地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Resolving Land Cover Heterogeneity Along Hillslope Improves Simulation of Terrestrial Water and Energy Budgets","authors":"Shuping Li, Dai Yamazaki, Tomohiro Tozawa, Kota Adachi, Tomoko Nitta, Gang Zhao, Xudong Zhou, Kei Yoshimura","doi":"10.1029/2025wr040706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr040706","url":null,"abstract":"Horizontal water transport from hills to valleys widely dictates vegetation growth and modulates terrestrial water and energy budgets. However, land cover on hillslopes remains oversimplified in many current land surface models (LSMs) despite its critical role in controlling terrestrial water and energy fluxes. To this end, we focused on Africa to investigate how explicit representation of hillslope water dynamics and land cover conditions in LSM influences terrestrial water and energy budgets. A sub‐grid catchment‐based strategy was implemented in the LSM MATSIRO, in which the hillslope water dynamics and land cover heterogeneity were modeled in discretized height bands of representative hillslopes. Through several experiments that differed in terms of complexity in representing water and vegetation heterogeneity along hillslope, the impact of representing them in LSM is evaluated and validated. Increasingly accurate representation of the heterogeneities amplified the variabilities of the simulated water and energy budgets, particularly in equatorial Africa. The hill‐to‐valley water dynamics aside, more realistic representation of the hillslope vegetation distribution aligned with known differences in soil water content (e.g., denser vegetation exists along riversides in arid regions). Such representations changed the soil water contents, runoffs, and evapotranspiration of almost 5%, 7% and 18% of the total African land areas studied, respectively. By better capturing hillslope‐scale rainfall interception and transpiration with the improved model, the results are more consistent with observed discharges and leaf area index. Overall, an LSM that considers hillslope water dynamics and land cover heterogeneity substantially modulates and better captures the terrestrial water and energy budgets.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological Responses to Warming: Insights From Centennial‐Scale Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Estimates","authors":"Ning Ma, Jozsef Szilagyi, Yongqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025wr041001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025wr041001","url":null,"abstract":"Quantifying changes in global terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) is essential for understanding how the hydrological cycle responds to climate change. Most current ET estimates are limited to the satellite observation era, starting in the 1980s, leaving the dynamics of global ET over longer time scales, such as the past century, largely unknown. Based on thoroughly validated centennial‐scale global ET rates, estimated by the complementary relationship method, here we show that global ET significantly increased with a trend of 0.08 ± 0.011 mm yr<jats:sup>−2</jats:sup> (<jats:italic>p</jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) during 1901–2014, equivalent to an accumulated relative increase of 1.8 ± 0.2%. This pronounced increase provides robust evidence of the intensification of the hydrological cycle on a centennial scale. The increase in global ET has mainly occurred in the most recent five decades, as the trend during 1966–2014 is five times as large as that during 1901–1965. From 1901 to 2014, the scaling rate of global ET to temperature (<jats:italic>η</jats:italic><jats:sub>ae</jats:sub>) is 1.3 ± 0.3% °C<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>. Notably, <jats:italic>η</jats:italic><jats:sub>ae</jats:sub> remains nearly constant across different timescales, despite an accelerated warming and rising atmospheric CO<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> concentrations in the recent past. Similar findings of stable <jats:italic>η</jats:italic><jats:sub>ae</jats:sub> values can also be observed in the state‐of‐the‐art land surface models, despite being parameterized in more complex ways. This timescale invariance property may enable the application of a constant <jats:italic>η</jats:italic><jats:sub>ae</jats:sub> value to facilitate predictions of future global ET changes based solely on temperature projections. These findings have relevance for global‐scale water resources management under the ongoing climate change.","PeriodicalId":23799,"journal":{"name":"Water Resources Research","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Water Content Variations From Seismic Noise in a Controlled Laboratory Experiment: A Quantitative Approach Combining Poroelastic Predictions With Kernel Wave Sensitivity Weighting","authors":"Thomas Gaubert-Bastide,&nbsp;Clarisse Bordes,&nbsp;Stéphane Garambois,&nbsp;Olivia Collet,&nbsp;Christophe Voisin,&nbsp;Daniel Brito","doi":"10.1029/2025JB032294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB032294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite the existence of various hydrological and geophysical methods for characterizing the vadose zone and groundwater, it remains challenging to implement cost-effective, accurate, and efficient techniques for their long-term monitoring with high spatial resolution. A growing number of recent studies suggest that seismological methods based on continuous seismic noise recording can potentially address these difficulties. This study presents an original laboratory experiment aimed at assessing the sensitivity of passive seismic interferometry imaging (PII) to controlled fluctuations in water content. To achieve this, we used the recording of the seismic noise generated by a continuous seismic source to reconstruct ballistic surface Rayleigh waves propagating in the [200–500] Hz range within a 1-m scale sandbox. Multiple controlled cycles of water imbibition and drainage at the base of the sandbox produce significant variations in the seismic wavefield and especially in dominant surface waves. The large relative velocity variations <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>δ</mi>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $delta v/v$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> (−35%), measured in Rayleigh waves with a fine temporal resolution, match the water pressure measurements conducted within the sandbox. The observations are well predicted by an original theoretical approach combining a Biot-Gassmann-Wood poroelastic model that incorporates effective pressure fluctuations and the frequency-dependent sensitivity kernels of Rayleigh waves. These results confirm the potential of the PII method in monitoring saturation changes in the vadose zone as well as the substantial effect of effective pressure fluctuations, at least when Rayleigh waves dominate ballistic arrivals.