地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Petrogenesis of Chang'E-6 basalts and implication for multi-episode volcanism in the lunar farside basin","authors":"Dehan Shen ,&nbsp;Shijie Li ,&nbsp;Shaolin Li ,&nbsp;Yingkui Xu ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Mingbao Li ,&nbsp;Deliang Wang ,&nbsp;Ronghua Pang ,&nbsp;Yuwei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhipeng Han","doi":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119335","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119335","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mare basalts are products of lunar mantle via partial melting, and hence viewed as crucial probes of the mantle's composition and thermal state. While previous mission-returned lunar samples have provided valuable insights into the composition and structure of the lunar interior, our understanding remains limited because all samples have been collected from the lunar nearside. Consequently, numerous scientific questions about the Moon's dichotomy remain unresolved. In June 2024, China's Chang'E-6 (CE-6) mission successfully returned the first-ever samples from lunar farside, which marks a new era in lunar science. In this work, we examine the petrography, mineralogy, and geochemistry of CE-6 basaltic fragments. Our results reveal that the basaltic fragments at the CE-6 landing site exhibit variable chemical compositions, ranging from very low-Ti to low-Ti types. The diversity in the petrogenesis of these basaltic rocks demonstrates significant differences in the mantle source and subsequent magmatic processes. Combined with remote sensing data, these findings indicate a complex thermal evolution for the southern mare of the Apollo basin in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin, which experienced at least three episodes of volcanism. Additionally, the broad variation in TiO₂ content suggests the possibility of even more episodes of volcanism occurred and more types of basalts existed in this farside basin of the Moon. Furthermore, the multi-episodes magmatism occurred in the lunar farside basin, suggests that spatial variations in magma production rates across the Moon's interior may be negligible. The petrogenetic modeling of CE-6 basaltic fragments demonstrates that incompatible element concentrations and mineral modes are likely to be similar across lunar nearside to farside mantle. In contrast, the lunar crust appears to play a critical role in controlling basaltic magma eruptions on the farside surface.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11481,"journal":{"name":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","volume":"659 ","pages":"Article 119335"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Understanding of the Poyang Lake-Yangtze River Interaction: A Backwater Effect on the Yangtze River Perspective","authors":"Yuanyuan Meng,&nbsp;Liguang Jiang,&nbsp;Erhu Du,&nbsp;Xingxing Zhang,&nbsp;Weijie Wang,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1029/2025GL114807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL114807","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interconnected river-lake systems are much more complex than either one due to their interactions. The Poyang Lake-Yangtze River system has received much attention due to the reverse flow from the Yangtze River, which blocks the flow of Poyang Lake and causes extensive inundation. However, a less explored perspective is the backwater effects of lake outflow on the Yangtze River. This study seeks to fill this gap by investigating the water surface slope (WSS) along the 294 km reach upstream of the confluence. Results show that huge variations of WSS (the maximum doubles the minimum) occur due to the dynamics of lake outflow and river discharge. The backwater can extend upstream to around 74 km. Elevated water level at Jiujiang can be up to 14.1 m in the worst case. The findings can advance our understanding of complex hydrodynamic processes in river-lake systems and provide important policy implications for flood management.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL114807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volcanic aerosols lend causality to the indicated substantial susceptibility of clouds to aerosol over global oceans","authors":"Xin Wang, Feiyue Mao, Daniel Rosenfeld, Yannian Zhu, Zengxin Pan, Yang Cao, Lin Zang, Xin Lu, Wei Gong","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-00974-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-00974-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The large indicated associations between aerosols and cloud radiative effects imply large negative radiative forcing, i.e., cooling incurred by the aerosols’ effects on clouds, if their relationships are causal. The alternative explanation is aerosol-meteorology co-variability. Here, we examine whether aerosols are the primary driver of aerosol-cloud co-variability, i.e., constituting susceptibility of the cloud properties to aerosols. It is done by domains affected by volcanic aerosols, where the aerosol-meteorology co-variability is expected to be minimized. We hypothesize that volcanic aerosols would reduce aerosol-meteorology co-variability under similar meteorology, thus diminishing aerosol-cloud co-variability. However, our findings in both volcanic and non-volcanic regions across the global oceans indicate a consistent pattern of aerosol-cloud co-variability. This does not prove definitively a causal link between aerosols and cloud properties, but mininimizes the probability that meteorological co-variability is a major cause.