地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Simulation of Acoustic-Gravity Waves Generated by an Earthquake and Explanation of the Ionospheric Disturbance Observed During 2023 M 7.7 Turkey Earthquake","authors":"Ting Li,&nbsp;Yongxin Gao,&nbsp;Chieh-Hung Chen,&nbsp;Yang-Yi Sun,&nbsp;Xuemin Zhang,&nbsp;Jaroslav Chum,&nbsp;Guanqun Zhou,&nbsp;Jian Wen,&nbsp;Xiaofei Chen","doi":"10.1029/2025JA033711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025JA033711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a semi-analytic method that allows efficiently simulating acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) excited by an earthquake source in a stratified lithosphere-atmosphere model. First, we introduce the surface harmonic vectors to transform the atmospheric governing equations and the elastodynamic equations from the frequency-space to frequency-wavenumber domain. Next, we compute the wavefields in the frequency-wavenumber domain using a global matrix method incorporating boundary conditions and the source contribution. Finally, we obtain the time-space responses through the wavenumber integration and fast Fourier transform. We use this method to investigate the characteristics of AGWs generated by an earthquake source. The results reveal two main types of AGWs: the epicenter AGW generated by seismic waves near the epicenter and the head AGWs generated by the seismic waves that travel along the free surface. The epicenter AGW shows lower frequency compared with the head waves. AGWs caused by earthquakes with different focal mechanisms exhibit different energy distributions. Particularly, both the epicenter and head AGWs caused by a vertical strike fault are weak along the strike direction. The epicenter AGW is very sensitive to the source depth comparing to the head AGW. We also find that the Earth structure has little effect on the epicenter AGW but a significant effect on the head AGWs. We use our method to simulate the ionospheric disturbance observed from the Doppler frequency shift data following the 2023 Turkey M 7.7 earthquake. The good agreement suggests that our method provides a good understanding of the lithospheric and atmospheric coupling.</p>","PeriodicalId":15894,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CLUBB Reduces Low-Cloud Dependency on Shallow Convective Mixing in the Community Atmosphere Model: Insight From Stable Water Isotopes","authors":"Michelle Frazer,&nbsp;Adriana Bailey,&nbsp;Jesse Nusbaumer,&nbsp;Jun Hu,&nbsp;Kyle Niezgoda,&nbsp;Sylvia Dee","doi":"10.1029/2024JD042053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JD042053","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modeling experiments and field campaigns have evaluated shallow convective mixing as a potential constraint on the low-cloud climate feedback, which is critical for establishing climate sensitivity. Yet the apparent relationship between low-cloud fraction and shallow convective mixing differs substantially among general circulation models (GCMs), large eddy simulations, and both remote sensing and in situ observations. Here, we consider how changes in GCMs' representations of subgrid-scale vertical moist fluxes can alter the cloud-mixing relationship. Using vertical profiles of water vapor isotope ratios (<i>δD</i>) to characterize the strength of shallow convective mixing in a manner that can be compared directly to satellite observations, we evaluate the cloud-mixing relationship produced in tiered experiments with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). From versions 5 to 6 of CAM, the most notable physics change is CLUBB, a scheme that unifies the representation of shallow convection and boundary layer turbulence through a joint probability density function (PDF) for subgrid velocity and moisture. CLUBB reduces the covariance between low-cloud fraction and shallow convective mixing, producing a bivariate distribution that is more similar in character to monthly averaged satellite observations. Using parameter sensitivity experiments, we argue that CLUBB's ability to simulate skewness in the distribution of vertical velocity produces more isolated but stronger moist updrafts, which reduce the grid-mean low-cloud fraction while maintaining efficient hydrological connectivity between the boundary layer and the free troposphere. These results suggest that mixing is not an effective predictor of low-cloud feedback in GCMs with PDF closure schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":15986,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","volume":"130 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JD042053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ Measurements of Sensible Heat Fluxes in a Tropical Cyclone","authors":"M. Novomestsky,&nbsp;J. J. Voermans,&nbsp;A. V. Babanin","doi":"10.1029/2025GL115842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL115842","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sensible heat fluxes play a major role in the formation and dynamics