Acta Geophysica最新文献

{"title":"A comparison of landforms, ecological aspects, and surface temperature composites for urban heat island analysis","authors":"Samyah Salem Refadah,&nbsp;Neyara Radwan,&nbsp;Minhaz Farid Ahmed,&nbsp;Mohd Yawar Ali Khan,&nbsp;Fahad Alshehri,&nbsp;Chaitanya Baliram Pande","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01914-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01914-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Songkhla Province is a rapidly urbanizing area in southern Thailand, where surface urban heat island (SUHI) analysis has mainly focused on Hat Yai City due to the increasing impacts of urbanisation on the local climate and green space. This study examines the interactions between important environmental indices to comprehend urbanization effects on climate and vegetation dynamics from 2016 to 2024 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat datasets in Google Earth Engine (GEE), such as DLST/NLST (daytime and nighttime land surface temperature), geospatial indicators, and correlation analysis. According to the land use analysis, the built-up areas of Songkhla Province increased from 0.64% to 3.11%, while the natural vegetation decreased by 8.29%. This indicates that the region’s ecosystems are under many stresses from urban growth. Evapotranspiration (ET) values rose from 457.09 mm in 2016 to 490.80 mm in 2024, suggesting increased water loss from urbanization. Meanwhile, the leaf area index (LAI) decreased from 47.89 (2016) to 43.27 (2024), indicating a gradual decline in canopy cover and vegetation density. The results of the analysis indicate that DLST and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) have strong positive correlations (0.98–0.99), DLST has a negative correlation with enhanced vegetation index (EVI) (− 0.28 to − 0.66), and NDBI has a negative correlation with both normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) (− 0.68 to − -0.79) and EVI (− 0.30 to − 0.66). These results highlight how important vegetation and moisture are in reducing the negative effects of urbanization. Furthermore, they emphasize that creating sustainable infrastructure and maintaining and expanding green areas are crucial elements of meaningful integrated urban planning, which is necessary to lessen the effects of urban heat and increase local climate resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparison of landforms, ecological aspects, and surface temperature composites for urban heat island analysis","authors":"Samyah Salem Refadah,&nbsp;Neyara Radwan,&nbsp;Minhaz Farid Ahmed,&nbsp;Mohd Yawar Ali Khan,&nbsp;Fahad Alshehri,&nbsp;Chaitanya Baliram Pande","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01914-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01914-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Songkhla Province is a rapidly urbanizing area in southern Thailand, where surface urban heat island (SUHI) analysis has mainly focused on Hat Yai City due to the increasing impacts of urbanisation on the local climate and green space. This study examines the interactions between important environmental indices to comprehend urbanization effects on climate and vegetation dynamics from 2016 to 2024 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Landsat datasets in Google Earth Engine (GEE), such as DLST/NLST (daytime and nighttime land surface temperature), geospatial indicators, and correlation analysis. According to the land use analysis, the built-up areas of Songkhla Province increased from 0.64% to 3.11%, while the natural vegetation decreased by 8.29%. This indicates that the region’s ecosystems are under many stresses from urban growth. Evapotranspiration (ET) values rose from 457.09 mm in 2016 to 490.80 mm in 2024, suggesting increased water loss from urbanization. Meanwhile, the leaf area index (LAI) decreased from 47.89 (2016) to 43.27 (2024), indicating a gradual decline in canopy cover and vegetation density. The results of the analysis indicate that DLST and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) have strong positive correlations (0.98–0.99), DLST has a negative correlation with enhanced vegetation index (EVI) (− 0.28 to − 0.66), and NDBI has a negative correlation with both normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) (− 0.68 to − -0.79) and EVI (− 0.30 to − 0.66). These results highlight how important vegetation and moisture are in reducing the negative effects of urbanization. Furthermore, they emphasize that creating sustainable infrastructure and maintaining and expanding green areas are crucial elements of meaningful integrated urban planning, which is necessary to lessen the effects of urban heat and increase local climate resilience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal evolution of local scour around bridge pier-abutment configurations: effects of pier-abutment spacing and blockage ratio","authors":"Saba Soori,&nbsp;Sanaz Soori,&nbsp;Nima Ikani,&nbsp;Jaan H. Pu","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01983-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01983-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Local scour around bridge foundations remains a major threat to structural stability, particularly when bridge piers and abutments are placed within the same contracted flow region. This study experimentally investigates the temporal evolution and final morphology of clear-water scour around coupled pier-abutment configurations, with emphasis on the combined effects of pier-abutment spacing and blockage ratio. The experiments were conducted in a recirculating laboratory flume using a rectangular vertical-wall abutment and single and double-pier arrangements. The