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank You to Our 2024 Reviewers","authors":"Kelly Caylor,&nbsp;John Abatzoglou,&nbsp;Kirsten de Beurs,&nbsp;Gonéri Le Cozannet,&nbsp;Carole Dalin,&nbsp;Noah S. Diffenbaugh,&nbsp;Dabo Guan,&nbsp;Robert E. Kopp,&nbsp;Jesse Kroll,&nbsp;Justin Mankin,&nbsp;Ashok Mishra,&nbsp;Vimal Mishra,&nbsp;Jennifer Murphy,&nbsp;Michael Puma,&nbsp;Patrick M. Reed,&nbsp;Maria Cristina Rulli,&nbsp;Anna Trugman,&nbsp;Xin Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025EF006299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025EF006299","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On behalf of the journal, AGU, and the scientific community, we, the editors of Earth's Future, are delighted to publish the names of the 1,061 peer reviewers who provided 1,642 reviews for our journal in 2024 (italicized names have contributed three or more reviews). Your diligent efforts to provide timely comments on our submissions have significantly improved the manuscripts and elevated the scientific rigor of future research. As a unique transdisciplinary journal, Earth's Future delves into the state of the planet and its inhabitants, sustainable and resilient societies, the science of the Anthropocene, and predictions of our shared future through research articles, reviews, and commentaries. In the face of observed and anticipated global environmental and climatic changes, the need for high-quality scientific theories, assessments, and projections about the future of our planet has never been more pressing. To safeguard research integrity in this crucial area, we rely on our reviewers' expertise and selfless cooperation. We extend our heartfelt thanks to each of the individuals listed below for their contributions to our journal and the broader scientific discourse. Your dedication is immensely appreciated.</p>","PeriodicalId":48748,"journal":{"name":"Earths Future","volume":"13 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025EF006299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Boreal Summer Rainfall Changes in Eastern China and Associated Spatial Heterogeneous Jets Variations During the Arctic Amplification Period","authors":"Yuting Liu,&nbsp;Daokai Xue,&nbsp;Danqing Huang","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042874","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042874","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Arctic surface temperature rising has been three times faster than the globe, referred to as the Arctic amplification (AA). However, the changes of boreal summer rainfall in eastern China and associated physical mechanisms during the AA period are still under investigation. In this study, we explored the boreal summer meridional quadrupolar rainfall changes in eastern China during the AA period, distributed as positive-negative-positive-negative anomaly pattern form north to south in eastern China. This pattern is significantly linked with the heterogeneous variations of the polar front jet (PJ) and subtropical jet (SJ), as the PJ displaced poleward over the Eurasia and the SJ displaced equatorward from the North Atlantic to East Asia. Such movement of different branches of jets are referred as the wavier jets that can be maintained by the negative phase of East Atlantic-Europe Pacific teleconnection (−EAUP), which might be associated with the positive phase of the Victoria mode over the North Pacific, the tripole sea surface temperature mode over the North Atlantic, and the reduction of sea ice concentration over Arctic. This study has emphasized the role of the heterogeneous variations of PJ and SJ playing on boreal summer quadrupolar rainfall changes in eastern China during the AA period.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A fast physics-based perturbation generator of machine learning weather model for efficient ensemble forecasts of tropical cyclone track","authors":"Jingchen Pu, Mu Mu, Jie Feng, Xiaohui Zhong, Hao Li","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01009-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01009-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional ensemble forecasting based on numerical weather prediction (NWP) models, is constrained by the need for massive computational resources, resulting in limited ensemble sizes. Although emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-based weather models offer high forecast accuracy and improved computational efficiency, they still face considerable challenges in ensemble forecasting applications, due to the unclear error growth dynamic and the lack of suitable ensemble methods in AI-based models. In this study, we propose a fast, physics-constrained perturbation scheme through the self-evolution dynamics of an AI-based weather model for ensemble forecasting of tropical cyclones (TCs). These initial perturbations are conditioned on specific amplitude and spatial characteristics, exhibiting physically reasonable dynamical growth and spatial covariance. Based on this perturbation scheme, the TC track ensemble forecasts within the AI-based model significantly outperform those from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for both deterministic and probabilistic metrics. Notably, we conduct TC track forecasts with 2000 members for the first time, achieving further enhanced forecast skills in probability distribution and extreme scenarios of TC movement.