地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Geodynamics of East Asia marginal sea basins: Stress field modelling","authors":"Shangxin Wu,&nbsp;Guiting Hou,&nbsp;Ruizhe Wang,&nbsp;Lunyan Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.jog.2025.102109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jog.2025.102109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The East Asian marginal sea basins (EAMSB) are located at the junction between East Asia and the western Pacific plates, displaying a typical NE-trending en echelon pattern. Their formation is closely related to intense marginal extensional deformation since the Cenozoic. Owing to their intricate geological architecture and varied mechanisms of formation, these basins have emerged as a research hotspot in Earth science. However, due to limitations in geological observations and uncertainties in traditional tectonic models, the formation mechanisms of marginal sea basins remain highly controversial. This study integrates multi-source observational data and 3D spherical shell finite element method to systematically investigate the formation and evolution of the EAMSB, particularly focusing on their NE-trending en echelon pattern. The results indicate that the basin development in this region is primarily controlled by the far-field compressional stress generated by the India–Eurasia plate collision zone, as well as the extensional and radially downward shear stress imposed by the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea plates. In addition, the episodic changes in regional tectonic stress play a key role in the formation of the EAMSB. The model delineates three principal evolutionary stages of the EAMSB: 1. In the early Eocene, the subduction of the Izanagi-Pacific ridge induced surface extension rather than compression along the eastern Asian margin due to shell bending. Meanwhile, under the combined influence of the India-Eurasia collision, rifting occurred along the East Asian margin. 2. In the late Eocene, the transition to subduction toward the Pacific Plate and the arrival of the Philippine Sea plate intensified boundary loads, triggering tectonic reversal and localised stress concentration. Simultaneously, as the India-Eurasia convergence zone entered the “hard collision” period, rifting was further facilitated. 3. From the Oligocene to early Miocene, the subducting plate became older and colder, with a steepening subduction angle, while the India–Eurasia collision continued. The rollback of the subducting plate induced eastward extension, which favored the development of eastward extensional deformation and led to the formation of a NE-trending en echelon pattern of the EAMSB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54823,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geodynamics","volume":"165 ","pages":"Article 102109"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of rainfall runoff on photothermal environment in a large and deep drinking water reservoir","authors":"Cunli Li ,&nbsp;Guangwei Zhu ,&nbsp;Aiju You ,&nbsp;Mengyuan Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>The Lake Qiandaohu basin, China.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>The photothermal environment is crucial for water ecological processes in deep reservoirs, ‌as it is affected by hydrometeorological catchment processes. However, our knowledge remains limited regarding the response of the photothermal environment to different rainfall runoff intensities and changing hydrological processes due to the randomness of hydrometeorological processes. To address this, we collected photothermal environment data from three representative zones of Lake Qiandaohu between 2018 and 2019, analyzing the mechanisms by which rainfall runoff modulates this environment.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>The impact of rainfall runoff on the photothermal environment was influenced by the rainfall intensity and topographic location. Water column mixing occurred in the riverine zone when reservoir inflow exceeded 500 m³/s. As rainfall runoff intensity increased, the intrusion of interflow after extreme rainfall events increased the mid-layer water temperature in the transitional zone, forming a double thermocline structure. Moderate, strong, and extreme rainfall runoff substantially reduced the euphotic depth in the riverine zone by increasing the concentrations of optically active substance. The total suspended solids and chlorophyll-a were the primary factors influencing euphotic depth reductions in riverine and transitional zones, respectively (R²=0.64 and 0.45). Rainfall runoff primarily influenced the underwater photothermal environment through pulsed disturbances of the vertical temperature distribution and elevating the concentrations of optically active substances. The effects of rainfall runoff on the photothermal environment should be quantified to ensure the safety of drinking water in reservoirs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102629"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the preparation of mineral silicon-potassium fertilizer by hydrothermal leaching of kaolinite to generate potassium aluminosilicate under the “calcification-potash alkali” system","authors":"Qingdong Li ,&nbsp;Guozhi Lv ,&nbsp;Shuojia Song ,&nbsp;Renyun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xin He ,&nbsp;Fangyi Yuan ,&nbsp;Zhuangzhuang Yun ,&nbsp;Tingan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107935","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107935","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Kaolinite is a typical silicate mineral found in bauxite, which tends to combine with sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (red mud) as the equilibrium solid phase in the Bayer process. This combination leads to increased losses of alumina and alkali, resulting in environmental pollution. Kaolinite and other aluminum and silica mineral phases are considered harmful impurities in alumina production. Their removal complicates the treatment process, increases production costs, and does not fundamentally address the issue of red mud accumulation and emissions. This study proposes a “calcification-potash alkali”(CPA) process, wherein potash is utilized instead of sodium alkali to simulate the hydrothermal leaching of kaolinite, the primary silicon-containing mineral phase in bauxite, during the Bayer process. The transformation product is Kaliophilite(KAlSiO₄), which can be used to prepare mineral-based silicon‑potassium fertilizers. This paper investigates the dissolution behavior and mechanism of kaolinite during the leaching process. Leaching experiments and analyses (FTIR, XRD, XRF, XPS, and SEM-EDS) reveal that potassium oxide concentration and alkali leaching temperature are the main factors influencing kaolinite transformation. The optimal dissolution conditions are a temperature of 200 °C, a calcium-to‑silicon ratio of 0.2, a K₂O concentration of 160 g/L, and a reaction time of 60 min. Under these conditions, the kaolinite reaction rate reaches 98.9 %, yielding potassium aluminosilicate. Furthermore, the heavy metal content and other indices met relevant standards, allowing for its incorporation into organic matter and the preparation of mineral silica‑potassium fertilizers to partially replace industrial fertilizers in agriculture, offering significant cost advantages and promising market prospects. This process transforms the silicon-containing mineral phase in bauxite from waste into a valuable resource, offering a new reference for the utilization of medium- and low-grade bauxite as well as the treatment of red mud.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 107935"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the role of inherited rock fabric in critical zone porosity development: Insights from seismic anisotropy measurements using surface waves","authors":"Benjamin J. Eppinger,&nbsp;W. Steven Holbrook,&nbsp;Brady A. Flinchum,&nbsp;Dario Grana,&nbsp;Daniel de B. Richter,&nbsp;Jorden L. Hayes,&nbsp;Clifford S. Riebe,&nbsp;Ciaran J. Harman,&nbsp;Bradley J. Carr","doi":"10.1002/esp.70132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Within Earth's critical zone, weathering processes influence landscape evolution and hillslope hydrology by creating porosity in bedrock, transforming it into saprolite and eventually soil. In situ weathering processes drive much of this transformation while preserving the rock fabric of the parent material. Inherited rock fabric in regolith makes the critical zone anisotropic, affecting its mechanical and hydrological properties. Therefore, quantifying and studying anisotropy is an important part of characterising the critical zone, yet doing so remains challenging. Seismic methods can be used to detect rock fabric and infer mechanical and hydrologic conductivity anisotropy across landscapes. We present a novel way of measuring seismic anisotropy in the critical zone using Rayleigh and Love surface waves. This method leverages multi-component surface seismic data to create a high-resolution model of seismic anisotropy, which we compare with a nuclear magnetic resonance log measured in a nearby borehole. The two geophysical data sets show that seismic anisotropy and porosity develop at similar depths in weathered bedrock and both reach their maximum values in saprolite, implying that in situ weathering enhances anisotropy while concurrently generating porosity in the critical zone. We bolster our findings with in situ measurements of seismic and hydrologic conductivity anisotropy made in a 3 m deep soil excavation. Our study offers a fresh perspective on the importance of rock fabric in the development and function of the critical zone and sheds new insights into how weathering processes operate.</p>","PeriodicalId":11408,"journal":{"name":"Earth Surface Processes and Landforms","volume":"50 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/esp.70132","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution Mechanism and Theoretical Model of Porosity and Permeability in Crushed Coal Under Compression","authors":"Boning Jiang,&nbsp;Jing Wang,&nbsp;Lei Li,&nbsp;Tianru Zhu,&nbsp;Xi Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaying Hu,&nbsp;Yufan Wang,&nbsp;Yang Su,&nbsp;Jiahui Shen","doi":"10.1155/gfl/8073802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/8073802","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coal spontaneous combustion is a major threat to coal mine safety. The accumulation of heat from broken coal in goaf is prone to coal spontaneous combustion. A deep study of the evolution mechanism and theoretical model of porosity and permeability in crushed coal under compression is crucial for understanding the process of coal spontaneous