地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Simultaneous Observation of Duskside and Dawnside Subauroral Polarization Streams During an Intense Magnetic Storm","authors":"Bianlong Zhao,&nbsp;Jiaojiao Zhang,&nbsp;Qinghe Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Wang,&nbsp;Zanyang Xing,&nbsp;L. R. Lyons,&nbsp;Y. Nishimura,&nbsp;Kjellmar Oksavik,&nbsp;Xiangyu Wang,&nbsp;Hang Li,&nbsp;Yuzhang Ma,&nbsp;Yong Wang,&nbsp;Duan Zhang,&nbsp;Chi Wang,&nbsp;Xiang Deng,&nbsp;Ailan Lan,&nbsp;Jingye Yan,&nbsp;J. Michael Ruohoniemi,&nbsp;Nozomu Nishitani,&nbsp;Simon G. Shepherd,&nbsp;Tong Xu,&nbsp;Shuji Sun","doi":"10.1029/2024GL114160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL114160","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The duskside and dawnside subauroral polarization streams (SAPS) refer to high-velocity westward and eastward plasma flows located equatorward of the auroral oval. While extensive research has focused on the duskside SAPS, the simultaneous evolution of both dawnside and duskside SAPS remains unreported. In this study, for the first time, we investigated the simultaneous evolution of duskside and dawnside SAPS using multiple Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars during an intense storm. Observations indicate that the duskside SAPS exhibits a wider magnetic local time extension (∼7 MLT) and longer duration (∼1 hr) than the dawnside SAPS. Furthermore, the duskside SAPS resides within low-density mid-latitude troughs, whereas the dawnside SAPS is not located within the trough. The dawnside SAPS exhibits significantly higher electron density but comparable velocity to the duskside SAPS. These findings highlight the distinct evolution of dawnside and duskside SAPS, providing new insights into the electrodynamic processes of subauroral ionosphere and magnetosphere coupling.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024GL114160","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Election and policy inaction","authors":"Lingxiao Yan","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02433-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02433-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Low-income countries are disproportionately affected by climate-induced natural disasters. A large number of people in these countries have experienced climate shocks and hold strong environmental concerns. However, such concerns rarely affect politicians’ behaviour and translate into actual policy actions, even with democratic institutions that should enable voters to express their preferences through elections.</p><p>Allan Hsiao of Stanford University, USA, and Nicholas Kuipers of Princeton University, USA, used the 2024 Indonesian election as a chance to examine why such a gap exists. In advance of the election, they first surveyed both voters and politicians to measure their preferences over climate issues. They confirm that politicians tend to underestimate voters’ concerns over climate change and pollution. However, in an informational intervention experiment, they find that correcting these misperceptions helps politicians to learn, while barely affecting politicians’ support for policy action. They discuss three mechanisms that could explain the phenomenon: information only induces support among politicians who were most heavily misinformed at baseline; elite capture hinders environmental protection; and voters prioritize progress in other domains beyond climate issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145017586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity changes during heatwaves","authors":"Danyang Cheng","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02431-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02431-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heat exposure and adaptive responses during heatwaves are tightly linked to mobility behaviours, which shape or constrain opportunities to seek cooler environments. However, there is limited literature on how people adjust their everyday activities in response to extreme heat.</p><p>Shiv Yücel and Tim Schwanen from the University of Oxford, UK, analysed Google Community Mobility Reports to explore changes in anchor (home, work, transit), essential (grocery, pharmacy) and discretionary (retail, recreation, parks) activities during summer heatwaves. Their findings reveal regional differences in non-work adaptation. For instance, in Oregon, Washington and California, rising temperatures during heatwaves reduces essential and discretionary activity. By contrast, British Columbia shows increased visits to essential and discretionary spaces and a decline in time spent at home during heatwaves. Urban form and socioeconomic disparities also influence activity trade-offs during heatwaves. For instance, in lower-income counties, park visitation tends to increase during heatwaves, potentially used as an out-of-home cooling option. Additionally, adaptation is a dynamic process that evolves over time. This study underscores the diverse pathways of behavioural adaptation and the structural factors that influence them.