International Journal of Biometeorology最新文献

{"title":"Transcriptomic analysis reveals physiological adaptations and immune system modulation in Romanian Holstein cattle during heat stress exposure","authors":"Daniela Elena Ilie,&nbsp;Alexandru Eugeniu Mizeranschi,&nbsp;Madalina Mincu-Iorga,&nbsp;Ludovic Toma Cziszter,&nbsp;Ioana Nicolae,&nbsp;Dinu Gavojdian","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03306-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03306-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heat stress represents a significant impairment to productivity, health, and reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle globally. The present study aimed to investigate genes and molecular mechanisms involved in physiological response to heat stress in Romanian Holstein dairy cows, by conducting a whole-blood transcriptomic and bioinformatics analysis. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed on samples collected from seven multiparous Romanian Holstein cows under both heat stress (HS, average temperature-humidity index -THI of 77.5) and thermoneutral (TN, average THI of 48.3) conditions. A total of 487 (447 downregulated and 40 upregulated) significantly (|log2FC| ≥ 1 and adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, during HS exposure compared to TN conditions. Downregulated genes were primarily associated with crucial physiological functions, including immune responses, inflammation, and metabolic pathways, all of which directly influence milk production, health and reproductive efficiency. Upregulated genes revealed active cellular protection mechanisms, notably heat shock proteins (HSPs), and a pronounced activation of the innate immune and antiviral defense responses, alongside metabolic adjustments and complex reproductive responses. Significant enrichment in pathways in response to heat stress included viral defense and lysosomal activity, suggesting an intensified cellular catabolism under thermal stress. In conclusion, Romanian Holstein cattle exhibit a complex, integrated molecular response to heat stress, characterized by a survival-oriented shift in gene expression. These findings provide detailed molecular insights into the physiological challenges faced by dairy cattle during heat stress exposure.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03306-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The influence of temperature on river fly phenology based on historic records","authors":"Tim H. Sparks,&nbsp;Annette Menzel","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03321-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03321-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>First appearance dates of three river flies (Mayfly, two caddis flies: Grannom and Welshman’s Button) for 1834–1931 were abstracted from the records of a chalk river fly fishing club in southern UK. First appearance dates of the terrestrial invertebrates Mole Cricket and Glow-worm were also abstracted. Appearance dates were related to monthly mean air temperatures by multiple regression. For all but Mole Cricket, modest but significant advances in phenology were detected in years with warmer temperatures; typically of the order of 3–6 days/°C. However, limited meteorological data were available for this historic period and we suggest that improved models require additional and more fine scale local weather and environmental data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00484-026-03321-2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148986922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of 48-H natural hypobaric hypoxia on intermuscular coherence during a repetitive upper-limb task","authors":"Juan Guerrero-Henriquez,&nbsp;Martin Vargas Matamala,&nbsp;Olivier Girard","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03301-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03301-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Natural hypobaric hypoxia (HH) is a relevant environmental stressor in occupational and sport settings, yet its short-term effects on frequency-specific coupling between antagonist muscles during dynamic upper-limb tasks remain unclear. This study examined whether acute and 48-h natural HH modifies biceps–triceps intermuscular coherence (IMC) during repetitive reaching. Ten healthy lowlanders (4 males/6 females) completed the same 180-s metronome-paced reaching task under normobaric normoxia (NN), acute HH, and after 48 h of continuous exposure at 3,600 m. Surface EMG was recorded from the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB), and magnitude-squared coherence was quantified across delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was monitored to confirm the hypoxic stimulus. Results SpO₂ decreased by approximately 9% during acute HH and 10% after 48 h compared with NN. IMC showed frequency- and exposure-duration–dependent increases under HH. Mean theta coherence increased during both acute and 48-h HH compared with NN, with the largest increase after 48 h. Theta peak coherence and consistency area index were also higher after 48 h than in NN. In higher frequency bands, mean beta coherence increased by approximately 131% and mean gamma coherence by approximately 111% after 48 h compared with NN. Forty-eight hours of natural HH was associated with increased BB–TB coherence during repetitive reaching, particularly in theta, beta, and gamma bands. These findings suggest that sustained altitude exposure may promote a more strongly coupled agonist–antagonist activation pattern during repetitive upper-limb movement. IMC may therefore help detect HH-related changes in neuromuscular coordination, with potential relevance for monitoring repetitive motor performance in occupational settings at altitude.