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"443 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143734263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroclimatic Constraints on Tree Transpiration-Induced Cooling Across Global Biomes","authors":"Muhammad Hayat,&nbsp;Xianli Xu,&nbsp;Ran Liu","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113551","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite trees' critical role in regulating global warming, their direct transpiration-induced cooling (TIC) effects in response to background climate at the global scale are currently not well understood by ground observations. We used the global observation-based SAPFLUXNET data set to quantify the trees' TIC and investigate how hydroclimatic variables affect TIC across biomes. Results show that TIC (i.e., air temperature reduction (ΔT)) was highest in tropical rainforests (3.24°C m⁻² d⁻¹) and lowest in temperate grassland deserts (0.06°C m⁻² d⁻¹). ΔT was mainly driven by air temperature and vapor pressure deficit in warm-wet biomes, while precipitation and soil water content (SWC) in hot-dry biomes. Globally, we found an average critical SWC threshold (SWC_crit) for ΔT (0.37 m³ m⁻³), with higher values in warm-wet and lower values in hot-dry biomes. These findings provide novel insights into the role of trees in mitigating global warming and improving the hydroclimatic constraints in models.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative study of snow sublimation in the Altai Mountains","authors":"He Jianqiao ,&nbsp;He Xiaodong ,&nbsp;Jiang Xi ,&nbsp;Zhang Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.atmosres.2025.108109","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The sublimation of snow has a major impact on the global climate. We present a simple empirical formula that allows snow sublimation to be quantified on the interannual scale in the Altai Mountains. This empirical formula is based on the fitting of measured temperature and snow water equivalent (SWE) data for midwinter collected between 2011 and 2018 at the Koktokay snow station, located at the outlet of the Kayiertesi River Basin. The results suggest that there is a best-fitting linear relationship (<em>r</em> = −0.98; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001) between the temperature and snow sublimation rates. The low sublimation rate, which was only 0.2 mm day⁻¹, corresponded to a low air temperature and high relative humidity, and the sublimation loss accounted for 2.6 % and 5.6 % of the annual precipitation and snowfall, respectively. Based on the proposed empirical formula and the hourly meteorological data from the ERA5 Land reanalysis, we calculated the sublimation rate in the Irtysh River Basin from 2011 to 2018. The results reveal that the cumulative snow sublimation loss was 14.3 mm y⁻¹, comprising 8.2 % of the snowfall and 3.9 % of the annual precipitation. Due to the relative ease of collecting field observations of the temperature and SWE, this simple formula, which has a high level of goodness of fit, is more applicable to the study of issues related to snow mass balance over long time scales in the Altai Mountains, and it also provides support for local snowmelt flood warning and water resource management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8600,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Research","volume":"321 ","pages":"Article 108109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143738170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Barrier Layer Variability in the Central Equatorial Pacific Associated With ENSO Development","authors":"Cong Guan,&nbsp;Michael J. McPhaden,&nbsp;Shijian Hu,&nbsp;Fan Wang,&nbsp;Yuanlong Li,&nbsp;Manman Cui","doi":"10.1029/2024GL113396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL113396","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous studies suggest that a thick barrier layer can strengthen surface warming during El Niño and vice versa for La Niña. Here we find barrier layer changes of up to 6 m in the central equatorial Pacific (CEP, 170°E−160°W, 5°S–5°N) in response to a 1°C change in the Niño 3.4 index using 19 years of Argo observations. Our analysis reveals that mixed layer variability due to strong interannual salinity anomalies determines the changes in CEP barrier layer thickness (BLT) during El Niño Southern Oscillation events since isothermal layer variations are minimal there. During El Niño, enhanced rainfall leads to anomalous surface freshening in the CEP especially west of the dateline, while anomalous vertical-sheared zonal current results in stronger vertical salinity stratification and thicker barrier layer east of the dateline in the CEP. Surface-layer zonal current advection in general contributes to a thicker barrier layer in the entire CEP.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL113396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sea Spray Generation Function for Large Droplets Based on Sea Salt Aerosol Flux Observation","authors":"Xueling Cheng,&nbsp;Jiangbo Jin,&nbsp;Peng Fan,&nbsp;Run Guo,&nbsp;Yubin Ma,&nbsp;Jian Huang,&nbsp;Shouyin Zheng,&nbsp;Jiatian Chen,&nbsp;Hengchi Lei,&nbsp;Qingcun Zeng","doi":"10.1029/2025JD043359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD043359","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Marine droplets, as the largest natural aerosol source after sand and dust, can have a significant impact on climate change, air pollution, typhoons, and other disaster weather. At present, due to the lack of observational data and insufficient understanding of turbulent transport processes in the air-sea boundary layer, there is considerable uncertainty in the generation function of sea spray droplets, especially for droplets with a particle size greater than 20 μm, most of the generation functions underestimate them. The multiple experiments on observing droplets were conducted in the air-sea boundary layer using a self-developed droplet spectrometer. The concentration and upward velocity of large droplets with particle sizes ranging from 25μm to 1.6 mm were obtained. The sea spray generation function was analyzed using the observed data, and the results showed that the sea salt aerosol (SSA) flux of large droplets was much higher than that given by existing sea spray generation functions, providing a new generation function for large droplets in calculating SSA flux in ocean models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}