地球科学最新文献

{"title":"A model for assessing the urban heat Island effect in urban regeneration areas: case of mamak and the north ankara.","authors":"Mehtap Ozenen Kavlak, Muzeyyen Anil Senyel Kurkcuoglu, Alper Cabuk, Saye Nihan Cabuk, Mehmet Cetin","doi":"10.1007/s00484-025-02908-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-02908-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Urban regeneration, which aims to provide increased sustainability in terms of higher quality urban environment and better urban livability, has been on the agenda in Türkiye. Ankara, the capital city, has long faced uncontrolled development of squatter areas due to rural-to-urban migration, resulting in critical structural problems, including low-quality constructions, poor infrastructure, and insufficient urban services. Urban regeneration has been presented as a solution to those problems. This study investigates whether urban regeneration provides environmental benefits in terms of mitigating urban heat islands (UHI). Two large-scale urban regeneration areas in Ankara, the New Mamak Urban Regeneration Project (NMURP) and the North Ankara Urban Regeneration Project (NAURP), are anaylzed, both of which have been undergoing transformation more than a decade. Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite images were used to detect the land use-based changes in the surface UHI, based on UHIER index, between 2005 and 2022, CORINE datasets were utilized for land use classification in the study areas for comparison. The results show that UHI values decreased in entire project areas due to removal of squatter settlements and partial completion of the transformation. However, when the local variations are observed, it is concluded that UHI values increased in already transformed sites as a result of high built-up densities, where complex cultivation pattern is replaced by urban fabric in NMURP, agriculture and construction sites replaced by urban fabric, natural grasslands replaced by road network and urban fabric, and urban fabric is replaced by urban green areas and construction sites in NAURP.</p>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The emotional toll of fieldwork","authors":"Anna Lena Bercht, Verena Sandner Le Gall","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02301-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02301-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Comment by Schipper et al.¹ offers a crucial perspective on the emotional strain climate scientists face as they confront the accelerating climate crisis. It highlights how climate scientists experience feelings of despair, anxiety, sadness and worry, yet hesitate to communicate these emotions due to the prevailing norm that rigorous science should be objective, value-free and apolitical — essentially unemotional. This problematic dichotomy between emotion and science, particularly in the natural sciences, resonates deeply with our experiences as qualitative human geographers working on climate adaptation and climate justice.</p><p>While Schipper et al. focus on the emotional burdens in climate science more broadly, we believe that one aspect warrants further attention: the profound emotional challenges that may arise specifically during and after ethnographic fieldwork. Unlike laboratory or desk-based work, ethnographic fieldwork — especially in regions disproportionately affected by climate change — often places researchers in direct contact with the environments and communities where the immediacy of climate impacts and human vulnerability is most acute and palpable. It may be one thing to model the rise of global temperatures or project the consequences of climate change in a controlled and stable environment; it is another to confront the tangible impacts of these changes in person on the ground. The embodied detachment provided by engaging with quantitative models and computer simulations that are abstracted and distant from the everyday human experience of climate change, as well as from individuals’ hopes, dreams and identities, may create psychological buffers that field scientists might lack. Fieldwork, by its nature, is a deeply embodied experience².</p>","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143775365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Downscaling of the surface temperature forecasts based on deep learning approaches","authors":"Guangdi Chen,&nbsp;Xiefei Zhi,&nbsp;Shuyan Ding,&nbsp;Gen Wang,&nbsp;Liqun Zhou,&nbsp;Dexuan Kong,&nbsp;Tao Xiang,&nbsp;Yanhe Zhu","doi":"10.1002/met.