International Journal of Biometeorology最新文献

{"title":"Topographic and climatic drivers of elevation-dependent land surface phenology shifts across Nepal’s ecoregions","authors":"Jeevan Prakash Katel,&nbsp;Uttam Babu Shrestha,&nbsp;Suraj Joshi","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03209-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03209-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Land Surface Phenology (LSP)—the satellite-derived characterization of seasonal vegetation dynamics—is shifting under climate change across local to global scales. Yet fine-scale, ecoregion-level LSP assessments remain absent for Nepal despite its heterogeneous topography and high vulnerability to climate change. We analyzed trends of four LSP metrics: start of season (SOS), end of season (EOS), length of season (LOS), and peak of season (POS) across Nepal’s nine ecoregions using 24 years (2001–2024) of MODIS EVI data (~ 250 m) and evaluated the topographic and climatic drivers of the observed trends. SOS advanced in temperate, subtropical, and tropical ecoregions (5.63–12.24% of pixels) but delayed in alpine and subalpine ecoregions (~ 4% of pixels). EOS delayed across eight of nine ecoregions (4.41–6.50% of pixels), LOS increased in eight ecoregions (4.69–18.18% of pixels), and POS increased universally (6.92–37.49% of pixels), with the strongest trends in lower-elevation ecoregions. Elevation exerted the dominant topographic control on LSP trends in alpine and subalpine zones by mediating thermal and snow dynamics. Conversely, slope-driven moisture redistribution dominated in subtropical and tropical zones, while temperate ecoregions showed mixed topographic control. Climatic driver analysis identified moisture availability as a key constraint, expressed through pre-monsoon evaporative demand and soil moisture limitation at lower elevations, and through snowmelt-controlled water access in alpine zones. In high-elevation ecoregions, regional climate-phenology correlations were largely overridden by local topography. These findings demonstrate that fine-scale, topography-aware analytical frameworks are essential for interpreting heterogeneous LSP responses in topographically complex mountain landscapes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of climate change on the presence of Neospora caninum: assessing of limiting and optimal temperatures for its development in Aguascalientes, Mexico","authors":"José de Jesús Hernández‑Rangel,&nbsp;Araceli Guadalupe Mendieta-Vázquez,&nbsp;Carlos Cruz‑Vazquez,&nbsp;Arturo Valdivia-Flores,&nbsp;Isabel de Velasco-Reyes,&nbsp;Alejandro Torres-González","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03149-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03149-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The objective of this study was to assessing the limiting and optimal temperatures for the development of the free-living stage of <i>Neospora caninum</i> in Aguascalientes under climate change scenarios. Raster climate data on temperature and rainfall were used to examine historical climate trends (1902–2015) and future projection scenarios (2015–2039) in the region. Existing information on the prevalence of anti-<i>N</i>. <i>caninum</i> antibodies in backyard chickens from Aguascalientes, Mexico, was also considered. Spatial distribution was analyzed using the Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) technique. Data processing and geoprocessing were performed with R Project and ArcMap. The distribution analysis of <i>N. caninum</i> showed a widespread presence across the state (78%). The projected climate change scenario indicated a 2.4 °C increase in average maximum temperature and a 1.4 °C increase in minimum temperature, along with a 62 mm reduction in average rainfall. The future scenario suggests that low temperatures from December to February could limit parasite development, while optimal temperature conditions are maintained for nine months, from March to November. Within this period, a four-month span from June to September was identified as high-risk for infection due to the combination of suitable temperature and humidity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning–based hybrid framework for weather-driven forewarning of major groundnut pests","authors":"P. Minruhi,&nbsp;P. Lavanya Kumari,&nbsp;Santosha Rathod,&nbsp;B. Ramana Murthy,&nbsp;K. Devaki,&nbsp;Kapil Choudhary,&nbsp;S. Vishnu Shankar,&nbsp;Prabhat Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03192-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03192-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Groundnut production in semi-arid regions is persistently constrained by major insect pests such as root grub, leaf miner, and earwig, whose population dynamics are strongly influenced by weather variability and crop seasonality. Accurate forecasting of pest incidence is therefore essential for timely and effective management interventions. This study presents a machine learning–based hybrid framework for weather-driven pest forewarning that integrates integer-valued time-series models with machine learning algorithms and exogenous weather variables to improve prediction accuracy. Using long-term light-trap data collected between 2004 and 2022 from the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, the framework was implemented through hybrid model development by