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of balneotherapy on chronic low back pain, functional status, and rowing performance in athletes","authors":"Tamás Gáti,&nbsp;Ildikó Katalin Tefner,&nbsp;Katalin Hodosi,&nbsp;Tamás Bender","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03297-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03297-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This randomized controlled clinical study investigated the therapeutic effects of balneotherapy utilizing thermal–mineral water from the Margaret Island. Northern Thermal Well III B–18. The study assessed low back pain (LBP), functional status, quality of life, lumbar mobility, and specific rowing performance parameters in competitive and recreational rowers. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Forty-two athletes with chronic or recurrent load-induced LBP were enrolled and randomized into an intervention group (balneotherapy) or a non-treated control group. The intervention consisted of 15 sessions of 20-min baths over a ca. 3-week period. Measurements were taken at baseline, post-intervention (3 weeks), and at follow-up (12 weeks). Outcome measures included the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), EQ-5D-5L, lumbar mobility tests, and rowing ergometer performance metrics. Balneotherapy resulted in statistically significant short- and long-term reductions in both resting and load-induced pain. The intervention group demonstrated superior improvements in disability indices (ODI) and quality of life compared to controls. Furthermore, the balneotherapy group exhibited significant increases in lumbar lateral flexion and meaningful improvements in rowing performance, characterized by increased average watt output and improved heart rate recovery. Thermal–mineral water therapy provides clinically relevant functional and physiological benefits for rowers suffering from LBP. These findings support balneotherapy as an effective, non-pharmacological complementary modality in sports rehabilitation and performance preservation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148981763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate-associated burden of chronic kidney disease due to non-optimal temperature in G20 countries: evidence from a multicountry longitudinal study","authors":"Yiru Zhang,&nbsp;Xi Hua,&nbsp;Shengjie Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03317-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03317-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a growing global health burden, and non-optimal temperature is increasingly recognized as an environmental contributor; however, the long-term population-level mortality burden attributable to temperature exposure across the Group of Twenty (G20) has not been systematically characterized.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A multicountry longitudinal analysis was conducted for the G20 overall and 19 member countries from 2010 to 2023. Deaths from CKD attributable to non-optimal temperature, attributable percent, and temporal trends were estimated and stratified by sex and age group, with high temperature and low temperature assessed separately. Long-term trends were quantified using the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Across the G20, total CKD deaths increased from 599,066 in 2010 to 838,263 in 2023, and the CKD death rate rose from 14.00 to 17.67 per 100,000 (EAPC 1.74). CKD deaths attributable to non-optimal temperature increased from 45,071 to 58,041 (+ 28.84%), while the attributable percent declined from 7.52% to 6.92% (EAPC − 0.36). In 2023, attributable fractions ranged from 0.93% in Indonesia to 15.33% in Saudi Arabia, and attributable deaths were highest in the United States (11,950) and China (11,932). Low temperature dominated the burden (39,435 to 50,617 deaths; 6.04% in 2023), whereas high temperature contributed a smaller share (0.94% in 2023; 7,846 deaths) with greater instability. The burden was greatest in adults aged ≥ 75 years, while younger age groups showed declining attributable deaths. National EAPC patterns were heterogeneous, with declines in several countries (e.g., Mexico, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan) but increases or near-stable trends in others, notably Indonesia and the Russian Federation.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Non-optimal temperature contributes meaningfully to CKD mortality in the G20, which is examined here as a policy-relevant group rather than a global proxy. The marked heterogeneity highlights the need for tailored adaptation, especially for cold exposure and aging populations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balneoterapy habits and selection: a descriptive retrospective study","authors":"Fatma Erdeo,&nbsp;İsmail Ceylan,&nbsp;Neslihan Altuntaş Yılmaz","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03319-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03319-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study aimed to: (1) evaluate balneotherapy usage habits, duration of stay, and physical activity patterns among individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain, analyzing their association with pain intensity and socioeconomic status (Primary Objective); and (2) compare pain scoring behaviors across three Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) presentation formats. In this descriptive retrospective study, data from 425 individuals (aged ≥ 45 years) with chronic mechanical musculoskeletal pain were analysed. Pain intensity was assessed using three VAS formats (numerical, non-numerical and vertical) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. The results showed that 51.1% of participants typically used balneotherapy (BT) for a duration of 1–2 weeks. Moderate negative correlations were found between educational level and VAS scores (<i>r</i> = − 0.406, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and between BT visit frequency (<i>r</i> = − 0.115, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), the duration of the BT stay (<i>r</i> = -0.252, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and pain intensity. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was found between income level and duration of stay in the thermal facilities (<i>r</i> = 0.816, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). A significant finding was that 83.3% of participants had no previous experience of physiotherapy. Scale presentation formats are among the factors that significantly influence pain assessment results. Although balneotherapy is associated with lower reported pain intensity, its use and duration of stay depend largely on socio-economic factors. The lack of professional support at thermal facilities highlights the urgent need to integrate physiotherapists in order to transform balneotherapy into a structured, evidence-based rehabilitation framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphophysiological profiles associated with thermoregulation in dark-coated North Tinerfeña goats and Canária de Pelo sheep in the Canary Islands","authors":"Wallace Sostene Tavares da Silva,&nbsp;Robson Mateus Freitas Silveira,&nbsp;Luis Alberto Bermejo,&nbsp;Alexandr Torres Krupij,&nbsp;Débora Andréa Evangelista Façanha","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03324-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03324-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluated and compared morphophysiological characteristics associated with thermoregulation in North Tinerfeña goats and Canária sheep, both dark-coated and maintained under similar environmental conditions on the island of Tenerife, Spain. A total of 23 adult Canária de Pelo ewes (clinically healthy, multiparous, non-pregnant; mean age 2.5 years; average body weight 39.50 ± 1.25 kg) and 30 North Tinerfeña goats (all females, aged 2–4 years and non-pregnant; average body weight 39.45 ± 3.58 kg) were evaluated. Physiological variables (rectal temperature and respiratory rate), coat morphological traits (coat thickness, hair length, and hair diameter), and environmental variables (air temperature and relative humidity) were measured. Repeated-measures analysis revealed significant population effects for rectal temperature and respiratory rate (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). Canária sheep exhibited higher rectal temperatures and markedly higher respiratory rates than North Tinerfeña goats, although rectal temperature remained within the physiological range of homeothermy in both populations. North Tinerfeña goats exhibited significantly thicker and longer coats with larger hair diameters than Canária sheep (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.001), demonstrating marked population-associated differences in coat morphology. Canonical discriminant analysis performed at the individual-animal level and validated using leave-one-animal-out cross-validation correctly classified 98.1% of animals using physiological traits alone and 100% using either coat morphological traits or the combined set of physiological and morphological variables. The classification tree identified hair length as the primary discriminatory trait between populations, with a threshold of 54.70 mm completely separating the two groups within the evaluated population. These findings demonstrate pronounced population-associated physiological and morphological differentiation related to thermoregulation in dark-coated North Tinerfeña goats and Canária sheep and provide a basis for further investigation of thermoregulatory variation in locally adapted small ruminants.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13574850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148966011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population age structure explains the ecological association between older-adult solo household rate and infusion therapy utilization in Japan: An ecological study","authors":"Haruki Saito,&nbsp;Tetsuya Ohira","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03320-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03320-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Heat-health warning systems rely on meteorological indicators, but heat outcomes may also reflect social vulnerability. We examined whether prefectural elderly solo household rate, a routinely available household-composition indicator, was associated with large-volume infusion therapy utilization, a non-specific healthcare-utilization measure, and whether this association was independent of population age structure, healthcare supply, and heat exposure. We conducted an ecological study of 47 Japanese prefectures using fiscal year 2023 data. Infusion therapy utilization (procedure code G004, ≥ 500 mL) from the National Database (NDB) Open Data was the outcome; elderly solo household rate was derived from the 2020 National Census. Associations were examined using linear regression, sensitivity analyses, and, in an additional analysis, adjustment for prefectural ageing rate, healthcare supply, and official heat-exposure measures. Elderly solo household rate was associated with infusion