results show that pier-abutment spacing has a non-monotonic effect on abutment scour. At the closest spacing (<span>(x/{D}_{text{p}}=1.5)</span>), the pier partially shields the abutment by reducing the direct erosive action of the approach flow. In contrast, the intermediate spacing (<span>(x/{D}_{text{p}}=3)</span>) produces the most severe abutment scour because of constructive interaction between pier-induced and abutment-induced flow structures. Under this condition, the maximum abutment scour depth increases by 10.9% compared with the close-spacing configuration and by up to 55% compared with the far-spacing (<span>(x/{D}_{text{p}}=6)</span>). Increasing the blockage ratio further intensifies scour, raising the maximum scour depth by approximately 7.4% at the abutment and 10% at the first pier. The temporal scour response follows a clear biphasic pattern, with 65–75% of the maximum scour depth developing during the initial 10–15% of the test duration, followed by a slower asymptotic approach toward equilibrium. The final scour morphology reveals pronounced upstream–downstream asymmetry, with deeper upstream scour holes controlled by downflow and horseshoe-vortex action and shallower downstream depressions associated with wake vortices and sediment redistribution. These findings demonstrate that pier-abutment spacing and blockage ratio jointly control both the rate and magnitude of scour development, highlighting the need to consider their combined effects in bridge-foundation design and scour-risk mitigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11600-026-01983-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148838132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal evolution of local scour around bridge pier-abutment configurations: effects of pier-abutment spacing and blockage ratio","authors":"Saba Soori,&nbsp;Sanaz Soori,&nbsp;Nima Ikani,&nbsp;Jaan H. Pu","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01983-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01983-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Local scour around bridge foundations remains a major threat to structural stability, particularly when bridge piers and abutments are placed within the same contracted flow region. This study experimentally investigates the temporal evolution and final morphology of clear-water scour around coupled pier-abutment configurations, with emphasis on the combined effects of pier-abutment spacing and blockage ratio. The experiments were conducted in a recirculating laboratory flume using a rectangular vertical-wall abutment and single and double-pier arrangements. The results show that pier-abutment spacing has a non-monotonic effect on abutment scour. At the closest spacing (<span>(x/{D}_{text{p}}=1.5)</span>), the pier partially shields the abutment by reducing the direct erosive action of the approach flow. In contrast, the intermediate spacing (<span>(x/{D}_{text{p}}=3)</span>) produces the most severe abutment scour because of constructive interaction between pier-induced and abutment-induced flow structures. Under this condition, the maximum abutment scour depth increases by 10.9% compared with the close-spacing configuration and by up to 55% compared with the far-spacing (<span>(x/{D}_{text{p}}=6)</span>). Increasing the blockage ratio further intensifies scour, raising the maximum scour depth by approximately 7.4% at the abutment and 10% at the first pier. The temporal scour response follows a clear biphasic pattern, with 65–75% of the maximum scour depth developing during the initial 10–15% of the test duration, followed by a slower asymptotic approach toward equilibrium. The final scour morphology reveals pronounced upstream–downstream asymmetry, with deeper upstream scour holes controlled by downflow and horseshoe-vortex action and shallower downstream depressions associated with wake vortices and sediment redistribution. These findings demonstrate that pier-abutment spacing and blockage ratio jointly control both the rate and magnitude of scour development, highlighting the need to consider their combined effects in bridge-foundation design and scour-risk mitigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11600-026-01983-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148837882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of RegCM in simulating Indian summer monsoon drought and flood extremes","authors":"R. Bhatla,&nbsp;R. K. Mall,&nbsp;Akash Vishwakarma,&nbsp;Aashna Verma","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01934-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01934-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates the performance of the RegCM4.7 regional climate model in simulating extreme rainfall events, focusing on flood and drought years over India. A composite analysis of multiple drought and flood years was conducted to assess the fidelity of various cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) and land surface models in replicating the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) dynamics. Model validation against observed IMD datasets was carried out using Taylor diagrams, employing correlation coefficients, root mean square error, and standard deviation to identify optimal schemes. Among the tested configurations, Grell-based schemes, particularly Grell over Land and Tiedtke over Ocean and Grell over Land and Emanuel over Ocean, demonstrated improved agreement with observed rainfall patterns due to their advanced physical representations. The selected CPSs were further used to analyze atmospheric and surface processes, such as rainfall distribution, surface temperature, relative humidity, moisture flux, CAPE, wind stress, and vertical wind shear highlighting distinct differences in ISM behavior between flood and drought conditions. Results suggest that land–atmosphere interactions and convective processes play a crucial role in modulating monsoon variability. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate parameterization schemes for accurate climate simulations and offers insights into improving regional climate modeling for better flood and drought prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spike noise removal from aeromagnetic data using hybrid nonlinear filtering and fuzzy C-means clustering","authors":"Osama Elghrabawy","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01981-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01981-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aeromagnetic data are often affected by spike noise caused by instrumental errors and cultural interference, which can degrade geological interpretation. This study presents an automated denoising framework combining nonlinear (NL) filtering and fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering for spike detection and removal. The method incorporates adaptive masking and interpolation based on a minimum curvature approach, with parameter optimization guided by an unsupervised cost function that balances reconstruction error, mask extent, and signal smoothness. The algorithm was validated using synthetic magnetic profiles generated from forward modeling and applied to real aeromagnetic data from the Abu Mehrek area, Western Desert, Egypt. Results show that the proposed approach effectively suppresses high-frequency cultural spikes while preserving geological anomalies. An optional interactive refinement tool is included to allow user adjustment in complex cases. The proposed method provides efficient alternative to manual editing for aeromagnetic data preprocessing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of RegCM in simulating Indian summer monsoon drought and flood extremes","authors":"R. Bhatla,&nbsp;R. K. Mall,&nbsp;Akash Vishwakarma,&nbsp;Aashna Verma","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01934-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01934-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study evaluates the performance of the RegCM4.7 regional climate model in simulating extreme rainfall events, focusing on flood and drought years over India. A composite analysis of multiple drought and flood years was conducted to assess the fidelity of various cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) and land surface models in replicating the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) dynamics. Model validation against observed IMD datasets was carried out using Taylor diagrams, employing correlation coefficients, root mean square error, and standard deviation to identify optimal schemes. Among the tested configurations, Grell-based schemes, particularly Grell over Land and Tiedtke over Ocean and Grell over Land and Emanuel over Ocean, demonstrated improved agreement with observed rainfall patterns due to their advanced physical representations. The selected CPSs were further used to analyze atmospheric and surface processes, such as rainfall distribution, surface temperature, relative humidity, moisture flux, CAPE, wind stress, and vertical wind shear highlighting distinct differences in ISM behavior between flood and drought conditions. Results suggest that land–atmosphere interactions and convective processes play a crucial role in modulating monsoon variability. The study underscores the importance of selecting appropriate parameterization schemes for accurate climate simulations and offers insights into improving regional climate modeling for better flood and drought prediction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spike noise removal from aeromagnetic data using hybrid nonlinear filtering and fuzzy C-means clustering","authors":"Osama Elghrabawy","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01981-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01981-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Aeromagnetic data are often affected by spike noise caused by instrumental errors and cultural interference, which can degrade geological interpretation. This study presents an automated denoising framework combining nonlinear (NL) filtering and fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering for spike detection and removal. The method incorporates adaptive masking and interpolation based on a minimum curvature approach, with parameter optimization guided by an unsupervised cost function that balances reconstruction error, mask extent, and signal smoothness. The algorithm was validated using synthetic magnetic profiles generated from forward modeling and applied to real aeromagnetic data from the Abu Mehrek area, Western Desert, Egypt. Results show that the proposed approach effectively suppresses high-frequency cultural spikes while preserving geological anomalies. An optional interactive refinement tool is included to allow user adjustment in complex cases. The proposed method provides efficient alternative to manual editing for aeromagnetic data preprocessing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148782816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of deep rock drilling resistance by integrating fractal theory and logging data: the Kuqa Depression block in the Tarim Basin","authors":"Yapeng Liu,&nbsp;Huan Zhao,&nbsp;Bo Wang,&nbsp;Tianyu Yang,&nbsp;Lei Yang,&nbsp;Shouhua Zhang,&nbsp;Ullah Zain,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01982-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01982-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The