</p>","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145017270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper Permian to lowermost Triassic carbon isotope stratigraphy of Iranian open-marine successions","authors":"Sakineh Arefifard ,&nbsp;Christoph Korte ,&nbsp;Jonathan L. Payne","doi":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The end-Permian mass extinction is widely interpreted to have occurred in response to a carbon cycle perturbation and its environmental consequences. However, the distinctiveness of the boundary event relative to the long-term background variations remains incompletely resolved. Variations of both δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org have been reported in some Lopingian (Upper Permian) stratigraphic sections, but the extent to which they represent global carbon cycle dynamics remains uncertain. The paucity of carbon-isotope records for the Upper Permian creates challenges for interpreting the boundary event within its long-term context. In this study, we report new marine δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org data from Lopingian and lowermost Triassic successions in the Ali Bashi and Zal sections, Julfa region, NW Iran, and two sections in Hambast Valley, Abadeh region, SW Iran as well as using data from <span><span>Korte et al. (2004a)</span></span> representing a third section in Abadeh. We also compare these new data with existing records from other deep-water Permian-Triassic (P-Tr) sections in South China. In most of those P-Tr sections, there is substantial correspondence between δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org across the P-Tr boundary, confirming prior interpretations that the negative excursion in δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org records a global carbon cycle perturbation. On the other hand, δ¹³C_carb records from Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian) deep-water sections in Iran and South China exhibit conflicting stratigraphic variation, likely due to the local influences of meteoric and/or burial diagenesis. The lack of reproducibility between Iranian and Chinese sections of the Upper Permian δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org shifts and evidence for diagenetic alteration highlights the challenges of interpreting carbon cycle dynamics from the geological past without multiple tests, such as correlation across space and correspondence of δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org records. The new data from the Julfa and Abadeh sections add to the evidence that the Late Permian carbon cycle was generally stable for millions of years prior to the end-Permian carbon isotope excursion and associated mass extinction event.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19928,"journal":{"name":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","volume":"679 ","pages":"Article 113268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of Denisovan paleohabitats in shaping modern human genetic resistance to viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections","authors":"Attila J. Trájer","doi":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103746","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jhevol.2025.103746","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Denisovans contributed notably to the genomes of present-day East and Southeast Asians. However, the relationship between the inhabited paleohabitats and the adaptive genetic traits related to infections in modern humans remains underexplored. This study uses geospatial techniques to analyze climatic factors associated with three Denisovan archaeological sites linked to nine specimens. Additionally, past and present climates and biomes, as well as the geographic distributions of eight infectious agents and disease vector groups, were modeled and compared with the modern genetic heritage of Denisovans. Findings reveal that the identified Denisovans inhabited subarctic and monsoon-influenced temperate climates, occupying boreal and seasonal forest biomes in the three studied archaeological sites. Sites such as Denisova Cave and Baishiya Karst Cave exhibited low climatic suitability for <em>Ascaris lumbricoides</em>, visceral leishmaniasis, and Nipah virus. <em>Plasmodium vivax–</em> and <em>Aedes albopictus–</em>like vectors plausibly were also not present. Conversely, Denisova Cave and Baishiya Karst Cave exhibit high climatic suitability for <em>Ixodes persulcatus</em> and Lyme borreliosis when Denisovans inhabited these sites. The paleoenvironment of the Laotian Cobra Cave site—with the exception of Nipah henipavirus—was suitable for all modeled pathogens and vectors. From the studied vectors and diseases, <em>I. persulcatus</em> and Lyme borreliosis are missing from Melanesia, where the region’s humans have the highest Denisovan legacy. This suggests that Denisovans from humid continental climates, such as those near Cobra Cave, may have contributed alleles providing adaptive advantages against ascariasis and mosquito-borne diseases in environments where modern human populations with high Denisovan genetic legacy reside.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54805,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Human Evolution","volume":"207 ","pages":"Article 103746"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blue Carbon Ecosystems Modulate the Air-Sea CO2 Exchange and Coastal Acidification in Tropical Estuaries","authors":"Jianzhong Su,&nbsp;Shimin Xiao,&nbsp;Cong Tan,&nbsp;Zhixiong Huang,&nbsp;Min Nina Xu,&nbsp;Ehui Tan,&nbsp;Liguo Guo,&nbsp;Guizhi Wang,&nbsp;Wei-Jun Cai,&nbsp;Shuh-Ji Kao","doi":"10.1029/2025JC023089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JC023089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The diverse and productive blue carbon ecosystems (mangrove, seagrass, salt marsh, and macroalgae) provide many ecosystem services and play an important role in climate change mitigation and adaptation. However, less is known about how different biogeochemical processes within blue carbon ecosystems can influence seawater carbonate dynamics especially on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (<i>p</i>CO₂) and pH. Through underway <i>p</i>CO₂ measurements and discrete water samples, we examined the spatial and temporal distributions of the carbonate system in two tropical mangrove estuaries and one benthic-macroalgae-vegetated lagoon. In early summer, the mangrove estuaries behaved as weak CO₂ sources of 2.0–4.0 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹, whereas