therapy utilization (β = 723.37; 95% CI, 376.52–1,070.21; <i>p</i> = 0.0001), persisting across sensitivity analyses. In an additional analysis, adjusting for prefectural ageing rate attenuated this estimate by 57.1% (β = 310.2; 95% CI, − 87.0–707.4; <i>p</i> = 0.126), and further adjustment for healthcare supply and heat exposure reduced it toward zero (β = −31.8; 95% CI, − 536.8–473.3; <i>p</i> = 0.902). Elderly solo household rate was associated with infusion therapy utilization in the unadjusted analysis, but this association was not robust to additional adjustment for population age structure, healthcare supply, and heat exposure. These findings indicate that population age structure explains most of this ecological association, underscoring the importance of accounting for demographic composition in heat-health surveillance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular diseases attributed to future heat and cold: A projection study of climate change impact under different scenarios in an arid region of Iran, Esfarayen","authors":"Hamid Reza Shoraka,&nbsp;Marzieh Mahmudimanesh,&nbsp;Omid Aboubakri","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03315-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03315-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate and temperature changes are among the most critical challenges for human and planetary health; however, evidence on future temperature-related health impacts remains limited in the Middle East and other arid regions. This study quantified historical and projected heat and cold-related cardiovascular morbidity (i.e., hospital admissions) in an arid region of Iran under multiple climate, population, and adaptation scenarios. Daily cardiovascular disease counts were associated with temperature using a quasi-Poisson regression within a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM), which was then combined with historical and projected temperature data (1981–2099) obtained from the ISIMIP database under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios. In addition to station-based observations, air temperature was predicted using land surface temperature (LST) within a semi-parametric regression framework. Population change was incorporated using United Nations low- and high-fertility variant scenarios. Adaptation was modeled as a 20% upward shift in the minimum-CVDs temperature and compared with a no-adaptation scenario. Results showed that heat-attributable cardiovascular morbidity is projected to increase by more than 30% in several mid- and late-century decades, particularly under RCP8.5, whereas cold-attributable morbidity remains negligible (&lt; 1%) and highly uncertain. Adaptation and population change had low effects on the attributable fraction, while the use of LST-derived air temperature resulted in more conservative risk estimates compared to station-based data. These findings highlight substantial future heat-related cardiovascular risks and emphasize the need for heat-specific urban planning and improved exposure modeling in projection studies, especially in arid regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148966003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing and applying a tourism climate comfort model in humid-rainy regions: The case of Guilin, China","authors":"Hu Luyao,&nbsp;Lu Ling,&nbsp;Song Yuhui,&nbsp;Li Xinkai","doi":"10.1007/s00484-026-03305-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00484-026-03305-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the context of global climate change, accurate assessment of tourism climate comfort is of great significance for sustainable tourism development. However, when existing general models are applied to humid and rainy climate regions, they exhibit notable deficiencies in evaluating the combined impacts of persistent high humidity and heavy precipitation. To address this issue, this study takes Guilin, China as a case study. Based on the Holiday Climate Index (HCI), dynamic correction factors for humidity and precipitation are introduced to develop an optimized model, MHCI2, suitable for humid monsoon climate regions. The regional applicability of the model is comprehensively evaluated by combining long-term meteorological data with tourist perception questionnaires. The results show that: (1) MHCI2 more reasonably characterizes the spatiotemporal variation of tourism climate comfort in Guilin, and its outputs show directional monthly-scale consistency with the monthly trends in tourist acceptance rates. When MHCI2 &gt; 63, the tourist acceptance rate typically exceeded 80%, indicating that this value can serve as an indicative empirical reference benchmark for tourism climate suitability in the Guilin region.(2) Guilin’s tourism climate exhibits a “double-valley comfort” pattern: spring high humidity and summer heavy precipitation each cause declines in comfort, while autumn (September to November) is the most suitable tourism period of the year. (3) Compared with traditional models, MHCI2 more effectively identifies the inhibitory effects of high humidity and precipitation on comfort, avoiding the overestimation of summer comfort. This study provides a methodological reference for tourism climate adaptability assessment in humid and rainy regions, and offers empirical support for destination seasonal management, optimization of tourist services, and climate risk management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":588,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Biometeorology","volume":"70 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148965970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}