地球科学最新文献

{"title":"Recurring Ice Ages at Martian Mid-Latitudes Evidenced by Characterizing Double Layered Ejecta (DLE) Craters","authors":"Shengli Niu,&nbsp;Feng Zhang,&nbsp;James W. Head,&nbsp;Yanan Dang,&nbsp;Dijun Guo,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Yongliao Zou","doi":"10.1029/2024JE008883","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JE008883","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mars has undergone massive shifts in its spin-axis obliquity, which have caused cyclical climate changes resulting in the mobilization and redeposition of water ice between low-, mid-, and high-latitudes. The duration of ice ages in the Martian mid-latitudes is governed by periodic changes in obliquity. Although numerous geomorphic features indicative of mid-latitude ice ages have been reported, the temporal patterns and chronological extent of the mid-latitude ice ages (synonymous with periods of higher Mars obliquity) remain unclear. To address this issue, we used crater size-frequency distribution (CSFD) techniques to investigate 142 double layered ejecta (DLE) craters located in the mid-latitudes (30°–60°) of the northern and southern hemispheres, which are interpreted as being associated with icy substrates and recording mid-latitude ice ages. The dated 142 DLE craters have absolute model ages (AMAs) ranging from ∼4.5 Ma to 3.5 Ga, with their distribution pattern showing several pronounced peaks, suggesting that the Martian mid-latitudes have experienced multiple prolonged high-obliquity-driven ice ages over the past 3.5 Ga. The youngest DLE crater has a model age of ∼4.5 Ma, which aligns with the most recent major Martian obliquity shift (from average ∼35° to 25°) predicted by obliquity simulations to have occurred between ∼3 and 5 Ma. This suggests that the change of Martian obliquity from high to low average over the past 20 Ma has likely inhibited the formation of DLE craters in mid-latitude regions.</p>","PeriodicalId":16101,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unlocking the Potential of Dynamical Models for Drought Forecasting in Iran: Insights From Multi-Model Ensemble Analysis","authors":"Zahra Eslami,&nbsp;Amin Shirvani,&nbsp;Francesco Granata","doi":"10.1002/met.70082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/met.70082","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper assesses dynamical models to construct monthly (January through December for lead times of 0.5–2.5 months) and seasonal (January–March [JFM], April–June [AMJ], July–September [JAS], and October–December [OND] for lead times of 1.5–3.5 months) forecasting of drought based on the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) over Iran. The air temperature (minimum, maximum, and mean) and precipitation data, as the components of SPEI, are forecasted using six North American Multi-Model Ensemble (NMME) and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) SEAS51 as well as their ensemble multi-model mean (MMM) for a common period from 1991 to 2021. These forecast data are interpolated to stations using inverse distance weighting, and then the SPEI is computed for each model. The observed SPEI is calculated for 67 synoptic stations across Iran. The SPEI forecast skill of the MMM surpasses that of individual models. Additionally, MMM demonstrates improved forecast skill during wet and cold months (November–March) compared to dry and warm months (June–September). There is a statistically significant Pearson correlation coefficient between observed and forecast JFM SPEI in most areas of the study area for lead times of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 months at a 5% significance level. Moreover, the SPEI forecast is significant in most areas for JFM, AMJ, and OND for the 1.5-month lead time. The canonical correlation analysis is employed to investigate the relationship between observed global sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and seasonal SPEI to achieve insights into the source of drought predictability in Iran, as well as how the skill of the MMM forecasts is affected by SSTA. The spatial pattern root mean square error of the MMM forecasts and SSTA is similar. The canonical correlation coefficient between SSTA and observed SPEI is stronger than in JFM, indicating that MMM exhibits promising potential for SPEI forecasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":49825,"journal":{"name":"Meteorological Applications","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/met.70082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sediments in small endorheic basins as regional paleoenvironmental archives across a Mediterranean to arid transect","authors":"S. Vainer ,&nbsp;J. Roskin ,&nbsp;M. Markin ,&nbsp;I. Raish ,&nbsp;N. Taha ,&nbsp;N. Porat ,&nbsp;R. Bookman","doi":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109530","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2025.109530","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In areas where environmental settings are changing across relatively small distances, using a limited number of proxies for paleoenvironmental interpretations may obscure distinctive responses in each environmental niche and the regional effects