the tropical lagoon became a CO₂ sink of −6.4 mmol m⁻² d⁻¹. The chemical stoichiometry, stable carbon isotope, and other geochemical tracers reveal that carbonate dissolution and sulfate reduction followed by aerobic respiration are dominant controls on carbonate dynamics in mangrove estuaries. Without alkalinity enhancement driven by carbonate dissolution and sulfate reduction mainly from mangrove sediments, CO₂ emission would be 23 times larger than current observation, and pH would decrease by 0.39 units on an estuary-wide scale. However, in macroalgae-inhabited lagoon primary production followed by carbonate formation could draw <i>p</i>CO₂ down to 70 μatm and raise pH to 8.8, which are significantly distinct from the normal estuarine water. This study demonstrates that lateral export of alkalinity from mangrove sediments and the in situ metabolism of macroalgae can significantly influence the estuarine air-sea CO₂ flux and acidification status, and emphasizes the importance of protecting and restoring the blue carbon ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54340,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans","volume":"130 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomagnetic Dipole Strength During the Cretaceous Normal Superchron Recorded by Baked Sediments From Hainan (SE Asia)","authors":"Yuchen Chi,&nbsp;Florian Lhuillier,&nbsp;Jun Meng,&nbsp;Chunyang Zhang,&nbsp;Valeriy P. Shcherbakov","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116894","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Cretaceous Normal Superchron constitutes an enigmatic ∼37-Myr interval of stable polarity in the history of the Earth's magnetic field. The strength of the geomagnetic dipole moment during this interval is controversial, with absolute paleointensity determinations on crystallized volcanic rocks, volcanic glasses, and silicate crystals yielding statistically different averages. In this study, we present the first paleointensities in the mid of the superchron conducted on baked sediments from Hainan (SE Asia). This hitherto underexploited material, akin to baked clays used in archeomagnetism, produces unambiguous linear Arai-Nagata diagrams over 60%–90% of the fraction of natural remanent magnetization. Using strict selection criteria, we show that baked sediments, volcanic glasses, and silicate crystals are consistent with a dipole moment ∼40% higher than the present-day value. Relying on 22 independent determinations only, this combined data set leaves open the question of the dependency between geomagnetic dipole strength and reversal frequency.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Truth discernment may not help to overcome misinformation","authors":"Tobia Spampatti","doi":"10.1038/s41558-025-02426-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-025-02426-7","url":null,"abstract":"Scientists increasingly assess interventions against misinformation mainly via truth discernment. However, pursuing truth discernment may not be sufficiently beneficial to society if interventions do not improve behaviour and other outcomes.","PeriodicalId":18974,"journal":{"name":"Nature Climate Change","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":30.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145009026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracies, discrepancies, and challenges of the 10 m global land cover products in mountains","authors":"Amin Naboureh, Ainong Li, Jinhu Bian, Meysam Moharrami, Hamid Ebrahimy, Guangbin Lei, Xi Nan, Zhengjian Zhang, Bakhtiar Feizizadeh, Paolo Dabove, Mohsen Makki, Tobias Sauter, Sara Attarchi, Meisam Amani","doi":"10.1080/15481603.2025.2556064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2025.2556064","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55091,"journal":{"name":"GIScience & Remote Sensing","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145017897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-Eddy Simulation of the Spray-Laden Hurricane Boundary Layer: I. Spray Transport and Statistics","authors":"David H. Richter,&nbsp;George H. Bryan,&nbsp;John Dennis,&nbsp;Jian Sun,&nbsp;Sheri Voelz","doi":"10.1029/2025JD044054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JD044054","url":null,"abstract":"<p>For decades, theoretical, observational, numerical, and experimental efforts have sought to quantify the behavior of sea spray in the high-wind boundary layer. A persistent problem, however, is that it is notoriously difficult to examine spray effects directly: observations are scarce, and numerical simulations are often idealized or lacking in a full representation of the physical processes involved. In this study, we provide the most complete treatment of spray transport and coupling with the hurricane boundary layer to-date by conducting high-resolution large-eddy simulations coupled with Lagrangian spray droplets across a range of wind speed using a GPU-accelerated model. In this first of a two-part work, we describe the turbulence, the impacts of spray on mean profiles, and the dispersion of spray throughout the boundary layer. Spray has minimal impacts on the velocity and turbulence statistics, while at the same time having a much more pronounced influence on profiles of temperature and water vapor. Droplet concentrations roughly follow the conventional power-law shape above the droplet injection layer, although almost universally over predict the droplet number concentrations. The Lagrangian lifetime statistics are computed as well, and it is shown that estimates based on a droplet falling at its Stokes terminal velocity from the significant wave height is inaccurate and cannot capture the wide range of possible droplet lifetimes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025JD044054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}