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB032294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A South China Sea Surface Absolute Dynamic Topography Prediction Model Based on Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory Network With Self-Attention Mechanism","authors":"Wenbin Sha,&nbsp;Dachao Jin,&nbsp;Lei Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoya Zhang,&nbsp;Fenghua Ling,&nbsp;Fuying Zhang,&nbsp;Yuhong Liao,&nbsp;Jing-Jia Luo","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Absolute dynamic topography (ADT) obtained from satellite altimeter data mapping is widely used in marine environment monitoring and research. Traditional numerical ADT prediction models exhibit high computational demands and low operational efficiency. This study proposes a deep learning framework integrating U-Net architecture with a self-attention convolutional long short-term memory network (SA-ConvLSTM) to develop a high-precision ADT forecasting model for the South China Sea. The approach utilizes 0.08° high resolution multi-source satellite data. Training optimization incorporating teacher forcing and scheduled sampling enhanced model capability in representing complex ocean dynamics. The SA-ConvLSTM is shown to outperform the traditional ConvLSTM model and several existing models in terms of both forecast accuracy and computational efficiency. This framework is demonstrated significant potential for high-resolution marine forecasting and disaster early warning systems, offering an efficient alternative to traditional numerical models for regional ocean dynamic monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Many Fates of Pluto's Subsurface Ocean","authors":"Julia Miller,&nbsp;Elodie Lesage,&nbsp;Samuel Howell,&nbsp;Samuel Birch","doi":"10.1029/2025JE009120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JE009120","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A continuously increasing number of objects in our solar system have been classified as “ocean worlds,” harboring recent or past subsurface oceans of liquid water. These discoveries raise the potential of persistent habitability even in the frigid environments of the outer solar system. The presence of subsurface oceans within the largest and most tidally dissipative icy moons is consistent with the current understanding of their heat budgets, but suggestions of present-day oceans within smaller moons and Kuiper Belt Objects are harder to reconcile with simple thermal evolution models. It has been suggested that a methane clathrate layer within Pluto's shell would insulate a subsurface ocean and extend its lifetime. However, insulating effects have not been considered in the context of an ice shell experiencing solid-state convection, a key geodynamic process for ocean world evolution. We have therefore developed a 1-Dimensional (1D) thermal evolution model for an icy body with a time-evolving ice shell composition, to investigate the effects of basal methane clathrate incorporation on convective vigor and interior evolution. We apply our model to Pluto, a mid-sized icy world with relatively few complicating factors. We find that the addition of methane clathrate to a convecting ice shell can result in complex feedback mechanisms, causing nonlinear variation in maximum ocean thickness and temperature. This work takes a first step toward understanding both the thermal evolution of, and material transport within, compositionally complex ice shells. These results have implications for the longevity of subsurface oceans and the related habitability of these worlds.</p>","PeriodicalId":16101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composite Three-Dimensional Biogeochemical Responses to Tropical Cyclones in the Northwest Pacific","authors":"Hui Zheng,&nbsp;Wen-Zhou Zhang,&nbsp;Zhiguo Mei","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117472","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We innovatively investigated three-dimensional biogeochemical responses to tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Northwest Pacific using a composite analysis of simulations from a coupled physical-biogeochemical model. TC-induced upwelling and vertical mixing cause a vertical redistribution of chlorophyll <i>a</i> concentration (Chl<i>-a</i>), increasing surface Chl-<i>a</i> while decreasing subsurface Chl<i>-a</i>, within a 100-km radius of the TC center. Simultaneously, these processes bring nutrient-rich deep waters into the upper layer. Following the TC passage, the significant increases in both Chl<i>-a</i> and nutrients lead to a high Chl<i>-a</i> anomaly in the subsurface layer that persists for over 30 days. Westward geostrophic advection, driven by the meridional density gradient, tends to shift the subsurface nutrients and Chl<i>-a</i> anomalies toward the left side of the generally northwestward TC track. The total biomass in the upper ocean, as indicated by integrated Chl<i>-a</i>, decreases shortly after the TC passage and subsequently starts to rise, ultimately resulting in a net increase.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117472","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"15-minute city for all? Rethinking the 15-minute city for urban older populations","authors":"Zhaowen Deng ,&nbsp;Jiwon Lee ,&nbsp;Tae-Hyoung Tommy Gim","doi":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apgeog.2025.103747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>“15-minute city” (15-MC) has gained attention as a strategy to enhance urban liveability and sustainability by ensuring essential services are within a short walking or cycling distance. However, its application seems to ignore the needs of older populations. This study takes Shanghai as a case study and evaluates the accessibility and diversity of urban amenities for both older populations and younger populations within the 15-MC framework. The results show disparities in amenities accessibility and diversity, with older populations facing lower accessibility levels and fewer amenity options compared to younger