Gondwana Research最新文献

{"title":"Threat to thermohaline circulation via rising thermal diffusivity in microplastic-contaminated seawater – a dual-beam thermal lens study","authors":"P. Anju Abraham ,&nbsp;V. Gokul ,&nbsp;M.S. Swapna ,&nbsp;K. Padmakumar ,&nbsp;S. Sankararaman","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study investigates the modifications in the thermal behaviour of sea water (SW) by microplastics (MPs) using the mode-mismatched dual-beam thermal lens (MDBTL) technique, as the uncontrolled use of plastics has led to MP contamination, posing risks to marine ecosystems and potentially disrupting thermohaline circulation by altering seawater temperature and salinity balances. The abundance of MPs in SW is revealed through their presence in the gastrointestinal tracts of fish, which are identified as polypropylene by Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Though the increase of salinity is found to lower the thermal diffusivity (D) of water, the increase of MPs is found to enhance the D value of SW. The study emulating MP contamination in SW revealed a D value enhancement of 30.71 % for 10 ppm of MPs. The increase in <em>D</em> implies faster thermal transport in seawater, which can disrupt the thermohaline circulation, a crucial component of global ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity gradients. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed that at 10 ppm, MPs had a zeta potential of −15.54 mV and particle size of 1.952 µm, indicating moderate electrostatic stability; at 0.1 ppm, 50 nm particles with +1.19 mV zeta potential aggregated rapidly due to ion screening. The UV–visible spectroscopic study also points to the increase of UV absorption due to the rising amount of MPs, resulting in temperature rise. The rising D value of SW can seriously affect the marine ecosystem and the thermohaline circulation, transforming the local phenomenon into a global one, revealing the significance of the work.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 176-184"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Past, present, and future of southern Gondwanan turtles: a view from the South","authors":"Juliana Sterli ,&nbsp;Evangelos Vlachos","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extinct turtles from southern Gondwana are known from the 19th century. However, two-thirds of their knowledge has been produced during the last 30 years, changing notably our understanding of the evolution of the cheloniofauna of this region. Nowadays, there are more than 600 occurrences of turtles in southern Gondwana spanning from the Lower Jurassic until the Holocene. The aim of this work is to provide an updated account of the diversity and distribution of southern Gondwanan turtles and to test whether it is possible to recognize the three phases of evolution of continental turtles suggested for South America. We also compared the paleolatitudinal distribution of turtles between hemispheres, especially in temperate regions, showing that the fossil record is heavily skewed towards the north. The recent efforts have improved the southern Gondwanan fossil record, allowing for more complete diversity curves with evidence of a K/Pg extinction, but still, an important part of the past diversity is missing. In southern Gondwana, like in South America, the first two phases in the evolution of continental turtles, the Pangean and the Gondwanan, can be recognized in a similar fashion. However, the final part of the evolution of turtles in southern Gondwana differs in Patagonia and Australia + Zelandia because they have undergone different biogeographic histories. In Patagonia, chelids and meiolaniids became extinct after the middle Eocene, and it was not until the late Oligocene that tortoises arrived in South America, and that turtles roamed again in that region. On the contrary, in Australia, chelids and meiolaniids diversified during the Neogene, reaching distant islands in the case of meiolaniids. The Neogene-Recent Australian cheloniofauna is completed by the arrival of trionychids and carettochelyids from Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 185-196"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Governing relationships of landslide hazard components and the impact on regional landslide hazard predictions","authors":"Liu Qiang ,&nbsp;Qi Wan ,&nbsp;Aiping Tang ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given the hazard prediction of regional landslides, the conditional features feedback from the hazard definition and the independence assumptions adopted by the hazard calculation present a significant contradiction. Although the Copula-based and definition-based models provide the tool for quantitative hazard, it does not fully capture the conditional information in the hazard definition. This study highlights the governing relationships among landslide hazard components, and further introduces a calibrated model that incorporates landslide time as a variable, and space and magnitude as parameters. Finally, the Heilongjiang area was applied to test and compare the performance between the calibrated and classical models. Results show that the classical model may underestimate the landslide hazard. In detail, the maximum hazard generated by the calibrated model is near 1.00 with the increasing time, larger than that of the classical model, 0.64 for the scenario of V &gt; 100 m³, and 0.26 for the scenario of V &gt; 500 m³. Thus, the calibrated model not only considers the relationship among the landslide time, magnitude, and the space but can reach the upper boundary of the probability with the increasing time. This study provides an exploration to develop a more accurate technique for quantifying the regional landslide hazard.