evaluation of drilling resistance in deep and ultra-deep structurally complex formations is commonly constrained by limited core data, strong lithological heterogeneity, and spatially variable logging responses. For the deep formations of the Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin, this study proposes a logging-constrained empirical–fractal framework for estimating drilling resistance-related parameters. The workflow integrates core-based experimental data, conventional logging curves, empirical regression models, rescaled range analysis, and stochastic midpoint displacement interpolation, thereby extending discrete core measurements to continuous single-well profiles and interwell spatial estimates. Based on 115 sets of rock mechanical and rock drillability experimental data, several key parameters were analyzed, including uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, indentation hardness, abrasiveness, and rock drillability grade. Empirical relationships between these parameters and depth, density, and acoustic slowness were established. Model selection was based on a combined assessment of <i>R</i>², RMSE, MAE, AIC, and physical interpretability. The results indicate that the relationships of <i>K</i>_d–AC and <i>P</i>_y–AC show relatively good fitting performance and can provide constraints for the continuous estimation of rock drillability grade and indentation hardness. In contrast, density-related models mainly reflect regional empirical trends in rock mechanical parameters. Rescaled range analysis shows that the Hurst exponents of the DEN, AC, and GR curves from wells D1–D3 are all greater than 0.5, indicating positive correlation and persistence in the logging responses, which can provide spatial-continuity constraints for fractal interpolation. The interwell distributions constructed using the stochastic midpoint displacement method suggest that DEN, GR, and AC exhibit clear interwell variability. The estimated distributions of <i>K</i>_d and <i>P</i>_y mainly inherit the spatial variation of AC, whereas UCS and abrasiveness are primarily controlled by depth-dependent empirical trends. The results suggest that the proposed workflow can improve the continuity of drilling resistance evaluation under limited core data and sparse well control. It provides a practical reference for identifying difficult-to-drill intervals and supporting preliminary drilling engineering evaluation in deep structurally complex formations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148751835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of deep rock drilling resistance by integrating fractal theory and logging data: the Kuqa Depression block in the Tarim Basin","authors":"Yapeng Liu,&nbsp;Huan Zhao,&nbsp;Bo Wang,&nbsp;Tianyu Yang,&nbsp;Lei Yang,&nbsp;Shouhua Zhang,&nbsp;Ullah Zain,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1007/s11600-026-01982-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11600-026-01982-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The evaluation of drilling resistance in deep and ultra-deep structurally complex formations is commonly constrained by limited core data, strong lithological heterogeneity, and spatially variable logging responses. For the deep formations of the Kuqa Depression in the Tarim Basin, this study proposes a logging-constrained empirical–fractal framework for estimating drilling resistance-related parameters. The workflow integrates core-based experimental data, conventional logging curves, empirical regression models, rescaled range analysis, and stochastic midpoint displacement interpolation, thereby extending discrete core measurements to continuous single-well profiles and interwell spatial estimates. Based on 115 sets of rock mechanical and rock drillability experimental data, several key parameters were analyzed, including uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, indentation hardness, abrasiveness, and rock drillability grade. Empirical relationships between these parameters and depth, density, and acoustic slowness were established. Model selection was based on a combined assessment of <i>R</i>², RMSE, MAE, AIC, and physical interpretability. The results indicate that the relationships of <i>K</i>_d–AC and <i>P</i>_y–AC show relatively good fitting performance and can provide constraints for the continuous estimation of rock drillability grade and indentation hardness. In contrast, density-related models mainly reflect regional empirical trends in rock mechanical parameters. Rescaled range analysis shows that the Hurst exponents of the DEN, AC, and GR curves from wells D1–D3 are all greater than 0.5, indicating positive correlation and persistence in the logging responses, which can provide spatial-continuity constraints for fractal interpolation. The interwell distributions constructed using the stochastic midpoint displacement method suggest that DEN, GR, and AC exhibit clear interwell variability. The estimated distributions of <i>K</i>_d and <i>P</i>_y mainly inherit the spatial variation of AC, whereas UCS and abrasiveness are primarily controlled by depth-dependent empirical trends. The results suggest that the proposed workflow can improve the continuity of drilling resistance evaluation under limited core data and sparse well control. It provides a practical reference for identifying difficult-to-drill intervals and supporting preliminary drilling engineering evaluation in deep structurally complex formations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":6988,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geophysica","volume":"74 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2026-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}