coupling INGARCHX with artificial neural networks, support vector regression, extreme learning machines, and random forest algorithms. The proposed hybrid framework consistently outperformed corresponding standalone models, demonstrating a superior ability to capture nonlinear, season-dependent pest–climate relationships. Within the framework, INGARCHX–SVR provided the most accurate forecasts for leaf miner, earwig, and kharif-season root grub populations, while INGARCHX–ANN performed best for rabi-season root grub. By combining count-based time-series modeling, machine learning, and weather covariates, the proposed framework strengthens early-warning capability, supports timely pest management decisions, and contributes to sustainable groundnut production in semi-arid agroecosystems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cross-regional characterisation and prediction of reproductive phenology in Prunus cerasoides Buch. -Ham. Ex D. Don using sequential learning","authors":"Henchai P. Phom,&nbsp;Akoijam Benjamin Singh,&nbsp;Kalidas Upadhyaya,&nbsp;Vinod Prasad Khanduri,&nbsp;Sheo Mohan Prasad,&nbsp;Priyanka Mishra,&nbsp;Jagat Jyoti Rath,&nbsp;Kewat Sanjay Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03210-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03210-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reproductive phenology provides insights into plant adaptation strategies under changing climates, and thus requires extensive studies on intraspecific variations across climate gradients. In this study, we examined the reproductive phenology of the Himalayan wild cherry (<i>Prunus cerasoides</i> Buch. -Ham. Ex D. Don) at two climatically contrasting sites – the tropical Mizoram, part of the Indo-Burma region, and the temperate Uttarakhand, part of the western Himalayas, between 2019 and 2023. Monthly climatic variations in temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind speed, as well as the reproductive phenological observations of the flowering and the fruiting phases, were recorded. Comparative analyses revealed an earlier and shorter flowering period in Uttarakhand compared to Mizoram, suggesting site-specific adaptive responses of the Himalayan wild cherry. We developed and implemented a staggered machine learning pipeline using regularised regression models (Lasso, Elastic Net and Ridge) to predict four key events: first flowering day, peak flowering day, last flowering day and the fruit drop day, using site-specific monthly climatic data. Temperature, rainfall, and their interaction were the major determinants of reproductive timing, contributing to nearly 90% prediction accuracy accounting for MAE of around 5 days across all events on average. Residual analyses further showed higher accuracy for Uttarakhand predictions, consistent with stronger climatic correlations at this site. These findings highlight substantial cross-regional variation in phenological sensitivity and underscore the potential of machine learning to integrate climate–phenology relationships. Our approach provides a framework for forecasting reproductive events in tree species under climate variability, with implications for conservation, pollination ecology, and climate adaptation strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balneotherapy awareness and utilization in Italian patients with fibromyalgia: results from a national survey","authors":"Maria Chiara Maccarone,&nbsp;Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini,&nbsp;Alarico Ariani,&nbsp;Roberto Bortolotti,&nbsp;Franco Cozzi,&nbsp;Roberto Gorla,&nbsp;Serena Guiducci,&nbsp;Alberto Migliore,&nbsp;Giuseppe Paolazzi,&nbsp;Enrico Tirri,&nbsp;Rosella Tirri,&nbsp;Antonella Fioravanti","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03212-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03212-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive symptoms. Pharmacological treatments often provide limited relief, underscoring the need for complementary approaches. Balneotherapy (BT), involving mineral waters, muds, and gases, has a long-standing European tradition for musculoskeletal and chronic pain conditions. While evidence suggests spa-based therapies in FM may reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and improve function, patients’ awareness and access remain poorly investigated. To address this gap, a national survey was conducted by the Italian Fibromyalgia Association, the Italian Society of Rheumatology, and the World Hydrothermal Organization (Organizzazione Mondiale del Termalismo), exploring patients’ knowledge of BT, previous experiences, perceived benefits, and barriers to access. A total of 1,463 adults with FM completed the survey. Of these, 34.7% had previously undergone spa-based treatments, mainly BT and mud therapy. A major barrier to access was limited information and communication: 71.4% reported that their physician had never discussed BT as a treatment option, and 41.6% were unaware of potential coverage by the National Health Service (NHS). Despite these obstacles, 96.9% of participants perceived BT as potentially beneficial for FM management. Among those treated, 59.5% reported symptomatic relief and 48.6% reported psychological benefits. Some limitations were identified regarding the standard NHS-supported treatment model, with patients frequently suggesting distributing sessions over a longer timeframe to prevent excessive fatigue. These findings indicate that BT is highly appreciated by patients, providing concrete clinical and psychological benefits. However, its use remains limited due to low awareness and barriers to access.