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 163-175"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-distance lateral migration, accumulation and dissipation of natural gas in the northeastern Ordos Basin, China","authors":"Yang Qin ,&nbsp;Chiyang Liu ,&nbsp;Junfeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Faqi He ,&nbsp;Wei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yanping Ma ,&nbsp;Lihua Yang ,&nbsp;Deyong Shao ,&nbsp;Nan Du ,&nbsp;Fuyu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Extensive natural gas dissipation linked to late-stage transformation occurred in the northeastern Ordos Basin. However, the existence of long-distance gas migration, accumulation, and dissipation in the Ordos Basin remains a subject of scientific contention. On the basis of outcrop-core data, combined with calcite U-Pb dating, C-O-Sr isotopes, vitrinite reflectance (Ro), fluid inclusions, and gas geochemistry, this research systematically investigated the characteristics and mechanisms of long-distance lateral migration and dissipation of natural gas and revealed a unique gas accumulation model. Research indicates that the alteration phenomena of bleached and carbonate-cemented sandstones (CCSs) associated with long-distance gas migration-dissipation are widespread in the northeastern basin. Organic-derived CCSs are closely related to hydrocarbon-bearing hydrothermal fluids, indicating that large-scale Upper Paleozoic high-maturity coal-derived hydrocarbons provide organic carbon sources. Analyses revealed that natural gas dissipation in the Ordos Basin initiated during the late Early Cretaceous, followed by multiple episodes of large-scale dissipation. The Hangjinqi gas field serves as the preferential zone for natural gas migration-dissipation from the central generation kitchen of the basin. A striking maturity contradiction exists between the local source rocks and the natural gas in the Hangjinqi gas field. The natural gas in this gas field is characterized by multi-source hybrid accumulation. The hydrocarbon accumulation period in Hangjinqi and its southern adjacent gas fields (Sulige-Wushenqi) coincided with or slightly preceded the reservoir densification period. Approximately 36 %–74 % of the natural gas within the field is derived from the Sulige-Wushenqi gas field, with migration distances exceeding 130 km, demonstrating a far-source allochthonous accumulation model. This phenomenon is exceedingly uncommon in continental petroliferous basins. The long-distance lateral hydrocarbon migration in extensive monoclinal zones of large basins results from the coupled interplay of sedimentary continuity, structural-reservoir conduit efficiency, seal integrity, and adequate hydrocarbon sourcing and is predominantly observed in marine petroliferous basins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 119-153"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First fossil mosquito larva in 99-million-year-old amber with a modern type of morphology sheds light on the evolutionary history of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"André P. Amaral ,&nbsp;Art Borkent ,&nbsp;Viktor A. Baranov ,&nbsp;Carolin Haug ,&nbsp;Joachim T. Haug","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have been hypothesized to have originated during the Jurassic Period, about 201–145 million years ago, primarily based on fossil evidence from their sister group, Chaoboridae (phantom midges). However, direct evidence for such an early origin of Culicidae is currently absent. The oldest known mosquito fossils, all adults and recovered from Cretaceous amber deposits about 99 million years ago, display morphologies that differ substantially from modern forms and are regarded as representatives of an extinct lineage, Burmaculicinae. Here we report the discovery of a fossil that represents both the first mosquito larva preserved in amber and the first immature mosquito from the Mesozoic Era, named as a new genus and species <em>Cretosabethes primaevus</em> Amaral &amp; Borkent <strong>gen. et sp. n.</strong> The specimen exhibits typical mosquito larval morphology and can be confidently identified as an ingroup of Sabethini, a lineage with numerous extant representatives. This finding provides strong support for the Jurassic origin of Culicidae and suggests that the larval morphology of mosquitoes has remained relatively conserved for at least the past 99 million years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 154-162"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Record-breaking western North Pacific subtropical high during 2023","authors":"Zeming Wu ,&nbsp;Chundi Hu ,&nbsp;Tao Lian ,&nbsp;Guanchao Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) exhibited record-breaking enhancement from June to December 2023. However, the driving factors behind this exceptional anomaly remain unclear. Here we report that such prominently intensified WNPSH was mainly driven by extreme sea surface temperature (SST) warming across tropical three oceans. Using a physically empirical model with leave-one-out cross-validation method, we successfully reconstructed key features of the WNPSH variations, including its area, intensity, and western ridge point. Quantitative results show that natural interannual