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate high-resolution temperature forecasting is of great significance for the economic and social development of humanity. Due to the chaotic nature of the atmosphere and the limitations of computational resources, model forecasts often lack sufficient resolution and exhibit systematic biases. Therefore, downscaling methods with smaller computational demands have become a good alternative. This study designed a super resolution generative adversarial network (SRGAN) for temperature downscaling, applying it to the 2 m temperature forecasts for the Southwest region of China from the Global Ensemble Forecasting System (GEFS), with forecast lead times of 1 to 7 days. Meanwhile, linear regression (LR), along with two advanced deep learning downscaling methods, U-Net and super resolution deep residual networks (SRDRNs), were also used as benchmarks. The study shows that both deep learning methods, SRGAN and SRDRNs, can effectively address the issue of blurred temperature fields that may occur when using U-Net. By comparing the Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency coefficient (NSE), pattern correlation coefficient (PCC), root mean square error (RMSE), and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), we found that SRGAN demonstrated the best performance among the four methods. In this work, a suitable loss function was set using the VGG network to help SRGAN better capture small-scale details. Additionally, a mean square error decomposition method was used to further diagnose the sources of errors in different models, revealing their ability to calibrate various error sources. The results show that SRGAN, SRDRNs, and LR perform best in correcting the square of the bias (Bias²), while U-Net is most effective in correcting the sequence errors.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"32 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A short and sickly life. Multi-indicator analysis of an infant from a late antique Italian burial site (Piano della Civita, Artena, 3rd-5th cent CE)","authors":"Viola Cecconi ,&nbsp;Alessia Nava ,&nbsp;Federico Lugli ,&nbsp;Alissa Mittnik ,&nbsp;Susanna Sawyer ,&nbsp;Jan Gadeyne ,&nbsp;Cécile Brouillard ,&nbsp;Ron Pinhasi ,&nbsp;David Reich ,&nbsp;Alessandra Sperduti","doi":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijpp.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To evaluate pathological lesions and related growth impairment in an infant from a late antiquity context in central Italy.</div></div><div><h3>Materials</h3><div>The individual labeled as 04.AR.60004 comes from a small burial plot in Piano della Civita di Artena, Italy, dated to the 3rd-5th centuries.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Macroscopic examination, metric analysis, dental histomorphometry, amelogenin sequencing, and aDNA analyses were employed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Individual 04.AR.60004 is an infant male with an estimated age-at-death of 2 months showing two metabolic stress events, one occurring before birth and one a few days before death. The well-preserved skeleton shows diffuse abnormal cortical porosity and subperiosteal new bone formation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The type and distribution of the skeletal lesions suggest a diagnosis of infantile scurvy, probably associated with a general status of malnutrition. Dimensions of cranial and postcranial bones show a wide discrepancy between the skeletal age (38–40 fetal weeks) and the dental histological age (2 months).</div></div><div><h3>Significance</h3><div>Including enamel histology age-at-death estimation may expand our knowledge of the influence of severe pathological cases on growth.</div></div><div><h3>Limitations</h3><div>Although scurvy remains the most obvious diagnosis, we cannot exclude other related micronutrient deficiencies which might have affected the individual.</div></div><div><h3>Suggestions for further research</h3><div>Including dental histometric and molecular sex estimation in infant pathological cases can help us to recognize impaired growth and enhance our understanding of sex-based susceptibility and potential biases in childcare within ancient communities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48817,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Paleopathology","volume":"49 ","pages":"Pages 93-103"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate and Vegetation-Driven Increase of Soil Heterotrophic and Autotrophic Respiration in China's Subtropical Forests Over 2000–2020","authors":"Yibo Yan,&nbsp;Wohlfahrt Georg,&nbsp;Ni Huang,&nbsp;Mengmeng Cao,&nbsp;Xiujun Wang","doi":"10.1029/2024GB008363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GB008363","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil respiration significantly counteracts the carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems, but large uncertainties remain in quantifying its components including heterotrophic (HR) and autotrophic respiration (AR). We used previously collected field data from subtropical forests of southern China, and developed independent models for HR and AR. The HR model incorporated the regulation of substrate quantity and quality and co-limitations of soil temperature and moisture on microbe activity. The AR model