populations, particularly in suburban and peripheral areas. The study also highlights the limitation of current 15-MC framework, which fails to balance the centralisation and accessibility, including its inability to balance the centralisation of amenities with equitable accessibility. These findings highlight the need for an adaptive and tiered approach to urban planning to create more inclusive and age-friendly cities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48396,"journal":{"name":"Applied Geography","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 103747"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145004417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"3D Reconstruction of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles Using EOF and GNSS Radio Occultation Data From MSS-1 and COSMIC-2","authors":"Jinhuan Du,&nbsp;Zhe Yang,&nbsp;Peng Guo,&nbsp;Mengjie Wu,&nbsp;Juanjuan Dong,&nbsp;Honggang Li,&nbsp;Feifei Zuo","doi":"10.1029/2024EA003885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EA003885","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents initial scientific insights obtained from Radio Occultation (RO) observations of ionospheric irregularities and scintillation at equatorial and low latitudes collected by the Macau Science Satellite-1 (MSS-1). With a specific focus on the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region, an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) methodology is introduced for reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) equatorial plasma bubbles (EPB). This method utilizes the first 3 months of RO data from MSS-1 in conjunction with data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate follow-on mission (COSMIC-2). The analysis assesses approximately 37,232 MSS-1 RO profiles. The results highlight that the initial two EOF components effectively capture the climatic characteristics of EPB during the period from June to August in 2023. The reconstructed EPB map reveals promising insights, demonstrating a distinct pattern influenced by local time (LT), latitude, and altitude in the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities. MSS-1 observations hold potential as a valuable addition to GNSS-RO constellations such as COSMIC-2, enhancing the comprehension of equatorial and low-latitude ionospheric irregularities through improved resolutions in LT and vertical sounding.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024EA003885","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144999029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate change impacts to upwelling and shallow reef nutrient sources across an oceanic archipelago","authors":"Danielle L. Spring, Michael D. Fox, J. A. Mattias Green, Robin Guillaume‐Castel, Zoe Jacobs, Ronan C. Roche, John R. Turner, Gareth J. Williams","doi":"10.1002/lno.70172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.70172","url":null,"abstract":"Upwelling delivers key nutritional and energetic subsidies to coral reef communities that affect the growth, abundance, and ecology of organisms across trophic levels. However, the cross‐scale oceanographic and atmospheric drivers of localized upwelling on many reefs remain unresolved, limiting our ability to predict how climate change might disrupt upwelling patterns and impact reef communities across geographies. Using high temporal resolution (10 second) in situ temperature measurements collected over 18 months that encompassed the strongest positive Indian Ocean Dipole phase of this century, we demonstrate a highly nonlinear effect of climate‐driven mixed layer depth on upwelling intensity across the latitudinal range of the Chagos Archipelago (~ 200 km). The exposure of shallow (10–25 m depth) reef communities to deeper upwelled waters was maximized when the mixed layer depth was shallower than ~ 40 m, but virtually absent when the mixed layer depth was deeper than ~ 60 m. By combining these temperature data with nitrogen stable isotopes (δ<jats:sup>15</jats:sup>N) from a common macroalga, we show these variations in upwelling correlate with altered nutrient sources that have direct measurable impacts on reef organisms across the Archipelago. We further show that over the past 40 years, positive phases of the Indian Ocean Dipole correlate with an anomalously deep surface mixed layer on these reefs, each time likely restricting upwelling. Given these extreme events are increasing in frequency under climate change, this poses the possibility of a markedly different upwelling regime across the Archipelago over the coming century, with currently unknown ecological consequences.","PeriodicalId":18143,"journal":{"name":"Limnology and Oceanography","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The lost-butter technique: A possible alternative to beeswax for constructing complex copper-casting moulds in the Late Chalcolithic period of the southern Levant","authors":"Boaz Gershtein,&nbsp;Danny Rosenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106355","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106355","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Late Chalcolithic metallurgy developed in the southern Levant alongside the emergence of new social institutions, the rapid growth of other crafts and technologies, and the introduction of secondary products. While found throughout the southern Levant, most copper items were recovered in the Negev, the Judean Desert, and the Jordan Valley, manifesting two technologies: The casting of pure copper from Feinan or Timmna in open moulds to produce simple objects (e.g. axes, chisels, and awls) and the casting of non-local, polymetallic alloyed copper in closed moulds to produce relatively complex objects (e.g., maceheads, standards, vessels, and crowns). The latter technology is often dubbed the lost-wax technique, and Late Chalcolithic artisans are widely assumed to have used beeswax to construct the moulds. However, while beeswax might have been used, we should also consider other possibilities. We suggest that ash butter is likely to have served this purpose. Unlike beeswax, butter was an everyday, accessible substance during the Late Chalcolithic period, and we demonstrate through a series of experiments that by mixing it with water and fire wood ash, the Late Chalcolithic artisans could produce a cheap and available material highly suitable for making the complex moulds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106355"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}