combustion. This paper utilizes an experimental apparatus for gas seepage in crushed coal under compression developed by our research team. It systematically explores the changes in strain, porosity, and permeability of single particle and mixed particle coal during stress infiltration. The experimental results show that the strain of coal with different grain sizes has a negative exponential relationship with stress, and porosity and permeability vary inversely and linearly with strain, respectively. Theoretical analysis indicates that the sliding and filling effect of particles is the primary cause of the changes in strain, porosity, and permeability. There is a one-to-one mapping relationship between the total strain, residual porosity, and residual permeability of coal with different grain sizes after compression and their respective change paths. Based on these findings, this paper establishes theoretical relationship models of stress–strain, strain–porosity, and strain–permeability, with total strain, residual porosity, and residual permeability as parameters. These research results will provide theoretical support for a deeper understanding of the occurrence and development processes of coal spontaneous combustion.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/8073802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144705545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trauma or taphonomy? A forensic reassessment of perimortem cranial trauma in burials from the Phaleron cemetery (Archaic Athens, Greece)","authors":"Ioanna Anastopoulou ,&nbsp;Jane E. Buikstra ,&nbsp;Lourdes Tamayo ,&nbsp;Stella Chryssoulaki ,&nbsp;Konstantinos Moraitis ,&nbsp;Fotios Alexandros Karakostis","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106331","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106331","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Phaleron cemetery was one of the most important burial sites in Archaic Attica (8th–5th centuries BCE). Its burials include individuals showing signs of captivity (i.e., evidence of physical restraints) and are believed to potentially represent executed prisoners. This study reassesses the previously proposed presence of perimortem cranial trauma in these distinctive individuals, based on independent evaluations by two experienced forensic practitioners, a comparative sample of documented forensic trauma cases from modern Greece, and multivariate statistical analysis. Of the 19 crania analyzed, only two of the distinctive (or “D-Group”) burials showed clear evidence of perimortem trauma, with only one of these presenting all diagnostic perimortem indications. However, even in these cases, the consistent location of the fractures (mainly on the side of the skull) relative to the underlying soil, along with the water-rich nature of these seaside contexts, may also likely suggest a taphonomic origin. These results highlight the importance of contextual and environmental factors in trauma interpretation, emphasizing the value of documented forensic references and multivariate approaches that can assess multiple diagnostic traits together. More broadly, our findings underscore the need for caution when attempting to link skeletal trauma to the cause of death in bioarchaeological contexts, where long-term taphonomic effects can play a decisive role.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106331"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Localization of inelastic strain with fault maturity and effects on earthquake characteristics","authors":"C. Milliner, J. P. Avouac, J. F. Dolan, J. Hollingsworth","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01752-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01752-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coseismic ruptures release stored elastic strain through a combination of shear displacement along localized, principal faults and distributed bulk inelastic failure of the surrounding material. How inelastic strain localizes as fault systems mature and structurally develop is less well understood owing to the difficulty of measuring the complex, near-field and high-strain regions of coseismic surface ruptures. Here we use radar and optical images to measure the near-field surface displacement field and magnitude of off-fault inelastic strain from 16 historic strike-slip earthquakes that occurred on faults with cumulative displacements and fault slip rates that span almost three orders of magnitude. We show that inelastic shear deformation does localize as fault systems mature: the magnitude of off-fault inelastic strain is largest (34–67%) for fault systems with the lowest cumulative displacements (&lt;3 km) and then rapidly decays to values that saturate around 13–19% for the most ‘mature’ fault systems with cumulative displacements exceeding ~20 km. We find that more localized coseismic ruptures host faster ruptures, generate fewer aftershocks and occur along geometrically simpler fault networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144701453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Asperity Friction and Wear in Seismic Faults: 1. Experiments on Marble","authors":"A. Clerc,&nbsp;G. Mollon,&nbsp;A. Ferrieux,&nbsp;L. Lafarge,&nbsp;A. Saulot,&nbsp;D. Deldique,&nbsp;A. Schubnel,&nbsp;L. Vieille","doi":"10.1029/2025JB031344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JB031344","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Common