considered fine root biomass and productivity as substrates and temperature effects on root activity. Using high-quality forcing data and new models, we estimated HR and AR in this region over 2000–2020 with 8-day timescale and 1 km spatial resolution. Validation with independent data showed improved accuracy compared with previous estimates. We estimated annual HR at 523 ± 381 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ and AR at 254 ± 112 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ (values represent mean ± SD). While previous HR estimates align well with our results, previous AR estimates are generally higher. Our estimates exhibited more detailed spatial patterns than existing data sets, particularly along altitudinal gradients, and showed significant increasing trends in both HR and AR driven by warming and greening, especially in high-rate region and during summer season. Soil temperature was the main driver for the interannual variation of HR especially in cold environments, while leaf area index mainly contributed to that of AR in most regions. Our results provide critical constraints on the estimates of HR and AR in subtropical forests and enhance our understanding of their contributions and spatiotemporal patterns under a changing climate.</p>","PeriodicalId":12729,"journal":{"name":"Global Biogeochemical Cycles","volume":"39 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimates of Rare Rainfall Extremes in Ungauged Areas","authors":"Pietro Devò,&nbsp;Maria Francesca Caruso,&nbsp;Marco Borga,&nbsp;Marco Marani","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113576","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The probability estimation of rare or yet unobserved events is essential for hazard quantification, especially in the frequent case of short observational records. Data limitations can be mitigated by using regionalization techniques, which augment observational information, and by employing effective statistical models, such as the Metastatistical Extreme Value Distribution (MEVD), which maximizes the use of available observations. In this work, we develop the MEVD Regionalized framework (MEVD-R), with the aim of reducing the uncertainty in estimating the probability of rare events that are not present, or are not well sampled, in the observational record. Extensive testing using a global data set of 40,000 rain gauges across Europe, North America, and Australia demonstrates that MEVD-R yields negligible systematic error and greatly reduces predictive uncertainty, quantified via the use of independent test data subsets, compared to traditional approaches. The MEVD-R framework proves to be useful in data-scarce areas, even when conventional methods fail.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113576","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of a Storm Surge Event on Salt Intrusion: Insights From the Rhine-Meuse Delta","authors":"Avelon Gerritsma,&nbsp;Martin Verlaan,&nbsp;Marlein Geraeds,&nbsp;Ymkje Huismans,&nbsp;Julie Pietrzak","doi":"10.1029/2024JC021520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JC021520","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Rhine-Meuse Delta is a low-lying delta in the Netherlands that is subject to both salt intrusion events and storm surges. Typically, storm surges only temporarily cause increased salt intrusion and do not cause severe problems for freshwater availability. However, during the storm surge of December 2013, salt reached the closed southern branch of the delta and higher salinities were observed for weeks after the storm surge. The purpose of this study is to examine the mechanisms controlling salt intrusion in the Rhine-Meuse Delta during and after a severe storm surge event. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D-FM) of the Rhine-Meuse Delta was developed that successfully reproduces salt intrusion for both normal and storm surge conditions. During the storm, high water levels in the northern branch caused a salt flux toward the southern branch. The southern branch of the Rhine-Meuse Delta is closed off by an estuarine dam, consequently salt was retained landward of the dam. Local stratification in the southern branch caused salt to remain in the deeper parts, limiting the effectiveness of flushing after the storm surge. In the post-storm period, salt was gradually released from the southern branch, raising salinity levels in an adjacent channel. The river discharge was only just below the yearly average, showing prolonged salt intrusion can also occur outside of dry periods.