of Tropical Cyclones (TC), however in situ measurements of these fluxes have been impeded by the challenging and extreme conditions associated with these events. We used two sonic anemometers elevated at fixed height above the mean ocean surface to measure sensible heat fluxes using the eddy covariance method during the near-passage of TC Olwyn and Quang. We do so after empirically deriving a conversion factor between virtual temperature, as measured by the anemometer, and the absolute temperature. We find that the magnitudes of these fluxes during the passage of the TC largely agree with COARE 3.6, but have opposite sign. This sign change may be the result of complex interaction processes between the ocean and atmosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL115842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Which Projections Do I Use?” Strategies for Climate Model Ensemble Subset Selection Based on Regional Stakeholder Needs","authors":"A. M. Wootten,&nbsp;E. C. Massoud,&nbsp;C. Raymond","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116492","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116492","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate model (or earth system model) projections are increasingly used for climate adaptation planning and impact assessments. As part of this process, many end-users evaluate a subset of downscaled climate projections without being aware of the implications of downscaling methodology for statistics or event outcomes. Approaches for determining a subset of global climate models to use often focus on values from the raw models, rather than from their downscaled counterparts, in other words assuming that the statistical distribution of the multi-model ensemble does not change post downscaling. This study demonstrates that a downscaled ensemble will typically retain the change distribution as a raw ensemble, but individual models can differ dramatically post-downscaling. We recommend that subset-selection methods account for this possibility and that decision-relevant downscaled climate projections provide proper descriptions of fitness-for-purpose and essential caveats, so that non-specialists can interpret the results with an appropriate level of confidence.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116492","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Secular compositional changes in granitoids and felsic volcanics: the tectonic setting control","authors":"Kent C. Condie ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Puetz ,&nbsp;Christopher J. Spencer ,&nbsp;Nick M.W. Roberts","doi":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chemgeo.2025.122950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abstract</div><div>This study presents results for secular compositional change of 12 geochemical variables in granitoids and felsic volcanics in the last 3 Gyr grouped into two tectonic settings, orogenic and within-plate. Time series are constructed from median values of geochemical data compiled in 250-Myr bins. Within-plate granitoid and felsic volcanic time series (high SiO₂, (Na₂O + K₂O)/CaO, Fe Index, Y + Nb, Ga/Al; low Sr/Y, Eu/Eu*, La/Nb) are displaced from the orogenic series, consistent with shallow depths of magma generation and an overall lower degree of partial melting or/and more fractional crystallization for within-plate magmas through time. Orogenic granitoid and felsic volcanic geochemical time series for La/Yb, Th/Yb, La/Nb, Y + Nb, and Yb are similar and show a transition at the end of the from dominantly restitic garnet-amphibole-rutile to plagioclase control, the latter reflecting shallower depths of magma generation. Relatively high Eu/Eu* in Archean granitoids and felsic volcanics (and high Sr/Y in Archean granitoids) may imply that plagioclase accumulation is more effective before 2.5 Ga than afterwards, consistent with large volumes of TTG (tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) in the Archean. Low Sr/Y and Eu/Eu* of granitoids and felsic volcanics in the last 1750 Myr likely require significant plagioclase removal by fractional crystallization or/and plagioclase presence in the melting restite. Fractionation of Th from La beginning at 1500 Ma may reflect a change to an apatite-dominated restite, perhaps in response to greater amounts of subducted P-rich sediments entering the sources of felsic magma. Increases in Yb, Y + Nb, and Fe Index and decreases in La/Nb, Eu/Eu*, Sr/Y, La/Yb and Th/Yb in orogenic settings during assembly of Columbia (1800–1500 Ma) reflect shallowing of magma sources, perhaps in hot back-arc basins. Our findings show the importance of tectonic setting on the compositional evolution of felsic magmas, highlighting the need to consider the differences between orogenic and within-plate processes when reconstructing the compositional history of the continental crust into deep time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9847,"journal":{"name":"Chemical Geology","volume":"692 ","pages":"Article 