International Journal of Biometeorology最新文献

{"title":"HSF1 genotyping and seasonal transcriptional profiling in tropically adapted indicine cattle PCR amplificationbreeds","authors":"Gayatri Gujar,&nbsp;Vijay Kumar,&nbsp;Monika Sodhi,&nbsp;Manish Tiwari,&nbsp;Manishi Mukesh","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03357-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03357-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global warming threatens dairy production worldwide, impacting animal health and welfare as well as production economics. This necessitates the identification of thermotolerance markers. Heat shock factor 1 (<i>HSF1</i>) regulates the cellular heat shock response in both humans and animals, yet its genetic architecture has been sparsely evaluated in <i>Bos indicus</i> cows. This study characterizes <i>HSF1</i> polymorphisms and seasonal expression profiles in two heat-resilient indicine cattle breeds: Sahiwal and Kankrej. We genotyped 100 cows (50 per breed) for two HSF1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): T15531C (intron 3) and G19315T (3’UTR), previously linked to thermotolerance in exotic cattle breeds. Additionally, physiological parameters of the genotyped cows were recorded, and seasonal transcriptional profiling of HSF1 was conducted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Sanger sequencing revealed that both breeds were completely monomorphic for the CC (T15531C) and GG (G19315T) genotypes. Furthermore, a novel C &gt; T transition at g.19,364 (3’UTR) was identified. This variant was polymorphic (exclusively CT heterozygotes) in the Kankrej cows but monomorphic (CC) in Sahiwal cows. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated a significant upregulation of <i>HSF1</i> mRNA during the summer and hot-humid seasons in both breeds, a response that directly corresponded with elevated physiological stress indicators such as rectal temperature and respiration rate. These findings highlight the genetic conservation of the targeted <i>HSF1</i> loci in these populations. The novel g.19,364 variant serves as a descriptive candidate marker that requires future functional validation and genotype-phenotype association in larger populations to evaluate its role in conferring thermotolerance in cows.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of plant community scenes and odors on thermal perception and physiological responses in a mildly warm environment","authors":"Juan Li,&nbsp;Ke Wang,&nbsp;Chen Xu,&nbsp;Hexian Jin","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03330-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03330-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Urban heat exposure poses increasing challenges to human health and thermal comfort, while the visual and olfactory characteristics of plant communities may be related to human thermal experience. A controlled experiment was conducted under neutral-to-slightly-warm conditions (27–28 °C) with three odor conditions (no odor, cedar, and laurel) and eight plant community scenes selected based on field observations. Sixty participants completed subjective assessments and physiological measurements of thermal perception, visual perception, and physiological responses. The relationships of visual spatial perception and visual color perception with thermal perception were also examined. Neither odor condition nor its interaction with plant community scene was significant for any subjective thermal perception measure. Plant community scene showed significant overall effects on thermal comfort, thermal satisfaction, and thermal expectation, but not on thermal sensation. Visual spatial perception and visual color perception differed significantly across scenes. Visual spatial perception was positively associated with thermal satisfaction, whereas visual color perception was positively associated with thermal sensation and negatively associated with thermal expectation, indicating that higher visual warmth ratings were associated with warmer thermal sensation and a greater expectation for cooler conditions. Mean heart rate did not differ significantly across experimental conditions, whereas the root mean square of successive differences differed across odor conditions, and mean skin temperature differed across both odor conditions and plant community scenes. Overall, plant community scenes showed distinct patterns in thermal and visual perception, whereas odor conditions were not associated with subjective thermal perception but differed in some physiological responses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149338552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal vulnerability and contraction of the optimal tourism climatic window in the southern coasts of Iran: Projected impacts of climate change","authors":"Mohsen Hamidianpour,&nbsp;Faeze Shoja,&nbsp;Seyed Mahdi Amir Jahanshahi,&nbsp;Zeynab Pahang","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03356-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03356-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change has profoundly altered the spatio-temporal dynamics of the tourism industry, particularly in ecologically vulnerable coastal regions. This study evaluates the bio-climatic vulnerability of Iran’s southern coasts by projecting mid-term (2041–2060) tourism climate conditions. A multi-model ensemble of 10 CMIP6 General Circulation Models (GCMs) under the SSP2-4.5 scenario, downscaled via Distribution Mapping (DM), was utilized. Results reveal widespread warming, with projected mean increases in maximum and minimum temperatures of 1.55°C and 1.47°C, respectively. Alongside a slight annual precipitation increase, key winter months exhibit significant reductions (December: 20.36%; February: 19.16%). Crucially, Tourism