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JC021520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental archaeological project in recreating an ancient bronze naval ram","authors":"Stephen DeCasien ,&nbsp;Christopher Dostal ,&nbsp;Glenn Grieco","doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jas.2025.106217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ancient bronze naval rams were a weapon used in Mediterranean naval warfare to destroy, swamp, or sink enemy vessels for nearly a millennium (c. 500 BCE–500 CE). This study utilized experimental archaeological methods to reconstruct a ram using shipbuilding and casting techniques reflective of those from Greek and Roman cultures. This project represents the first successful casting of a ram in over 1500 years, informed by textual, iconographic, and archaeological evidence. The findings challenge the prevailing assumption that rams were manufactured using sand-casting or indirect lost-wax casting techniques. Instead, this study supports the theory that rams were produced using the direct lost-wax casting method, employing standardized processes that were customized to accommodate the specific dimensions of each ship and the required ram size. Furthermore, this experimental project provides critical insights into the process, labor, time, and materials required for ram production, offering a deeper understanding of the socioeconomic dimensions of naval warfare in the ancient Mediterranean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":50254,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 106217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mössbauer-derived equilibrium iron isotope fractionation factors for troilite (FeS) and aegirine (NaFeSi2O6)","authors":"Mikhail V. Voronin,&nbsp;Veniamin B. Polyakov,&nbsp;Evgeniy G. Osadchii","doi":"10.1007/s00269-025-01317-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-025-01317-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Troilite was synthesized and its Mössbauer spectra in the temperature range 90 ÷ 295 K were obtained. The equilibrium iron isotope fractionation factors (β-factors) for troilite were estimated from the temperature shift (TS) in the Mössbauer spectra. The TS was described by the Debye model, and the Mössbauer temperature (<i>θ</i>_<i>M</i>) was calculated. It is shown that the quantum component of TS, at temperatures above ~ 0.6<i>θ</i>_<i>M</i>, does not exceed the statistical error of the measurements. The use of experimental results at these temperatures leads to significant errors in the estimation of <i>θ</i>_<i>M</i>. Based on Mössbauer data at temperatures below 0.6<i>θ</i>_<i>M</i> (from 90 to 190 K), <i>θ</i>_<i>M</i> = 319 K was found. The temperature dependence of the iron β-factor for troilite, calculated from this value of <i>θ</i>_<i>M</i>, is as follows: ⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁴Fe 10³ln<i>β</i> = 0.42388<i>x − </i>0.51351 × 10⁻³<i>x</i>² + 0.96769 × 10⁻⁶<i>x</i>³; <i>x</i> = 10⁶/<i>T</i>² where <i>T</i> is the absolute temperature. The Mössbauer temperature dependence of the iron β-factor for troilite agrees well with the results of its estimation by nuclear resonance inelastic X-ray scattering on ⁵⁷Fe nuclei. The same approach was applied to assess the iron β-factors for aegirine. Previously obtained <i>θ</i>_<i>M</i> = 540 K for aegirine was corrected down to <i>θ</i>_<i>M</i> = 479 K using Mössbauer data at temperatures below 0.6<i>θ</i>_<i>M</i>. The temperature dependence of the iron β-factor for aegirine: ⁵⁷Fe/⁵⁴Fe 10³ln<i>β</i> = 0.95573<i>x − </i>2.6105 × 10⁻³<i>x</i>² 11.09185 × 10⁻⁶<i>x</i>³ matches with that from the first principal calculations. This resolves the contradiction between Mössbauer-derived and first principle calculated iron β-factors for aegirine.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Data on the Formation of Nanophase Iron in the Lunar Soil","authors":"E. M. Sorokin,&nbsp;M. V. Gerasimov,&nbsp;M. A. Zaitsev,&nbsp;V. D. Shcherbakov,&nbsp;K. M. Ryazantsev,&nbsp;S. P. Krasheninnikov,&nbsp;O. I. Yakovlev,&nbsp;E. N. Slyuta","doi":"10.1134/S001670292470085X","DOIUrl":"10.1134/S001670292470085X","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The formation of nanophase metallic iron (npFe⁰) in lunar regoliths, which is observed in the condensate films on the surface of mineral grains and in agglutinate glasses, is one of the signs of “space weathering” on the Moon under the influence of solar wind and micrometeorite bombardment. The paper presents the results of laser experiments simulating micrometeorite “impact” on basalt, olivine, pyroxene and some other types of targets. Numerous iron nanospherules that are often arranged into chains and clusters were found in the molten products of the “impact.” The experiments showed that npFe⁰ can be formed without the participation of implanted solar wind ions (hydrogen ions) as a reducing agent, as well as without iron condensation from shock-formed vapor. Similar clusters of nanophase metallic iron and chain structures are observed in the impact glasses of the lunar regolith and asteroid particles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12781,"journal":{"name":"Geochemistry International","volume":"63 2","pages":"129 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}