisms colonized Phanerozoic corals more often than soft-bodied organisms were recorded as bioclaustrations. Among these symbionts, suspension feeders were the dominant group, though micro-predators, detritivores and carnivores were also present. The faunal composition of endobiotic coral symbionts closely mirrors Sepkoski's evolutionary faunas. Paleozoic corals were primarily associated with species from the Paleozoic evolutionary fauna, while Mesozoic to Cenozoic corals were inhabited by members of the modern fauna. The most intriguing aspect is that there was no significant escalation in coral symbiosis levels during the Paleozoic. While the increase in predation intensity throughout the Phanerozoic is well-documented, a similar pattern in symbiotic relationships is not observed. Both tabulate and rugose corals maintained relatively stable, group-specific levels of symbiosis throughout the Paleozoic. The apparent lack of data from the Permian may be due to study and sampling biases. Similarly, scleractinians show no significant increase in symbiosis from the Jurassic to the Paleogene. These findings suggest that the evolution of symbiotic relationships may have been less competitive compared to predation, which involves continuous escalation between predators and prey. It also implies that certain organism groups may quickly reach an optimal level of symbiosis, beyond which further symbiotic relationships offer no additional evolutionary advantage compared to non-symbiotic taxa.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 105071"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of serpentinization and deserpentinization on rock elastic properties in subduction zones","authors":"Zhongwen Hu ,&nbsp;Mutian Qin ,&nbsp;Huilin Xing ,&nbsp;Jianchao Wang ,&nbsp;Guodong Jin ,&nbsp;Yuyang Tan ,&nbsp;Weichao Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Serpentinization and deserpentinization are critical metamorphic reactions in subduction zones and have gained substantial attention in recent years. These metamorphic reactions significantly alter mineral assemblages and microstructures in subduction zones, thereby affecting their elastic properties and geodynamic behaviors. This paper comprehensively reviews and further investigates the potential effects of serpentinization and deserpentinization on elastic properties, which include: (1) the elastic properties of serpentine single crystals are briefly reviewed, (2) the effects of serpentinization and deserpentinization on isotropic elastic properties are compiled, and (3) the microstructural evolution of rocks during these metamorphisms are summarized and their effects on elastic properties are calculated and analyzed. It is found that serpentinization reduces the isotropic elastic moduli and seismic wave velocities while augmenting Poisson's ratio, whereas deserpentinization induces contrary changes in these elastic properties. Elastic anisotropies, significantly influenced by rock microstructure, exhibit greater complexity than isotropic ones; and the overall elastic anisotropies increase with serpentinization while decreasing with deserpentinization. The effects of metamorphism on elastic properties in specific directions largely depend on the microstructural evolution. Furthermore, both serpentinization and deserpentinization of peridotites may contribute to trench-parallel seismic anisotropy observed in the forearc mantle. Understanding the effects of these metamorphisms on elastic properties will play an important role in the determination of the geodynamics, tectonic evolution, and seismology in subduction zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"263 ","pages":"Article 105069"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143453524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hf and O isotope record of long-lasting accretionary orogens: The example of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic-Triassic central South America","authors":"Heinrich Bahlburg ,&nbsp;Anthony I.S. Kemp ,&nbsp;C. Mark Fanning ,&nbsp;L. Martin","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105068","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The southwestern margin of Amazonia hosted accretionary orogens for most of the past 2 Ga. A succession of accretionary mountain belts evolved from 2 Ga to 1 Ga, they are here informally grouped in the Terra Amazonica Orogen. It occupies large tracts of the Amazonian Shield, is poorly exposed and often inaccessible. Its evolution ended when Amazonia collided with Laurentia at 1 Ga in Rodinia. After the dispersal of Rodinia, an accretionary margin was re-established by 0.65 Ga, starting the proto-Andean accretionary Terra Australis Orogen.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Large volumes of polycyclic detritus derived ultimately from the Terra Amazonica Orogen was trapped in the sedimentary basins of the Terra Australis Orogen. Using this detritus we assess the crustal evolution of both orogens with new zircon U-Pb age (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 12,752), Hf isotope (&lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 5502) and O isotope (igneous &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 855, detrital &lt;em&gt;n&lt;/em&gt; = 957) databases for zircons including our own new analyses and literature data.