SST variability and global warming together explain approximately 80% of the total WNPSH anomalies in 2023, where the SST variability contribute about 60% of the explained anomalies, more than the 40% contributed by global warming. And the multi-model ensemble yields results that are consistent with observations. The warmest SST anomalies in tropical North Atlantic and western Indian Ocean intensify the 2023 WNPSH extension and strength while the tropical eastern Pacific contributes to the westward displacement of the western ridge point. We highlight the highly resonant effects of natural variability and anthropogenic forcing, which considerably amplified the climate impacts of the 2023 WNPSH, such as leading to record-breaking heat in Asia and tropics, excessive rainfall in the North Indian Ocean, and historic lowest tropical cyclone activity frequency in the western North Pacific. Our results provide some new insights into the ongoing hot debate on the exceptional climate conditions in 2023.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 109-118"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-stage tectono-magmatic evolution of the Proto-Tethys Ocean: Constraints from Mid-Paleozoic granitoids in the East Kunlun-North Qaidam orogenic belt","authors":"Mao Wang ,&nbsp;Xianzhi Pei ,&nbsp;Lei Pei ,&nbsp;Ruibao Li ,&nbsp;Zuochen Li ,&nbsp;Chengjun Liu ,&nbsp;Youxin Chen ,&nbsp;Nan Hu ,&nbsp;Li Qin ,&nbsp;Xiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The East Kunlun-North Qaidam orogenic belt (EKO-NQO) preserves extensive magmatic records of the Proto- and Paleo-Tethys oceans, making it an ideal window for studying the Proto-Paleo-Tethys tectonic transition. Three Late Silurian–Early Devonian plutons (Hatu, Niantang, Chachaxiangka) in the EKO-NQO were selected for study. We also integrated recent high-quality geochemical and geochronological data to assess regional tectonic evolution. The ca. 415–417 Ma Hatu I-type granites in the South Kunlun Belt (SKB) are derived from partial melting of metabasalts in the middle/lower crust due to mantle-derived magma underplating, with minor juvenile crustal components input, during slab break-off and exhumation in the late-stage continental subduction. The ca. 414 Ma Hatu A-type granites (SKB) are mainly formed by dehydration melting of Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic crust, reflecting lithospheric thinning and delamination. The ca. 419–420 Ma Chachaxiangka adakite-like granites in the North Qaidam Belt (NQB) are formed through hydration melting of thickened lower crust during continental deep subduction-exhumation. The ca. 383–386 Ma Niantang A-type granites in the Aqikekulehu–Kunzhong ophiolitic mélange zone (AKM) are derived from partial melting of ancient metasedimentary basement (predominantly metapelites), with minor juvenile crust input, during lithospheric delamination and thinning. Based on existing studies, we propose a three-stage evolution model for the Ordovician-Devonian Proto-Tethys orogeny in EKO-NQO: (1) Cambrian- Middle Silurian Oceanic Subduction: NQB (&gt;450 Ma), Qimantagh Belt (QMTG), North Kunlun Belt (NKB) and SKB (&gt;430 Ma); (2) Early Silurian-Early Devonian Slab Break-off/Exhumation: NQB (450 – 415 Ma), QMTG (430 – 410 Ma), NKB and SKB (430 – 415 Ma; SKB: western collision, eastern subduction); (3) Early-Middle Devonian Delamination: NQB, NKB and SKB (&lt;415 Ma, SKB western segment), QMTG (&lt;410 Ma). The Early-Middle Devonian Niantang A-type granites (A₂-A₁ transition) in EKO-NQO indicate a gradual shift to intraplate setting, marking both the end of the Proto-Tethys and the onset of Paleo-Tethys.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 82-108"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145326578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Permo-Triassic internal source-to-sink systems of central Asian orogenic belt recorded extensional to compressional accretionary orogeny","authors":"Fuxiang Li ,&nbsp;Shenglin Xu ,&nbsp;Xuan Chen ,&nbsp;Hongde Chen ,&nbsp;Chao Wu ,&nbsp;Shuai Yang ,&nbsp;Shi Sun ,&nbsp;Dongyu Zheng ,&nbsp;Anqing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), an accretionary orogen with components of oroclinal bending locally, underwent complex accretionary-compressional orogenesis and characterized by a series of ranges and basins within its landscape since the Paleozoic. But how did the CAOB’s tectonic history couples with its interior basin evolution remains unclear. Based on detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology, and Lu-Hf isotope analysis, we quantitatively investigate the variations of the source-to-sink system from the Late Permo-Triassic sedimentary rock of the CAOB’s Bogda region and constrain the related tectonic evolution history and geodynamic processes. The results show that the Late Permo-Triassic sediments in the Bogda are mainly derived from the Central Tianshan, followed by the North Tianshan, East Junggar, and internal Bogda basement that launched in the Middle-Late Triassic, implying these surrounding ranges, the Tianshan, East Junggar, and Bogda, successively experienced varied uplift. Combined with the reported igneous age population, interpretation of basinal seismic profiles, and sedimentological stratigraphic frame, our results of the source-to-sink restoration reveal Bogda underwent the evolution process that was from the Early-Middle Permian a back-arc rift basin of strike-slip feature to the Late Permian-Early Triassic a depression basin, and evolved into a strongly compressed foreland basin during the Middle-Late Triassic. The Late Permian-Early Triassic tectonic inversion recorded by the unconformity was a response to the counterclockwise rotation of blocks that was caused by the oroclinal bending of the CAOB collage process, which possibly resulted from long-term effects of the final closure of Paleo-Asian Ocean (PAO) from west to east during the Permo-Triassic. These episodes of the basin and ranges system evolution signify the transition of the CAOB from an extensional accretionary orogeny to a compressional accretionary orogeny.