地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Osteometric distinctions between domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus), wild mountain reindeer (R.t.t.), wild forest reindeer (R.t. fennicus), and the identification of castrated reindeer bones: Biometric explorations and archaeological methods","authors":"Mathilde van den Berg,&nbsp;Henri Wallen","doi":"10.1007/s12520-025-02198-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12520-025-02198-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The types of reindeer hunting, keeping, and herding in Fennoscandia have seen different periods of transformations and have found unique side by side expressions through time. To refine zooarchaeological analysis and scrutinize reindeer domestication and other past ancient human-reindeer relationships in the North, we propose methods for identifying sex, castration status, and ecotype/variety from complete and fragmented reindeer bones. This study examines the leg bones and pelvises of 161 reindeer from the Fennoscandian domestic reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</i>), Norwegian wild mountain reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus tarandus</i>) and Finnish wild forest reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus fennicus</i>). We include intact males, castrated males, and females in our study. Ecotype (fennicus versus tarandus), variety (wild versus domestic tarandus), sex, and castration status are shown to influence bone growth in often element- and dimension-dependent ways. We demonstrate that metric variance is highest in fennicus and castrated domestic tarandus. Slenderness as expressed by diaphysis breadth–length index is sex and (albeit less) ecotype dependent, while distal breadth–bone length indices are mostly ecotype dependent. Scatterplots that combine slenderness with other measurement variables result in independent clustering between groups. The combination of two measurement variables facilitates ecotype/variety, sex, and castration status assignment due to independent clustering of groups. Our classification model based on isometric size and shape can be used to differentiate ecotype/variety, but not sex and castration status, due to limitation of group sizes. This study shows that reindeer ecotype, variety, sex, and castration status can be demonstrated through straightforward osteometric methods. We suggest cautious application in archaeological contexts because of (relative) changes in body size of past reindeer populations and our limited sample size, of especially wild male tarandus.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8214,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","volume":"17 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-025-02198-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143740802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Precipitation Estimate Error Decomposition Analysis for 14 Passive Microwave Sensors","authors":"Bethni Fernando,&nbsp;Yalei You,&nbsp;Jihoon Ryu,&nbsp;George Huffman,&nbsp;Eman Ghoneim,&nbsp;Douglas Gamble","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113631","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous studies investigated the satellite precipitation error characteristics via error decomposition analysis over several land regions. This study, for the first time, decomposes the total error of precipitation estimates from 14 passive microwave (PMW) sensors in the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) PMW radiometer constellation into four independent error components (i.e., hit-positive, hit-negative, miss, and false) over both land and ocean, using GPM radar and radiometer Combined Precipitation rates as the reference. Results reveal that over ocean, cross-track scanning sensors exhibit larger miss and false error components than conical scanning sensors due to their lack of low-frequency channels and coarser spatial resolution. Over land, the dominant error component is the hit-negative (i.e., underestimation) error component for all sensors, which is particularly evident for the heavy precipitation intensities (&gt;8 mm hr⁻¹). Geospatial distribution analysis reveals that the error components show clear regional dependence over both land and ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Control of the Jovian Magnetopause by Iogenic Plasma: Initial Results From Global MHD Simulations","authors":"Enhao Feng,&nbsp;Binzheng Zhang,&nbsp;Zhonghua Yao,&nbsp;Peter A. Delamere,&nbsp;Zhiqi Zheng,&nbsp;William R. Dunn,&nbsp;Sheng-Yi Ye","doi":"10.1029/2024GL112624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112624","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The size and variability of Jupiter's magnetosphere are not only determined by upstream conditions but also substantially influenced by internal processes within Jupiter's magnetosphere, specifically the dynamics of the rotation magnetodisc. However, given the considerable range and uncertainties in the estimated Io mass loading rate (IMLR), it remains unclear whether the size and variability of Jupiter's magnetosphere is directly controlled by the extent of IMLR. In this study, we conducted a series of numerical experiments to explore the impact of IMLR on the variability of the magnetopause. Our results indicate that an enhanced IMLR results in a larger magnetosphere with greater variability in the magnetopause location, due to a higher radial dynamic pressure originated from interchange structures. Our study emphasizes the significance of the IMLR in understanding the variations in Jupiter's magnetosphere. These insights are essential for elucidating the dynamic processes in internally mass-loaded and/or rapidly rotating systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL112624","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effects of air pollution and cold spells on ischemic heart disease hospitalization risk: a case-crossover study in Xinxiang, China.","authors":"Desong Wen, Yongbin Wang, Hui Zhang, Hong Qi, Huan Li, Yingen Chen, Weimin Wang, Fei Lin, Guoan Zhao","doi":"10.1007/s00484-025-02899-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-02899-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution and extreme weather events pose a serious threat to human health. We collected atmospheric pollution, meteorological factors, and hospitalisation data for ischemic heart disease (IHD) in Xinxiang, Henan