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;For the Terra Amazonica Orogen three subcycles of zircon εHf(t) values define a cumulative trend from strongly unradiogenic to radiogenic values. In accretionary orogens, such trends indicate the progressive removal of lower crust and lithospheric mantle of the upper plate during subduction and their replacement by new radiogenic crust.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Early Neoproterozoic rifting of Rodinia registered a drop in mean εHf(t) values by eleven units from +4 to −7. This is superseded by a two-step increase to values between 0 and + 5 after the inception of the active margin of the Terra Australis Orogen, registering one large cycle with two subcycles from negative to positive values typical of accretionary orogens.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Zircon δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O data show a flat mean trend at slightly elevated values of 6.3 ‰ over the first 800 Myr of the Terra Amazonica Orogen, increasing to ca. 7.3 ‰ towards collision with Laurentia. Encompassing the Terra Amazonica Orogen and Neoproterozoic rifting, mean δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O from detrital zircons is consistently lower than the igneous mean, indicating a wider distribution of mantle-like rocks than previously considered. δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O of the Terra Australis Orogen trends from supracrustal 8 ‰ to more mantle-like values around 6.5 ‰, paralleling the accretionary orogen trend from unradiogenic to radiogenic εHf(t) values.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Global zircon δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O data suggest a gradual increase of δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O after 2.5 Ga connected to the progressive hydration and intra-crustal reworking of the continental crust. Our data register the sudden appearance of elevated δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O values up to 10 ‰ at 2.5 Ga. Amazonia has been an independently drifting entity with an active margin at least from the late Archean to the collision with Laurentia. δ&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O values up to 10 ‰ at 2.5 Ga may have appeared because the upper crust of Amazonia had already experienced alteration and crustal recycling at an accretionary margin ","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105068"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupling relationship of the Mississippi Valley-type zinc‑lead deposit and hydrothermal dolostone: Its role in metallogeny","authors":"Aiying Wei ,&nbsp;Yiwen Ju ,&nbsp;Yingchao Liu ,&nbsp;Shuya Zhang ,&nbsp;Huaikun Ma ,&nbsp;Honglin Zhou ,&nbsp;Dong Pan ,&nbsp;Chuandong Xue","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105066","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105066","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The deposition, diagenesis, and subsequent evolution of dolostones are vital geological processes in basin sedimentary history, recording processes of evaporite formation, the Mississippi Valley–type (MVT) zinc–lead (Zn–Pb) deposit, and hydrocarbon accumulation. This review provides a comprehensive investigation and discussion on the tectonic framework of the MVT Zn–Pb deposits, the processes of dolostone formation, the spatiotemporal relationships between hydrothermal dolostone and MVT Zn–Pb deposits, and potential fluid migration mechanisms. These findings elucidate the coupling relationship between host dolostone and MVT Zn–Pb deposits, ultimately leading to the establishment of a metallogenic model.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In the Earth's geological system, nearly all basins or platforms bearing the MVT Zn–Pb deposits have undergone a sequence of distinct geological processes across different burial environments. These include the coexistence of penecontemporaneous dolostone and evaporites in the near-surface, shallow burial setting; the formation of burial dolostone and oil or gas reservoirs in deeper burial environment; and the development of hydrothermal dolostone and MVT Zn–Pb deposits in tectonic uplift setting.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Zn–Pb ore-bearing dolostone originates from the interaction of carbonate rocks with hydrothermal fluids, as evidenced by the development of mineralised alteration zones at both the orebody and mineral scales. Orebodies are typically associated with columnar or tabular bodies of hydrothermal dolostone, or a mixture of both, or intersect the tabular body of the hydrothermal dolostone. Sulphides precipitation was likely to have occurred during the transition of dolomite from the replacement to saddle form. During the metallogenic stage, elevated fluid temperatures and high ion concentrations facilitate hydrothermal dolomitisation and thermochemical sulphate reduction processes, which were the primary factor controlling the spatiotemporal coexistence of dolostone and MVT Zn–Pb deposits. The lattice structure and chemical composition of hydrothermal dolomite can provide valuable insights into the sources of material, fluid migration pathways, and the transport mechanisms of reduced sulphur within related basins. Globally, in-situ thermochemical sulphate reduction is recognized as the dominant pathway for reduced sulphur generation in typical MVT Zn–Pb deposits.