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 57-81"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early sulfide saturation in the Gangdese lower crustal arc magmas induced by assimilation of ancient crustal materials","authors":"Yuanchuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Siqi Liu ,&nbsp;Shaohua Liu ,&nbsp;Qiushi Sun ,&nbsp;Changda Wu ,&nbsp;Yang Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The segregation of sulfide may be an essential step during the differentiation of arc magmas at the base of matured arc crust, but causes for the saturation of sulfide in lower crustal arc magmas remain enigmatic. Three suites of sulfide-rich and one suite of sulfide-poor mafic–ultramafic hornblende-rich cumulates in the lower crust of the Gangdese arc, which represents an Andean-type convergent margin prior to the Indian–Asian collision, were studied here. Petrographic observations integrated with whole-rock and zircon elemental geochemistry, as well as Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf–O isotopic systematics, suggest that sulfides in the Gangdese lower crustal cumulates, mostly occurring as droplet, formed earlier than most cumulus silicates (e.g. clinopyroxene and hornblende) and magnetite, and that the relatively early saturation of sulfide was likely to be caused by the assimilation of reduced metamorphic basement of the Gangdese arc. Given the evident Cu deficit in most intermediate–felsic Gangdese arc magmas (MgO &lt; 4 wt%), dominantly enriched Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions demonstrate that the Gangdese arc magmas underwent variable degree of crustal assimilation in general, implying the segregation of sulfide promoted by assimilation of reduced crustal materials should be pervasive in the lower crust. Accordingly, the juvenile Gangdese lower crust is characterized by the simultaneous enrichment in both mafic silicates and sulfides, and subsequent foundering of the sulfide-rich mafic–ultramafic lower crust may generate an arc crust depleted in Fe, Mg and Cu.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"150 ","pages":"Pages 41-56"},"PeriodicalIF":7.2,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The economic drivers of AI’s impact on renewable energy","authors":"Taner Akan","doi":"10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2025.09.004","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence is anticipated to make fundamental changes in the operation of economic systems. Can it have a similar impact on renewable energy consumption? This study examines this<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>research question<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>in terms of<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>AI’s indirect impact on renewable energy through the mediation of key drivers of renewable energy in<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>an economic system: firm profitability, firm value, firm competitiveness, and economic equality. The study analyzes not only the consistent (positive<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>or negative) but also the inconsistent (dark) indirect effects of AI on renewable energy, as AI is currently being incorporated into production and energy systems. The study employs recently developed ‘Pattern Causality’ analysis to estimate these effects. It uses temporal network, quadruple wavelet, and quantile wavelet analyses for the robustness check of these estimations. The study yields three conclusions. First, AI exerts positive indirect effects of 0.27, 0.75, 1.20, and 0.37 on renewable energy in Germany, Sweden, the United States, and Canada, respectively. The inconsistent<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>indirect impacts of AI are 0.06, 0.07, 0.02, and 0.07 for the corresponding countries, respectively. Second, the consistent and inconsistent<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>impacts of AI are persistent over time, despite temporal fluctuations. Third, there are no significant disparities in the magnitudes of AI’s quartile effects (0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) on renewable energy sources. The results of the temporal network, quadruple wavelet, and quantile wavelet analyses for the robustness check validate the pattern causality estimations. The study provides pertinent policy recommendations to amplify AI’s positive indirect impacts on renewable energy and to convert its inconsistent and<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>negative impacts<ce:hsp sp=\"0.25\"></ce:hsp>into positive impacts with specific reference to the Sustainable Development Goals.","PeriodicalId":12761,"journal":{"name":"Gondwana Research","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.1,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145311723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}