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The level, source, and health effects of fine dust exposure in Southwest Iran","authors":"Majid Farhadi","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03128-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03128-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p> Dust storms are significant contributors to aerosol particulates in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in deserts where little vegetation and powerful winds can easily disperse fine particles. Consequently, they have considerable adverse effects on ecosystems and humans. Khorramabad city is one of the most important cities that regularly faces dust from neighboring countries. In this study, PM_2.5 particulate matter concentration data on dusty and non-dusty days were received from the Lorestan Meteorological Department and the Environmental Department. Samples were collected in 2023 using a volumetric method, and 24-hour averages were measured. To assess the health consequences of exposure, the World Health Organization Air Q⁺ model was used, and the RR, AP, AC, and disease burden indices were calculated. The origin of dust plumes was also determined using the HYSPLIT model. The decreasing trend of the average AQI of PM_2.5 in the month of 2023 was as follows: October (82.51 ± 30) &gt; July (68.37 ± 19.75) &gt; November (64.83 ± 25.25) &gt; June (61.04 ± 18) &gt; December (60.89 ± 17) &gt; August (60.16 ± 12.75) &gt; May (55.44 ± 16.5) &gt; September (44.53 ± 16.5) &gt; January (46.96 ± 13.25) &gt; April (44.06 ± 18) &gt; February (43.64 ± 13) &gt; March (43.1 ± 13.5). According to the HYSPLIT program, Iraqi deserts are responsible for dust in April, July, and September; Syria was the source of dust in June and October, Turkey was the source of dust in August, and the deserts of Arabia were the source of dust in May. According to calculations made using the Air Q⁺ program, Khorramabad residents have suffered from cardiovascular, respiratory, and stroke diseases due to exposure to PM2.5. Dust flows from dry and semi-arid regions of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Syria originated from PM2.5 in Khorramabad city.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat stress alters Drosophila locomotor behaviors in a sex-specific manner: a machine learning analysis","authors":"Yuxin Yang,&nbsp;Fanhao Kong,&nbsp;Hui Jin,&nbsp;Jie Shen","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03219-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03219-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global warming is increasing extreme heat events posing a serious threat to insect populations the cornerstone of terrestrial ecosystems. While studies focus on heat stress effects on reproduction its immediate and sex specific effects on locomotor behavior a key determinant of survival remain poorly understood. This study investigated behavioral responses in the model organism <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> under simulated heat wave conditions. Flies were exposed to acute sublethal heat stress at 37 ℃ for 30–60 min. Using the deep learning framework SLEAP to track body parts, we precisely quantified kinematic parameters. Analysis revealed distinct sex-specific patterns. Male <i>Drosophila</i> showed transient hyperactivity to short-term heat followed by significant gait impairment evidenced by reduced step length after prolonged exposure. Females showed greater initial tolerance and their activity declined significantly only after extended exposure. These findings indicate that even brief acute heat stress profoundly affects <i>Drosophila</i> locomotor performance in a sex-dependent manner. This sex difference suggests heat waves may de-synchronize male and female behaviors, such as courtship and foraging, thereby increasing the risk of reproductive failure. Using <i>Drosophila</i>, this study demonstrates that climate warming may alter insect population dynamics by disrupting fundamental behavioral patterns. The machine learning based gait quantification offers a novel approach to assess the sublethal effects of climate change providing key insights into how rising temperatures threaten biodiversity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outdoor thermal comfort in courtyard-shaped housing projects: a simulation study for a tropical region","authors":"B. S. Apolinário,&nbsp;E. Masiero,&nbsp;E. Krüger","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03208-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03208-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inadequate thermal conditions in social housing projects (SHP), combined with global warming, increased frequency of heatwaves, and energy poverty, intensify health problems related to thermal stress. Addressing this issue involves exploring microclimate-improving solutions, such as courtyard buildings. Current research mainly focuses on fully enclosed courtyards, with limited analysis of their use in SHP. This study aims to assess the thermal benefits of courtyard building types on the microclimate and evaluate their suitability for social housing. Microclimatic