of climate change. Here we demonstrate the application of sedimentological, geochemical, and luminescence-based proxies in three small endorheic basins, located along a sharp climatic gradient of 150 km in the southern Levant. This approach yields a regional paleoenvironmental framework corresponding to three major established depositional phases, while the local response during each of these phases differs between sites. The earliest phase, coinciding with MIS 3 (∼57-29 ka), is marked by humid conditions leading to weathering and soil formation towards the paleoshore and loess washdown into a shallow waterbody at the southern, currently arid, edge of the studied transect. The uncomfortably overlaying deposits (∼20-6.5 ka) capture a phase of environmental instability, with fluctuating sea levels, southwesterly aeolian sand influx, and the establishment of a coastal wetland environment. The last stage began around 6.5 ka, with continuous accumulation in localized coastal paludal environments and the stabilization of Mediterranean atmospheric circulation. This stability was interrupted by distinct second-order variations in sedimentation resulting from short-term climatic perturbations. Larger environmental instability is seen at the southern tip of the transect during the middle to late Holocene. This spatial difference is attributed to decreasing Mediterranean-derived humidity coupled with the influence of southerly atmospheric systems, resulting in event-based deposition of recycled sediment.</div><div>These records can provide a regional framework to study how distinct environmental settings capture variations in environmental forcing through allochthonous and autochthonous processes. Such settings include the distance to sediment sources, location along atmospheric trajectories, and the geographical context. The decoupling of site-related effects from the compiled regional trend allows tracking the responses to established climatic trends, underscoring the importance of studying spatially spread and relatively temporally continuous archives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":20926,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary Science Reviews","volume":"367 ","pages":"Article 109530"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144694433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture Deformation and Thermal Performance of Sc-CO2, Water, and Brine Water in Dual-Porosity Dual-Permeability Geothermal System","authors":"Longjun Dong,&nbsp;Seun A. Ajayi,&nbsp;Qiaomu Luo,&nbsp;Zixin Huang","doi":"10.1155/gfl/2238894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/gfl/2238894","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The physical and thermal behaviours of supercritical CO₂ (Sc-CO₂), brine water, acidic water, and freshwater as geothermal fluids were numerically investigated to provide better insights into their performance in enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs). First, we analyzed the hydrogeochemical (diffusive) characteristics of the fluids resulting from density changes within the reservoirs. We then performed a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) analysis to investigate the fracture deformation and heat production performance. The study shows that the induced fracture deformation at the injection and production wells by Sc-CO₂ is less than that of the other geofluids; however, it has the highest thermal performance. This makes Sc-CO₂ a less viable fluid for hydraulic stimulation in EGS production. The magnitude of the fluid-induced deformation in the injection zone was significantly higher than that in the production zone. The rock matrix saturation time by acidic water is the least; the increased residence time within the rock matrix could increase the thermal performance relative to fluids of similar thermophysical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":12512,"journal":{"name":"Geofluids","volume":"2025 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/gfl/2238894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studying Mass Movement Sources and Potential Glacial Lake Outburst Flood at Jiongpu Co, Southeastern Tibet, Using Multiple Remote Sensing Methods and HEC-RAS Model","authors":"Liye Yang,&nbsp;Zhong Lu,&nbsp;Chaoying Zhao,&nbsp;Xie Hu,&nbsp;Baohang Wang","doi":"10.1029/2024JF008067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024JF008067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) caused by mass movement into lakes are common disaster chains in High Mountain Asia (HMA). However, the volumes of potential avalanche sources and the associated overtopping flood processes remain inadequately understood, hindering GLOF hazard assessments. We developed a comprehensive framework to quantify mass movement volumes and simulate GLOF process chains by integrating remote sensing data with hydrological models. We applied our methodology to Jiongpu Co, the largest glacial lake in southeastern Tibet. First, analysis of optical images revealed lake expansion from 2000 to 2024. Second, we assessed the volume of potential glacier avalanche using three-dimensional glacier velocities from multi-track Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images. The