representations of seismic faults often fall into two categories. Either the model focuses on clean rough surfaces in sliding contact, or the model focuses on the gouge production and shearing between two smooth surfaces. In this work, we wish to reconcile these two main models by using tribological tools and concepts, in order to pave the way for a more accurate model of geometrically complex faults. A pin-on-disc experimental device is employed to investigate the response of a single asperity to shear sliding, in presence of granular gouge. Near co-seismic conditions are applied on Carrara marble samples (contact stress, contact area, sliding velocity) and real time acquisition sensors as well as post-mortem analyses on the contact surfaces provide qualitative and quantitative information on the frictional behavior of the downscaled lab fault. The results for moderate sliding velocity (0.01 m s⁻¹) tests show a complex behavior. Three regimes are underlined, which highlights the interplay between granular gouge and asperities. The last regime is seen as a steady state with rough contact surfaces and the presence of a granular gouge layer. This observation leads to the conclusion that in a model for geometrically complex fault, granular gouge and asperities are not self-excluding and should be considered together. This work is complemented by a numerical model presented in a companion paper.</p>","PeriodicalId":15864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JB031344","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attribution of the Increased Intensity of Upper-Level Hadley Circulation Under Climate Change","authors":"Bo Sun,&nbsp;Yi Zheng,&nbsp;Wanling Li,&nbsp;Siyu Zhou,&nbsp;Jiarui Cai,&nbsp;Huixin Li,&nbsp;Shengping He,&nbsp;Huijun Wang","doi":"10.1029/2025GL115984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115984","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The upper-level Hadley circulation is critical to the energy transport from tropical toward mid-to-high latitude regions. In this study, an index denoting the intensity of upper-level Hadley circulation in Northern Hemisphere (Southern Hemisphere) is defined as the areal mean zonal mean meridional mass stream function in the upper-level Hadley circulation, which is referred to as UP-NH-HCI (UP-SH-HCI). An increasing (decreasing) trend of UP-NH-HCI (UP-SH-HCI) is observed during 1979-present using five reanalysis data sets, which denotes increased intensity of upper-level Hadley circulation in Northern Hemisphere (Southern Hemisphere). Furthermore, Nine (13) CMIP6 models are selected to perform the detection and attribution analysis for the trends in UP-NH-HCI (UP-SH-HCI). Using the optimal fingerprinting method, the results indicate that the greenhouse gas forcing accounts for 57%–114% and 61%–89% of the observed changes in UP-NH-HCI and UP-SH-HCI, respectively, at an uncertainty range of 10%–90%.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL115984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Gap-Filling of NASA Deep Blue Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth Over the Contiguous United States (CONUS) Using the UNet 3+ Architecture","authors":"Jeffrey S. M. Lee,&nbsp;S. Marcela Loría-Salazar,&nbsp;Heather A. Holmes,&nbsp;Andrew M. Sayer","doi":"10.1029/2025EA004338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EA004338","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to sensor and algorithmic constraints, satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals are spatially incomplete and have gaps caused by clouds and bright surfaces. These gaps represent a barrier in characterizing daily aerosol loadings, which is important for air quality applications. In particular, recent studies in aerosol studies have shown satellite AOD to be a useful predictor of particulate matter, but are often limited to monthly or longer temporal resolution because of missing AOD retrievals. In this study, we propose using a UNet 3+ to fill gaps in satellite AOD retrievals. We tested the hypothesis that UNet 3+ trained on deep blue (DB) AOD and supplemental data sets (e.g., Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 reanalysis AOD, meteorological and land-use variables from North American Mesoscale Forecast System, and Hazard Mapping System smoke polygons) will improve the availability of AOD data accurately. We created spatiotemporal data sets of daily, gap-filled DB AOD from 2012 to 2023 over the CONtinental United States (CONUS) at a 12 × 12 km² resolution. We were able to train the model and perform the gap-filling in ∼10 hr, resulting in an increase of AOD data availability by 281%. We demonstrated that our approach is feasible over CONUS through quantitative and qualitative evaluations against AERONET and DB AOD. In statistical evaluations, our gap-filled AOD data set attained an RMSE ∼ 0.09 and a <i>r</i> ∼ 0.87 against collocated AERONET retrievals, compared to an RMSE ∼ 0.11 and a <i>r</i> ∼ 0.86 that the original DB AOD retrievals scored against AERONET. We plan to use this data set for future air quality and health investigations.</p>","PeriodicalId":54286,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Space Science","volume":"12 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EA004338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}