simulations using ENVI-met analyzed courtyard buildings with heights of 14 and 29 m and ground-floor openings. The results show that during heatwaves, periods of extreme thermal stress were reduced, with PET decreases reaching up to − 11.7 K, while nighttime increases remained minor. On non-heatwave days, courtyard buildings lowered daytime heat stress and decreased nighttime cold stress. Vertical temperature profile analysis revealed that ground-floor openings improved ventilation and decreased heat buildup at that level, while mid-level floors experienced higher heat concentration due to limited sky exposure and reduced wind speed. These findings support the use of courtyard buildings in SHP and highlight the thermal benefits of ground-floor openings, including improved ventilation and reduced health-related hazards for occupants.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03208-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solar activity, space weather and human health: can ChatGPT assist systematic literature reviews?","authors":"Filip Arnaut,&nbsp;Aleksandra Kolarski,&nbsp;Sreten Jevremović","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03220-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03220-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research linking solar phenomena to health conditions has been a subject of interest in the scientific community for nearly a century. This systematic literature review seeks to deliver a novel, transparent, and methodical examination of the literature on the subject, highlighting potential research gaps, particularly concerning the employed data, data sources, prospective novel research avenues, and the current status of the field. This systematic literature review employs ChatGPT for data extraction from the gathered papers and offers guidelines and a potential framework for integrating such models into systematic literature reviews. The findings indicate that prospective research directions should focus on social media data, particularly regarding health and human-related information, as solar phenomena data is readily available through various online services. The majority of studies focus on geomagnetic activity or geomagnetic storms and cardiovascular conditions, while a minority address psychological states. ChatGPT supplied valuable information that was verified using four anchor hallucination questions and additional assessments through data analysis. The significant reduction in the time required to extract data from research paper databases is the primary advantage of employing large language models, enabling researchers to analyze a larger quantify of papers, provided the model’s prompt is carefully created with anchor hallucination questions and thorough validation by the researchers.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biometeorological insights into seasonal skin and coat adaptation in hairy goats from a semi-arid equatorial region","authors":"José Danrley Cavalcante dos Santos,&nbsp;Delfino Isac Belarmino Afo,&nbsp;Mikael Leal Cabral Menezes de Amorim,&nbsp;Tarsys Noan Silva Veríssimo,&nbsp;Geni Caetano Xavier Neta,&nbsp;Severino Guilherme Caetano Gonçalves dos Santos,&nbsp;Maria Isabelly Leite Maia,&nbsp;Luiz Arthur dos Anjos Lima,&nbsp;Larissa Kellen da Cunha Morais,&nbsp;Veerasamy Sejian,&nbsp;Ricardo Romão Guerra,&nbsp;Lucas Rannier Ribeiro Antonino Carvalho,&nbsp;Edilson Paes Saraiva","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03194-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03194-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The present study aimed to analyze annual variations in coat and skin characteristics of two goat breeds raised in an equatorial semi-arid environment. Samples were obtained from 50 multiparous does (25 Canindé and 25 Moxotó), evaluated quarterly over a one-year period. The following parameters were assessed: coat thickness (mm), hair density (hairs cm⁻²), and hair diameter and length (mm). Skin thickness was measured in micrometers (µm), as well as the area of sweat glands and cutaneous blood capillaries, expressed in µm cm⁻². The highest ambient temperatures and mean solar radiation were recorded between September and December. Significant differences (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) were observed across periods for coat thickness, hair density, diameter, and length, as well as for the areas of cutaneous blood capillaries and sweat glands. In September, overall cutaneous thermal insulation in both breeds was reduced, which was associated with lower hair density and increased areas of blood capillaries and sweat glands (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05). It can be concluded that, under equatorial conditions, phenotypic adjustments in the morphological traits of the skin and coat contribute to the modulation of thermal insulation in goat breeds. Both Canindé and Moxotó goats adjusted insulation-related traits throughout the year. However, although both breeds exhibited marked phenotypic plasticity, Canindé goats showed greater variation in coat traits, suggesting distinct adaptive strategies in response to the environmental seasonality of the equatorial semi-arid region.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03194-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147738883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}