Province, from 2016 to 2021. Using a time-stratified case-crossover design and conditional Poisson regression analysis, we explored the association between atmospheric pollutants (particulate matter with diameter ≤ 2.5 μm [PM_2.5], particulate matter with diameter ≤ 10 μm [PM₁₀], nitrogen dioxide [NO₂], carbon monoxide [CO]), meteorological factors, and IHD hospitalizations. We evaluated synergistic effects using relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attribute proportion (AP), and synergy index (S). PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, CO, relative humidity, and cold spells were significantly associated with IHD hospitalization risk. Significant interaction effects (RERI > 0, AP > 0, S > 1) were found in PM_2.5-PM₁₀-NO₂ combinations. The attributable fractions were 3.4-7.3% for pollutant combinations and 8-17% during cold spells with different PM_2.5 levels. Males and individuals aged ≥ 65 were more susceptible to pollutants, while females and elderly individuals showed higher sensitivity to cold spells. These findings provide evidence for optimizing extreme weather warning systems and reducing air pollution exposure to protect public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143750540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Marine Stratocumulus Clouds With More Coarse Sea Spray Aerosols Are Brighter","authors":"Fan Liu,&nbsp;Feiyue Mao,&nbsp;Daniel Rosenfeld,&nbsp;Zengxin Pan,&nbsp;Lin Zang,&nbsp;Yannian Zhu,&nbsp;Wei Gong","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113718","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113718","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The idea of cooling the Earth by marine cloud brightening is well established. All prior studies considered enhancing cloud albedo only with fine aerosols (FA). Adding coarse sea spray aerosols (CSA, radius&gt;1 μm) has been thought to have the opposite effect. Using nearly a decade of satellite observations and global aerosol reanalysis, we found that the maximum radiative cooling effect from marine stratocumulus occurs when FA is around 3 μg m⁻³ and CSA is around 30 μg m⁻³. Under low winds and high stability conditions, optimal FA and CSA can enhance cooling by −95 W m⁻², nearly 60% more than adding FA alone. This CRE response to FA and CSA was consistently observed across various cloud-controlling factors, thus minimizing the probability of being caused by meteorological co-variability. These findings improve our understanding of how different aerosols affect Earth's climate, improve the evaluation of cooling achieved through marine cloud brightening, and support its feasibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113718","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology-Induced Thermal Refuge in a Gravel-Bed River","authors":"Jordan Frye,&nbsp;Andrew W. Tranmer,&nbsp;Andrea Bertagnoli,&nbsp;Aaron Hurst,&nbsp;Caroline Ubing,&nbsp;Joel Sholtes,&nbsp;Daniele Tonina","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Climate change is increasingly impacting stream temperature, a primary control on the biological, geochemical and ecological processes in fluvial systems. In response, river restoration is focusing on river temperature regimes and creating instream thermal refuge during peak summer temperatures. Here, we evaluate the effectiveness of various constructed morphologic features (e.g., pools, riffles, alcoves, plane beds and spring-fed side channels) designed to generate thermal refuge during summer low-flow conditions in a recently restored gravel-bed river. To assess this, we monitored the groundwater table, river water surface elevation, the direction and magnitude of hyporheic fluxes and the spatial distribution of near-bed water temperatures. River-groundwater differentials, quantified as the difference in elevation between the surface water elevation in the river and the groundwater table, were the primary factors controlling hydrologic gaining and losing patterns in the channel. In contrast, flow-bedform interactions generated by individual morphologic features induced comparatively limited hyporheic exchange, with average hyporheic fluxes constituting ~0.25% of the instream summer discharge. While the magnitude of hyporheic fluxes was relatively similar across individual morphologic features, pools contained the most thermal refuge and longitudinally cooled water temperatures by an average of 1.26°C/100 m. In contrast, riffle and plane bed features generated little observed thermal refuge and increased temperatures on average by 1.43°C/100 m and 0.81°C/100 m, respectively. Spring channels provided cool water temperatures at their upstream ends, but the slow, shallow flows rapidly warmed (3.7°C/100 m) before entering the main river channel due to lack of riparian shade. Alcove temperatures were similarly influenced by depth and riparian shading. Deep, well-shaded alcoves provided cool-water habitat, whereas shallow, unshaded features maintained high temperatures. Results outline the role of channel morphology in generating thermal refuge that may be used to better understand aquatic habitat and guide future restoration projects in gravel-bed rivers.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Observed Isotopic Errors in Extreme Precipitation Leads to Overestimation of Long-Term Soil-Streamflow Hydrological Connectivity","authors":"Jianfeng Gou,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Yang,&nbsp;Chong Wei,&nbsp;Hai Yang,&nbsp;Xueliang Feng,&nbsp;Jintao Liu,&nbsp;Simin Qu","doi":"10.1002/hyp.