Climate Index (TCI) analyses demonstrate a substantial temporal redistribution in the tourism calendar. Shoulder seasons face severe degradation; May and October shift from ‘Acceptable’ to ‘Marginal’ (TCI: 40–49.9) across most stations, while March entirely loses its ‘Ideal’ status (TCI &gt; 90). Consequently, peak demand is compressed into a narrow winter window (December–January). Spatially, Persian Gulf islands (e.g., Kish, Siri) upgrade to ‘Ideal’ conditions during this period, whereas Oman Sea coasts lose their optimal status in February. This temporal contraction of the tourism season and spatial heterogeneity necessitate urgent adaptive strategies, such as developing a night-time economy and resilient spatial planning, to safeguard regional economic sustainability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of predictive models for estimating scorpion, snake, and spider envenomation under warming scenarios in São Paulo State, Brazil","authors":"Livia da Silva Freitas,&nbsp;Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03353-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03353-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Venomous animal incidents represent an important public health issue and may be influenced by meteorological conditions as well as land use and land cover characteristics. However, it remains unclear which predictive approaches perform best in estimating these events and how increasing temperatures may alter their spatial distribution. This study compared different predictive models to estimate monthly incidence rates of scorpion, snake, and spider envenomation across the municipalities of São Paulo State, Brazil, from 2010 to 2024, and evaluated the potential impact of hypothetical warming scenarios (+ 1 °C, + 2 °C, and + 4 °C). Multiple linear regression, Generalized Additive Models (GAM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Random Forest models were compared using meteorological and land use/land cover variables. Random Forest achieved the best predictive performance for all three animal groups. Land use and land cover variables, particularly the proportion of urban area, were the most important predictors of the current spatial distribution of incidents. In contrast, temperature was the main factor associated with the projected changes under the simulated warming scenarios. Increasing temperatures resulted in higher predicted incidence rates for all animal groups, with the greatest increases observed for scorpion envenomation, revealing substantial spatial heterogeneity among municipalities. These findings indicate that the factors associated with the current distribution of venomous animal incidents are not necessarily the same as those driving their response to rising temperatures, highlighting the importance of integrating meteorological and land use and land cover variables to improve future projections and support public health surveillance and planning.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03353-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High altitude residence duration and frostbite susceptibility: The mediating effect of chronic mountain sickness","authors":"Qi Cui,&nbsp;Hong-Chen Xie,&nbsp;Shen-Wei Xie,&nbsp;Xiang-Qiong Meng,&nbsp;Ze-Jun Wang,&nbsp;Tian Yang,&nbsp;Yu-Jie Huang,&nbsp;Xiao-Yong Huang,&nbsp;Xiao-Ling Tan","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03318-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03318-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Chronic hypoxia and cold climates are major health challenges for high-altitude migrants. Although chronic altitude sickness (CMS) is well studied, research on hypoxic–cold–induced frostbite is limited. In this study, frostbite risk among high-altitude migrants was investigated, and the contributions of the CMS and hematological parameters to this association were evaluated. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 891 healthy adult male lowlanders who migrated to Tibetan regions at altitudes of 4000 m or higher. Frostbite was assessed using self-report questionnaires, and the CMS was evaluated using the Qinghai International Consensus Scoring System. Associations between high-altitude exposure and hematological parameters were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for frostbite risk and evaluate the contributions of the CMS and hematological parameters to this risk. Among the 891 healthy adult male participants, 50.73% had local frostbite, 31.65% had ear frostbite, 34.12% had hand frostbite, 12.46% had foot frostbite, and 2.13% had other types of frostbite. High-altitude exposure was not significantly associated with local frostbite risk, except for foot frostbite. A nonlinear association was observed between the duration of plateau residence and foot frostbite, with the risk increasing by 39% for each 1-standard deviation increase in duration. Further evaluation revealed that CMS contributed to this association, accounting for 17.54% of the total association. Prolonged high-altitude residence significantly increased the risk of foot frostbite among high-altitude male residents, with CMS partially accounting for this association. These findings suggest that cold injury prevention should be a priority for high-altitude migrants with CMS.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of acute temperature reduction on physiological and biochemical responses in hybrid frogs","authors":"Vajara Wipassa,&nbsp;Prayuth Kusolrat,&nbsp;Kanti Bhooshan Pandey,&nbsp;Worapol Aengwanich","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03365-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03365-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change and sudden cold events can affect the physiology and intracellular redox homeostasis of frogs, amphibians that are highly sensitive to fluctuations in environmental temperature. However, information regarding the responses of hybrid frogs reared under tropical aquaculture conditions to acute cold exposure remains limited. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of acute temperature reduction on the physiological and biochemical responses of hybrid frogs under controlled laboratory conditions. Ten female hybrid frogs were acclimated for 14 days before the experiment. Physiological parameters, including body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation, were measured in live hybrid frogs. Biochemical parameters were evaluated using a standardized pooled blood cell preparation at temperatures of 25, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, and 13 °C. Body temperature and respiratory rate decreased significantly (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), whereas heart rate increased significantly (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) as environmental temperature declined. In contrast, oxygen saturation did not differ significantly among temperature groups (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). Mitochondrial activity and malondialdehyde levels showed significant temperature-related changes (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide were significantly affected by temperature in the overall statistical model (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), although pairwise comparisons showed no significant differences among temperature groups (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). Nitric oxide levels also remained unchanged across the studied temperature range (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05). These findings demonstrate that acute cooling induces short-term physiological and biochemical responses in hybrid frogs. Temperatures of 17 °C or lower were associated with more pronounced alterations in cellular metabolism and redox balance, indicating increased oxidative disturbance under acute cold exposure conditions. However, the biochemical findings were derived from a single pooled blood cell preparation with technical replication and therefore reflect within-preparation responses rather than population-level effects in hybrid frogs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urban-rural differences in the association between snowfall and mental disorder-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits in eastern China","authors":"Yarui Fan,&nbsp;Junwei Yan,&nbsp;Yuefang Li,&nbsp;Xiaojie Zou,&nbsp;Ruiyun Tang,&nbsp;Zimeng Gong,&nbsp;Cunrui Huang,&nbsp;Jian Cheng","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03362-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03362-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mental disorders contribute substantially to the global burden of disease, which could be further amplified by harsh weather conditions. However, existing studies have largely focused on the effect of temperature change on mental health, while evidence regarding the potential association between snowfall and mental disorders in urban and rural areas is relatively limited. We collected daily data on mental disorder-related hospitalizations from three cities (Suzhou, Hefei, and Lu’an) and emergency department (ED) visits from Hefei, Anhui Province, eastern China, during the winter of 2016–2019. A space-time stratified case-crossover design was used to examine the association between snowfall and hospitalizations and ED visits for overall and cause-specific mental disorders. Subgroup analyses were conducted for urban and rural areas and different snowfall characteristics. Snowfall was associated with higher odds of mental disorder-related ED visits and hospitalizations, particularly on the day of snowfall. Similar associations were observed for depression and schizophrenia. For depression, the odds ratios (ORs) for ED visits and hospitalizations were 1.830 (95% CI: 1.295–2.586) and 1.373 (95% CI: 1.035–1.822) at lag 0, respectively, while those for schizophrenia were 1.263 (95% CI: 1.044–1.529) and 1.482 (95% CI: 1.320–1.664). Stratified analysis indicated heterogeneous associations between snowfall and mental disorder-related hospitalization between urban and rural residents, with stronger associations observed among urban residents, particularly for schizophrenia. The associations were also more pronounced for snowfall occurring in January, and the association for blizzards was stronger than for normal snowfall. The observed urban-rural heterogeneity should be interpreted with caution, as hospitalizations may partly reflect differences in healthcare-seeking behavior, healthcare accessibility, and admission practices, as well as other environmental and social factors. These findings may inform preparedness and early warning planning for mental health risks during winter.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial variations in wet-bulb globe temperature during the Bank​ of America Chicago Marathon","authors":"Zachary J. Suriano,&nbsp;Joshua Durkee,&nbsp;Michael Quire,&nbsp;George Chiampas","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03361-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03361-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Prior work has recommended the use of Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) to inform operational management of marathons. However, there is limited and potentially conflicting results on the spatial extent at which WBGT should be measured to sufficiently capture racecourse variability. The purpose of this study is to assess how WBGT varies spatially and temporally across the Bank of America Chicago Marathon course, and if practically and statistically