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The cogenetic model of MVT Zn–Pb deposits and dolostone formation can be divided into three distinct stages. In this model, the the first stage is thought to potentially generate abundant sulphur sources for the third stage, while the second stage provides rich reducing agents necessary for subsequent mineralisation. The coupling relationship between MVT Zn–Pb deposit and dolostone is primarily governed by the complex interactions of diverse fluids within the ore-bearing basins. This refined model not only enhances our understanding of the mineralisation proc","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"264 ","pages":"Article 105066"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-episode metamorphism and magmatism in the Paleozoic Altyn Orogen, West China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean","authors":"Jie Dong ,&nbsp;Chunjing Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105067","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Proto-Tethys Ocean plays a significant role in the processes of supercontinent breakup-assembling and Eurasia's formation history. The Paleozoic Altyn Orogen marks the northern boundary of the Proto-Tethys Ocean realm and holds the deepest records of continental subduction, but the detailed tectonic evolution of this orogen remains controversial. We present a systematic overview of recent studies of metamorphism and granitoid magmatism within the Paleozoic Altyn Orogen. This Orogen includes the North Altyn Tectonic Belt (NAB), Central Altyn Block (CAB) and South Altyn Tectonic Domain (SAD), in which four-episode metamorphism (M-I to -IV) and five-episode granitoid magmatism (G1–5) are recognized. The M-I metamorphism is marked by high-pressure and low-temperature (HP-LT) eclogites with ages of &gt;522 Ma in the NAB, which, together with the arc-related G1 granitoids of 536–510 Ma, indicates an early Cambrian cold subduction. The M-II metamorphism is characterized by ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks in the SAD. It shares clockwise &lt;em&gt;P–T&lt;/em&gt; paths characterized by the prograde to the &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; (peak pressure) (M-IIa) stage at ∼500 Ma and post-&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; decompression to high amphibolite facies or HP-(U)HT (ultrahigh- to high-temperature) granulite facies conditions (M-IIb) at ∼480 Ma. The &lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt;&lt;sub&gt;max&lt;/sub&gt; conditions of M-IIa vary from the stability field of quartz to that of coesite and stishovite, registering continental subduction to different mantle depths with the maximum up to 300 km. The M-IIa metamorphism was accompanied by the G2 adakitic granitoids with ages of 510–500 Ma, and M-IIb metamorphism was associated with the G2 A-type granitoids aged 495–480 Ma, related to the subduction and exhumation of a microcontinent. The M-III metamorphism is represented by LP-(U)HT granulites with ages of 462–441 Ma and LP overprinting on the exhumed HP-UHP rocks in the SAD. This LP metamorphism, associated with the G3 I/A-type granitoids (475–450 Ma), may indicate an arc/backarc extension. The M-IV metamorphism occurred in the SAD involves an earlier HP eclogite stage at ∼430 Ma (M-IVa) and a later granulite facies overprinting stage at ∼400 Ma (M-IVb). The M-IVa, together with the G4 adakitic granitoids (450–420 Ma), suggests closing of the backarc basins with crustal thickening. While the M-IVb, along with the G5 A-type granitoids (420–370 Ma), indicates the post-collision extension. Summarizing the regional metamorphism, granitoid magmatism and other geological data, we propose an alternative model to address tectonic evolution of the Altyn Orogen. It involves: (i) the early subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean (&gt;522–510 Ma), (ii) subsequent micro-continental subduction and exhumation (510–480 Ma), (iii) late oceanic subduction and arc-backarc extension (475–450 Ma), (iv) closing of the backarc basin and continental subduction-collision (450–420 Ma) in response to the final closure of the Proto-Te","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105067"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143379204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An overview of observed changes in precipitation totals and extremes over global land, with a focus on Africa","authors":"Tewodros Addisu Yate ,&nbsp;Guoyu Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precipitation is one of the crucial climatic variables that has significant impact