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The tracer-aided modelling has gained widespread attention in recent years as a crucial approach for investigating watershed hydrological functions. However, errors in model inputs, such as precipitation, evapotranspiration (ET) and isotopes in precipitation, can lead to uncertainty in physically meaningful model parameters, which, in turn, affects the accurate depiction of watershed hydrological functions. In this study, we focused on the Hemuqiao watershed, a typical humid mountainous region in southeast China, equipped with intensive isotopic and hydrological monitoring. The Two Reservoirs StorAge Selection (TRSAS) model was adopted to explore the impact of input data in understanding watershed hydrological connectivity and preferential flow. The results show that observation errors in precipitation and ET data do not significantly reduce model performance (with the optimal NSE value decreasing by up to 0.05). However, they do increase the uncertainty of simulation parameters, primarily due to errors associated with large precipitation and evapotranspiration events. In contrast, observed isotopic errors in precipitation, particularly during extreme precipitation events, reduce model performance and meanwhile lead to significant differences in some simulation parameters compared to no error data. Although the proportion of young water fraction in the streamflow does not show a noticeable difference, the proportions of lateral subsurface flow and young water fraction in lateral subsurface flow tend to be overestimated (i.e., by approximately 0.14 and 0.08, respectively, on average over the long term). This results in an overestimation of lateral preferential flow and hydrological connectivity between soil and streamflow. These findings suggest that in tracer-aided models, improving the observation accuracy of isotopes in extreme precipitation is more critical for accurately understanding watershed hydrological processes than enhancing spatial observations of precipitation and ET.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":13189,"journal":{"name":"Hydrological Processes","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143749532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-Model Assessment of Future Hydrogen Soil Deposition and Lifetime Using CMIP6 Data","authors":"M. A. J. Brown,&nbsp;N. J. Warwick,&nbsp;A. T. Archibald","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113653","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric hydrogen indirectly contributes to greenhouse warming by extending methane lifetime, and increasing stratospheric water vapor and tropospheric ozone. Its main sinks are oxidation with OH, and dry deposition via microbial soil uptake. The latter accounts for approximately <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>50</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>90</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $50-90,%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> of the sink and is poorly constrained under present day conditions, with very limited studies on its future evolution. This work uses an offline hydrogen deposition scheme to perform the first multi-model assessment of deposition velocities driven using data from five models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase 6 project. Deposition values calculated from historical data are compared to observations, and deposition velocities are evaluated across four scenarios <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>2015</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>2100</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $(2015-2100)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. We find deposition velocity increases with time and stronger climate forcing. A 20<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> present-day, inter-model discrepancy, linked to differences in soil moisture and porosity, leads to a 33<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>%</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $%$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> variation in hydrogen's global warming potential over a 100-year time horizon.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Machine Learning-Based Dissolved Organic Carbon Climatology","authors":"Thelma Panaïotis,&nbsp;Jamie Wilson,&nbsp;BB Cael","doi":"10.1029/2024GL112792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112792","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is a major carbon reservoir influencing climate, but is poorly quantified. The lack of a comprehensive DOC climatology hinders model validation, estimation of the modern DOC inventory, and understanding of DOC's role in the carbon cycle and climate. To address this problem, we used boosted regression trees to relate a compilation of DOC observations to different environmental climatologies, and extrapolated these inferred relationships to the entire ocean to compute annual layer-wise DOC climatologies with uncertainties. Prediction performance was satisfactory, with <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>R</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{R}}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> values within 0.6–0.8 for all layers and prediction error comparable to within-pixel measurement variability. DOC was mainly predicted by dissolved oxygen in the bathypelagic layer, and by nutrients in other layers. We estimate the total oceanic DOC inventory to be around 690 Pg C. Our results exemplify that machine learning is a powerful tool for constructing climatologies from limited observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL112792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143741366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for a Proterozoic carbonatite system in the Mount Isa Province, Australia","authors":"Alex Brown ,&nbsp;Carl Spandler ,&nbsp;Thomas G. Blenkinsop","doi":"10.1016/j.precamres.2025.107784","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.precamres.2025.107784","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonatites are indicators of mantle processes, and they are economically important because of their association with rare earth element (REE), niobium and base metal deposits. Carbonatites and their associated lithologies (i.e. the carbonatite system) have not previously been identified in eastern Australia. We describe veins of dolomite calcite carbonatite, fenites and antiskarn, glimmerite, and alkali pegmatite from the Tommy Creek Domain, of the Eastern Subprovince of the Mount Isa Province (NW Queensland), that constitute a carbonatite system. The system can be identified from field relationships, geochronology, zircon trace elements, and stable and radiogenic isotopes. The emplacement of the carbonatite system coincided temporarily and spatially with regional hydrothermal alteration at ca. 1650 Ma in the Eastern Subprovince, which also has mantle isotopic affinities and is located above the boundary between thin and thick continental lithosphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49674,"journal":{"name":"Precambrian Research","volume":"422 ","pages":"Article 107784"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143748326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}