estimated volume is 1.8 ± 0.06 × 10⁸ m³. Third, deformation on the surrounding slopes was investigated based on the time-series InSAR method, revealing a potential landslide volume of 3.5 ± 0.2 × 10⁸ m³. Next, we retrieved overtopping volumes from the potential glacier avalanche and landslide, which are 1.94 ± 0.1 × 10⁷ m³ and 9.89 ± 0.6 × 10⁷ m³, respectively. Finally, we evaluated the GLOF process chain under these two scenarios using the HEC-RAS model. Our integrated approach enhances GLOF monitoring and modeling, offering applicability to other glacial lakes for risk assessment and mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":15887,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface","volume":"130 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024JF008067","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermocline Dynamics and Nitrogen Cycling Drive Productivity Shifts in the South China Sea Across Glacial Cycles","authors":"Li-Wei Zheng,&nbsp;Hongbao Qu","doi":"10.1029/2025GL116748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL116748","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The South China Sea (SCS) nitrogen cycle responds dynamically to glacial–interglacial climate changes, yet the drivers of nitrogen isotope variability remain debated. We present a synthesis of foraminifera-bound δ¹⁵N (FB-δ¹⁵N) records, together with complementary organic and amino-acid δ¹⁵N data from across the SCS. In the eastern and northern SCS, FB-δ¹⁵N peaks during glacials when intensified East Asian Winter Monsoons shoal the thermocline, enhance upwelling of ¹⁵N-enriched deep nitrate, and stimulate export production. Conversely, western and southern SCS records exhibit δ¹⁵N minima during interglacials, reflecting enhanced nitrogen fixation and/or partial nitrate utilization. This east–west divergence highlights the important role of upper-ocean structure in modulating nitrogen isotopes, alongside potential sea-level–driven nutrient effects. Our results establish FB-δ¹⁵N as a sensitive proxy for reconstructing nutrient dynamics and monsoon-driven upwelling in marginal seas and underscore the influence of thermocline variability in shaping marine nitrogen cycling over glacial cycles.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL116748","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144688204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Wind-Wave Coupling on Turbulence and Air-Sea Fluxes: Insights From Direct Numerical Simulations","authors":"Jinlong Zhang,&nbsp;Weijian Liu,&nbsp;Yuhong Dong","doi":"10.1029/2025GL117290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL117290","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate prediction of air-sea fluxes hinges on a deep understanding of wind-wave interactions, yet feedback mechanisms involving surface waves and wind are not fully understood. This paper investigates the effect of two-way coupling between wind and waves on wind turbulence through direct numerical simulation of air-water two-phase flows, with simulations of non-coupling cases for wind sea and swell. Compared to the uncoupled model, the dissipation of surface waves absorbs momentum from the wind for a wind sea, reducing turbulence intensity, which decreases momentum and heat transfer coefficients (<i>C</i>_<i>D</i> and <i>C</i>_<i>H</i>). In a swell scenario, a wave-driven wind jet produces strong shear and changes interfacial dynamics under coupled conditions, enhancing turbulence intensity within the wave boundary layer. Air-water interaction fosters a positive feedback loop between wind and swells, leading to a consequent increase in <i>C</i>_<i>D</i> and <i>C</i>_<i>H</i>. Parameterizations of <i>C</i>_<i>D</i> and <i>C</i>_<i>H</i> need to account for the wind-wave coupling.</p>","PeriodicalId":12523,"journal":{"name":"Geophysical Research Letters","volume":"52 14","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025GL117290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A multi-model approach to the spatial and temporal characterization of the African Humid Period","authors":"William D. Gosling ,&nbsp;Manuel Chevalier ,&nbsp;Markus L. Fischer ,&nbsp;Marjolein Holewijn ,&nbsp;Jemma Finch ,&nbsp;Graciela Gil-Romera ,&nbsp;Trevor Hill ,&nbsp;Alfred Houngnon ,&nbsp;Michela Leonardi ,&nbsp;Andrea Manica ,&nbsp;Stefanie Kaboth-Bahr","doi":"10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109933","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.quaint.2025.109933","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the last c. 20,000 years, African climates experienced temperature shifts related to the last period of global deglaciation and moisture availability changes that defined what has become known as the African Humid Period (AHP) c. 14,800–5500 years ago. However, spatio-temporal variations in climate, and the mechanisms behind them, across Africa remain poorly defined and debated. Here, we first characterize climatic change across tropical Africa (15°N to 15°S) over the last c. 20,000 years based on two independent site-specific modelling approaches at nine locations, using: (i) probability-based reconstructions based on pollen data from nine previously published pollen