on the natural and human systems, with several important sectors of the Earth's system responding to its spatiotemporal variability. Consequently, various studies are conducted on global and regional scales to evaluate changes and trends in precipitation, with more emphasis on extremes. This review assesses existing studies on precipitation trends conducted using <em>in situ</em> data or gauge-based datasets, examining their comparability and consistency to identify regional trends. It also seeks to demonstrate the pressing challenges related to the availability and accessibility of precipitation data, with a particular focus on Africa. The existing gauge-based global and regional studies are limited and generally diverse, making it difficult to infer robust regional trends from their findings. Complex differences are observed in data periods, analysis region, methods, precipitation metrics, and the type of datasets used. This review notes that there is uneven station distribution in each continent, and that this is also mirrored in the existing global datasets, while Africa constitutes one of the least covered global regions. Yet, a few studies agree that long-term precipitation totals exhibit non-significant decreasing trends over northern Africa and significantly decreasing trends in parts of western Africa. Conversely, long-term annual precipitation totals have increased significantly over Asia, northern and central Europe, southern Canada and the eastern United States. Generally, despite accounting for different analysis periods, total and extreme trends match up for most global regions. Areas with significant increasing extreme trends, such as RX1day, RX5day and R95pTOT indices, include South Africa, eastern Asia, Canada, northern and central Europe, northeastern United States, and western Australia. Overall, more efforts are needed to significantly expand station coverage across Africa and ease restrictions to allow greater access to data. Initiatives to establish and monitor climate stations across Africa need to be supported. Regional studies that use <em>in situ</em> or gauge-based datasets need to increase and employ comparable analysis regions and data periods, as well as assess and adjust for systematic biases in precipitation data at urban stations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105063"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of paleoclimatic changes on organic matter enrichment mechanisms in freshwater and saline lacustrine oil shales in China: A machine learning approach","authors":"Man Lu ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Duan ,&nbsp;Tongxi Zhang ,&nbsp;Naihao Liu ,&nbsp;Yuxuan Song ,&nbsp;Zezhou Zhang ,&nbsp;Jinqi Qiao ,&nbsp;Zhaoyang Wang ,&nbsp;Zilong Fang ,&nbsp;Qingyong Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.earscirev.2025.105061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lacustrine oil shales are valuable unconventional resources, with their organic matter (OM) enrichment closely linked to paleoclimatic conditions. However, the mechanisms controlling OM enrichment in freshwater and saline lacustrine environments remain underexplored. This study represents the first application of the random forest (RF) classifier to investigate how paleoclimatic changes influence OM enrichment mechanisms in lacustrine oil shales in China. By analyzing the bulk geochemical (total organic carbon (TOC), trace and major elements) and molecular biomarker data from seven representative lacustrine oil shales, we demonstrate that the RF classifier can effectively discriminate between freshwater and saline lacustrine oil shales. The results indicate that the TOC content is the most significant parameter, with freshwater shales having higher TOC values than their saline counterparts. Further analyses suggest that OM enrichment in these two types of lacustrine settings was driven by a combination of factors, including paleoproductivity, paleowater conditions, and terrigenous inputs, all modulated by paleoclimatic changes. Freshwater lacustrine shales were generally deposited during humid and warm periods with higher atmospheric CO₂ levels and greater precipitation, which led to higher paleoproductivity, reduced terrigenous influx, rising lake levels, and improved OM production and preservation. In contrast, saline lacustrine shales were deposited during dry and cold periods, when increased water salinity and diminished paleoproductivity resulted in lower OM production, reduced preservation, and decreased TOC content. These findings provide key insights into the role of paleoclimate in shaping OM-rich lacustrine shales and establish a framework for evaluating organic-rich shale deposits. The study also underscores the potential for future geochemical datasets to enhance classification models and broaden applications of machine learning in the exploration of hydrocarbon resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11483,"journal":{"name":"Earth-Science Reviews","volume":"262 ","pages":"Article 105061"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143394838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}