significant differences exist. WBGT was measured at 60-second intervals and averaged every five minutes at five different locations across the Chicago Marathon course in 2022, 2023, and 2024. Substantial temporal and spatial variability in WBGT and meteorological conditions was observed within and between marathon years. Statistically significant differences in WBGT, and other heat stress metrics, existed between the five weather stations in each of the three marathon years (W-ANOVA, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), with maximum mean absolute differences during 07:30 − 11:00 of 2.6 °C, but with maximum differences of 9.3 °C at individual timesteps using a rolling intervals framework. Results were consistent between fixed periods of time and when considering only the periods in which runners were present at any given portion of the course. Collectively, the observed differences in WBGT and related meteorological conditions along the Chicago Marathon route were statistically and practically significant for operational management. The use of a multiple-station observational approach is warranted for most appropriately capturing racecourse variability and thus informing decisions related to participant health and safety.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13727811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Canopy deciduousness and leaf phenological strategies in Central Africa explored with phenocams","authors":"Marjane Kaddouri,&nbsp;Anaïs Gorel,&nbsp;Rodolphe Weber,&nbsp;Katharine Abernethy,&nbsp;Loic Makaga,&nbsp;Fidele Evouna Ondo,&nbsp;Adeline Fayolle","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03344-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03344-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Canopy deciduousness and leaf phenological strategies remain largely unexplored in central Africa though their highly seasonal functioning. Field observations conducted at a few sites over the past decades are time-consuming, costly, and often miss short episodes of leaf loss, flush, or color change. Here, we present findings from the first phenocam-equipped site in central Africa, providing continuous, high-frequency monitoring of canopy dynamics in Lopé National Park, Gabon. Using 4,221 images collected by two phenocams between 2019 and 2023, we characterized leaf phenology at the individual crown level for three easily identified canopy tree species—<i>Ceiba pentandra</i>, <i>Lophira alata </i>and<i> Aucoumea klaineana</i>—that exhibit contrasting phenological strategies. We tested how rainfall and irradiance influence the leaf loss and flush. Analysis from image annotations revealed diverse strategies, ranging from full deciduousness in <i>C. pentandra</i>, triggered by low rainfall, to evergreen persistence in <i>A. klaineana</i>, with <i>L. alata</i> displaying a wet season deciduous strategy. We further explored the potential of signal analysis approaches, specifically Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), to automatically identify phenological phases and transitions from phenocam image time series. HMMs are particularly suited to underlying hidden processes – mirroring the way ecological transitions unfold progressively based on both current conditions and prior states. Our approach, combining high-frequency imaging with probabilistic modeling, paves the way for automated tools for the monitoring of tropical forest phenology in a rapidly changing climate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149316957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort in an urban park situated in a tropical region","authors":"L. C. Lima,&nbsp;S. M. Leder,&nbsp;E. L. Krüger","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03359-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03359-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study employed a longitudinal design along a 1,390-meter walking route in an urban park in a hot, humid climate. Environmental variables were continuously monitored using a backpack-mounted device equipped with low-cost microclimatic sensors. Subjective thermal environment assessments were conducted at six designated points along the route, with questionnaires administered to 103 participants across wet and dry periods. Comparison of subjective assessments with the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) revealed discrepancies in perceived thermal sensation. Rather than an inherent metric inaccuracy, these findings highlight the index’s predictive limits and scale-resolution challenges under dynamic field conditions. While subjective assessments showed statistically significant correlations with air temperature, relative humidity, and the UTCI, the practical magnitude of these relationships was weak due to the repeated-measures design. This indicates that direct microclimatic variables alone explain limited variance in transient human comfort. Point-by-point comparative analysis revealed that spatial factors profoundly dictate thermal perception. Notably, densely shaded locations produced a sultry canopy effect during overcast, wet conditions, in which restricted airflow and trapped humidity elevated thermal stress despite lower ambient air temperatures. Ultimately, the study underscores the importance of capturing sequential thermal experiences, environmental contrast, and cumulative metabolic demands, particularly during the final uphill spatial transition. This research advances the evaluation of outdoor thermal comfort in the Global South through affordable dynamic monitoring and clarifies the complex microclimatic role of urban parks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13722759/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149293762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}