records, and (ii) climate simulation-based reconstructions based on mechanistic models of the Earth system. Trends in past climate change per site were found to be similar between the two modelling approaches; however, estimates of precipitation were higher in the pollen-based reconstructions when compared with those from the mechanistic model. Given the overall similarity between the two modelling approaches at the sites, we then used the mechanistic model to produce maps of past climate across Africa at 1000-year time slices. Interrogation of the model supports previous suggestions that the AHP in the west was driven by increasing precipitation (c. 13,000 years ago). In the eastern and southern portions of the study region, the AHP signal is more complex, likely driven by the interplay between different climate mechanisms; with the onset of the wettest AHP conditions in eastern Africa not commencing until c. 9000 years ago.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":49644,"journal":{"name":"Quaternary International","volume":"744 ","pages":"Article 109933"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The unexpected global distribution of Earth’s sediment sources and sinks","authors":"Harrison K. Martin, Michael P. Lamb","doi":"10.1130/g53289.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1130/g53289.1","url":null,"abstract":"Earth’s landscapes, geochemical cycles, and sedimentary record are shaped by the source-to-sink transport of sediment. Sediment is sourced in erosional landscapes under the influence of climate and tectonics, transported through net bypass zones that can obscure forcing signals, and deposited in sinks to build the sedimentary record. Despite the importance of source-to-sink sediment transport in Earth science, the relative abundance of these domains remains unquantified, and the extent to which Earth’s surface resembles classic conceptual models has not been tested. Here we produce a global database of Earth’s source-to-sink systems. Results show that Earth’s land area is mostly erosional (59%), with bypass (22%) and sink (19%) domains less common (18%, 6%, and 76%, respectively, including oceans and Antarctica). Higher elevations are likelier to be erosional, with the world’s lowlands and large rivers disproportionately depositional. Large parts of the world are not described by the source-to-sink model; these areas are mostly deserts or shields without substantial rivers or sediment transport. Even in areas that do resemble the classic textbook progression, systems show exceptional source-to-sink domain variability between catchments and down the world’s major rivers. While the source-to-sink paradigm remains useful, it cannot describe the sedimentologically inactive areas that make up much of the world.","PeriodicalId":12642,"journal":{"name":"Geology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144701438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated flood modelling and risk assessment in urban areas: A review on applications, strengths, limitations and future research directions","authors":"Sibuyisele S. Pakati ,&nbsp;Cletah Shoko ,&nbsp;Timothy Dube","doi":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102583","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejrh.2025.102583","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Study region</h3><div>Global scale.</div></div><div><h3>Study focus</h3><div>The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive global assessment of urban flood modelling by: (i) critically reviewing the most widely used flood models in urban settings; (ii) synthesizing their operational mechanisms, including the integration of diverse data types and validation techniques; and (iii) evaluating each model's strengths and limitations in simulating flood dynamics and assessing urban flood susceptibility. Furthermore, the paper establishes a framework for selecting acceptable modelling methodologies for successful flood risk management in real-world urban scenarios.</div></div><div><h3>New hydrological insights for the region</h3><div>Hydraulic-hydrological models, and cloud-based geospatial platforms have been widely applied in flood modelling and risk and vulnerability assessment. Despite these advancements, accurate flood modelling remains a challenge due to limitations in input data quality. Among earth observation tools, radar satellite data was identified as the most effective due to its reliability under cloudy and rainy conditions. Enhancing model accuracy and validation remains possible through the integration of both optical and radar data with hydraulic and hydrological models. For example, radar backscatter intensity can be used to estimate flood depths. However, key research gaps remain, notably, the integration of high-resolution climate projections and socio-economic factors into flood risk models, and the application of modelling tools in poorly planned urban areas to assess real-time changes in land use following flood events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48620,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Hydrology-Regional Studies","volume":"61 ","pages":"Article 102583"},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}