122950"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clay Chemistry of the Thacker Pass Deposit, Nevada: Implications for the Formation of High-Grade Volcano-Sedimentary Lithium Resources","authors":"Christopher Emproto, Thomas R. Benson, Catherine A. Gagnon, Woohyeon Baek, Daniel Ibarra, Adam C. Simon","doi":"10.5382/econgeo.5155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.5155","url":null,"abstract":"Volcano-sedimentary lithium (Li) deposits are a potential source of battery-grade Li, although the important factors controlling Li enrichment in these systems remain unclear. At Thacker Pass in Nevada, high-grade mineralization overprinted intracaldera lacustrine claystone made of authigenic Li-rich smectite with bulk grades of ~3,000 ppm Li, converting it to illitic claystone with grades of ~6,000 ppm Li. Some attribute this enrichment to burial diagenesis, whereas others propose lacustrine Li enrichment through leaching and climate-driven evapoconcentration enhanced by postdepositional hydrothermal alteration. To better understand Li enrichment in volcano-sedimentary systems, claystones from throughout Thacker Pass were analyzed using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), electron microprobe (EPMA), laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and stable isotope (clay δ18O, δ17O, and δ2H and carbonate δ13C and δ18O) methods. Compositional data suggest that illitization is required to achieve clay Li grades above ~0.9 wt % in Mg silicate clays because of a charge-coupled substitution that requires filling interlayer vacancies with K. Clay chemical trends and computational modeling exercises also suggest that F may be important in the formation of Li-rich clays by lowering kinetic barriers to clay precursor growth and illitization. The results are incompatible with diagenetic smectite/illite formation but are consistent with a model wherein authigenic smectite was subjected to hydrothermal alteration in the presence of a K-, Li-, and F-rich fluid that permeated the stratigraphy through a network of normal faults associated with caldera resurgence. These results also enhance our understanding of Li clay formation in other volcano-sedimentary systems.","PeriodicalId":11469,"journal":{"name":"Economic Geology","volume":"648 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144533192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced oxidation capacity driven by pollution-induced chlorine chemistry in the coastal atmosphere","authors":"Gaojie Chen, Ziying Chen, Yanru Zhang, Xiaolong Fan, Lingling Xu, Ziyi Lin, Xiaoting Ji, Jinsheng Chen","doi":"10.1038/s41612-025-01133-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-025-01133-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reactive chlorine chemistry strongly influences the regulation of atmospheric oxidation capacity, thereby exerting profound impacts on the formation of secondary pollutants and air quality. However, current understanding of distributions and formation mechanisms of reactive chlorine species under the influence of air masses induced by pollution remains limited. In this study, we observed a significant increase in the concentrations of ClNO₂, Cl₂, and HOCl driven by pollution under the influence of continental air masses. By integrating field observations with model simulations, we revealed that unknown sources of these chlorine species are associated with nitrate photolysis and aerosol iron-mediated photochemical processes. The elevated levels of chlorine species promoted the increase in RO<i>x</i> radical concentrations, considerably intensifying the chemical formation of O₃ and PAN and changing their sensitivity. These findings highlight the importance of anthropogenic pollutants in driving chlorine chemistry and provide scientific insights into its significance in regulating photochemical pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":19438,"journal":{"name":"npj Climate and Atmospheric Science","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144521003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating adsorption of various heavy metal ions by the reaction products of chrysotile and lizardite-acid interface","authors":"Dingran Zhao ,&nbsp;Hongjuan Sun ,&nbsp;Tongjiang Peng ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Saeed Rehman ,&nbsp;Li Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107925","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clay.2025.107925","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the intensification of mineral resource exploitation, processing activities, and industrial operations worldwide, local soil and water bodies are becoming more and more acidified. Under acidic conditions, the chemical reaction at the interface between serpentine minerals, which are abundant on Earth, and water becomes more complex. Particularly, in slightly acidic wastewater, multiple heavy metal ions often coexist. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the interface ion-specific adsorption behavior of different heavy metal ions by the reaction products at the serpentine-water interface. This study, selected chrysotile and lizardite with distinct structures as raw materials to investigate the variations in their structure, morphology, and associated properties in a 1 mol/L sulfuric acid solution, along with the adsorption characteristics of the reaction products for typical heavy metal ions such as Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺ and Ni²⁺. The results indicate that during the acid treatment process, serpentine minerals with different structures are subjected to varying degrees of structural damage, particularly lizardite, which suffers more severe structural damage. Additionally, the specific surface area and pore volume of the reaction products increased, especially the increase in the edge structure, which enhanced the saturated adsorption capacity for Cr³⁺, Mn²⁺ and Ni²⁺. Kinetics studies revealed that the adsorption effect of the reaction products of serpentine on Cr³⁺ was the most pronounced, indicating an obvious preferential competitive adsorption behavior. The adsorption of these heavy metal ions onto the reaction products followed pseudo-second-order kinetic models as well as Langmuir isothermal adsorption models. This suggests that their adsorption mechanism is mainly a chemical process of monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis showed that temperature had the most significant influence on the adsorption process of Cr³⁺ among the studied heavy metal ions. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding the serpentine-water interface reaction process, the self-purification effect, and its impact on Earth's surface ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":245,"journal":{"name":"Applied Clay Science","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 107925"},"PeriodicalIF":5.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cold and arid climates experienced by Central European hunter-gatherers at Stránská skála IV during the Last Glacial Maximum","authors":"Rhiannon E. Stevens ,&nbsp;Hazel Reade ,&nbsp;Alexander J.E. Pryor ,&nbsp;Kerry L. Sayle ,&nbsp;Jennifer A. Tripp ,&nbsp;Petr Neruda ,&nbsp;Zdeňka Nerudová ,&nbsp;Martina Roblíčková ,&nbsp;Thomas Higham ,&nbsp;Jiří Svoboda","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several studies have argued that human presence in Central Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) may have been restricted to brief periods of climate warming. In particular, Greenland Interstadial-2 (GI-2, c.23,300–22,800 BP), a brief warm event recorded in Greenland ice-core stratigraphy, has been associated with human activity at Central European sites such as Kastelhöhle-Nord and Y-Höhle (Switzerland), and Kammern-Grubgraben (Austria). The Epigravettian open air site of Stránská skála IV, a specialized horse hunting site located in Moravia (Czech Republic), purportedly provides further evidence in support of this hypothesis. However, published radiocarbon dates from Stránská skála IV have age ranges too broad for evaluating the relationship between the chronology of occupation and Greenland ice core stratigraphy events, and low pollen abundance at the site means pollen analysis is an uncertain indicator of climatic conditions. Through a new program of radiocarbon dating and stable isotope analysis of the hunted horse remains from Stránská skála IV, we refine the chronology of the site and provide new insights into environmental conditions during human occupation. Bayesian modelling of seven new ultra-filtered AMS dates moves the timing of site occupation back from 22.8 to 21.1 ka cal. BP to 24.1–23.0 ka cal. BP, indicating that site use occurred prior to GI-2. Stable carbon, nitrogen and sulfur bone collagen isotope results suggest that conditions were cool and arid with an open landscape. Tooth enamel oxygen isotope data indicate mean annual air temperatures of 1.2°C (±3.5°C), consistent with climate-modelled temperature estimates for the region during the LGM. Together these data point to human occupation of the site during pronounced cold conditions characterized by temperatures ∼8.5°C below the present-day average. Our results demonstrate that human presence in central Europe during the LGM was not confined to brief warm events, adding to a growing body of evidence that early humans could tolerate more extreme climate conditions than previously thought. Perhaps, at certain times in prehistory climate played a less deterministic role in human distribution than is often assumed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":"741 ","pages":"Article 109893"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of balneotherapy in neuropathic complaints; fact or myth?","authors":"Taner Dandinoglu, Erkan Kaya","doi":"10.1007/s00484-025-02916-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-025-02916-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":" ","pages":"1781-1782"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}