Geological Journal最新文献

{"title":"Depositional Settings and Enrichment Processes of Extraordinarily High Organic Matter Content of Black Shale in the Talung Formation of the Upper Permian: A Case Analysis of the Kaijiang–Liangping Trough, Southern China","authors":"Wen Liu,&nbsp;Tianquan Qu,&nbsp;Wei Wu,&nbsp;Yuran Yang,&nbsp;Xue Yang,&nbsp;Weiliang Kong,&nbsp;Qin Zhang,&nbsp;Wanli Gao,&nbsp;Guangyin Cai,&nbsp;Chong Jiang,&nbsp;Zhen Qiu","doi":"10.1002/gj.70093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70093","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The black shale strata in the Talung Formation of the Upper Permian is a new target for marine shale gas exploration breakthroughs in South China. Through petrological and elemental geochemical analyses of black shales in the Talung Formation, the sedimentary environment during the late Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian stage was clarified, and an enrichment model of extraordinarily high organic matter (EHOM) was established. The shales in the Kaijiang–Liangping Trough are mainly composed of siliceous calcareous shales, with a total organic carbon content ranging from 5.45% to 20.15%, and the kerogen type is predominantly Type II₁. During the deposition of the Talung Formation, the margin of the Kaijiang–Liangping Trough was characterised by a shallow to semi-deep water shelf environment, with a warm, humid climate and anoxic reducing water conditions. The water at the margin of the marine trough was slightly turbulent, with a low degree of stagnation. The primary productivity proxies established using trace elements Cu, Zn, and Ni reveal a high level of primary productivity in the water during the Late Permian. The widespread upwelling activity and suitable terrigenous clastic input brought abundant nutrients into the waters, significantly enhancing primary productivity. However, hydrothermal and volcanic activities had no significant contribution to primary productivity. Thus, the high primary productivity brought by upwelling and terrigenous clastic input significantly promoted the production of EHOM, and the reducing water conditions facilitated the preservation of EHOM. The excellent production and favorable preservation jointly ensured the accumulaiton of EHOM in the Talung Formation shale of the Kaijiang-Liangping Trough.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2357-2375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provenance, Tectonic Setting and Palaeoclimate of the Neogene Sandstones in the Naga Schuppen Belt, Indo-Myanmar Range, India","authors":"Alono Thorie,&nbsp;S. K. Srivastava","doi":"10.1002/gj.70098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70098","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this study, mineralogy and modal components of sandstones from the Neogene Surma and Tipam Groups in the Assam-Arakan Basin were analysed to understand their provenance, tectonic setting, and palaeoclimate. Petrographic composition and heavy mineral assemblages suggest that most of the sandstones have been supplied by a mixed provenance. However, an increase in the metamorphic detrital input has been observed in the overlying sandstones of the Tipam Group, suggesting more contribution from a metamorphic source. Modal analysis of the Neogene sandstones also suggests a mixed provenance where most of the sandstones were supplied from a recycled orogeny comprising collision suture, fold-thrust belt, arc orogen, and subduction complex sources. With changing tectonics and the upliftment of the Shillong Plateau and/or Karbi Anglong massif, the supply of sediments from the Indian Craton and Eastern Himalayas into the Assam-Arakan Basin decreased. Though the supply of sediments from the Eastern Himalayas continued until the end of the deposition of the Tipam Group, the detrital input from the uplifted Naga Ophiolites and Naga Metamorphics had increased significantly. Palaeoclimate analysis for the sandstones reflects a semi-humid climate during the deposition of both marine Surma and fluvial Tipam Groups, which coincides with the Miocene Climatic Optimum.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2456-2482"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Late Miocene Mammalian Remains From the Outcrops of Chakwal, Punjab, Pakistan","authors":"Khizar Samiullah,&nbsp;Riffat Yasin,&nbsp;Bilal Rasool,&nbsp;Muhammad Nadeem Khan,&nbsp;Eisha Muzaffar,&nbsp;Sania Latif","doi":"10.1002/gj.70094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70094","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>New mammalian fossils have been recovered from the middle-late Miocene outcrops of Chakwal district, Punjab, Pakistan. In the current study, we describe 18 specimens belonging to nine species of the Artiodactyla, which include <i>Gazella lydekkeri</i>, <i>Eotragus noyei</i>, <i>Pachyportax nagrii, Helicoportax tragelaphoides</i>, <i>Merycopotamus nanus</i>, <i>Listriodon pentapotamiae</i>, <i>Propotamochoerus hysudricus, Giraffokeryx punjabiensis, Bramatherium grande</i> and one species of the order Carnivora, <i>Percrocuta carnifex</i>. The material described here includes isolated teeth and fragments, comprising incisors, canines, premolars and molars. We describe the fossil fragment of <i>Percrocuta carnifex</i> from Dhok Bun Ameer Khatoon (DBAK) outcrops. These specimens add to our knowledge of already described taxa as well as adding stratigraphic, biogeographic and temporal knowledge about Siwalik mammals. The composition of the fauna from our studied sites is principally consistent with the middle-late Miocene strata, dating approximately 14.2–10.0 Myr. The paleoclimate of this age can be inferred as warm and moist, having dense forest pockets and developed grassy, herbaceous and woody vegetation.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2376-2414"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathways to 2030 SDGs: How Governance, Human capital, and Green Technology Shape Carbon Reductions in the N-11 Bloc","authors":"Jianjun Li,&nbsp;Afnan Hassan","doi":"10.1002/gj.70085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Rising carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in rapidly developing economies pose a major challenge to global climate objectives and the achievement of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Next Eleven (N-11) nations, characterised by fast economic growth and heavy reliance on natural resources, are particularly vulnerable to this sustainability dilemma. This study investigates how key socioeconomic factors, economic growth, biocapacity, natural resource rents, government effectiveness, and technological innovation influence CO₂ emissions in the N-11 region. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the SDGs, emphasising climate action and sustainable development. Due to data limitations, seven countries—Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, and the Philippines—are excluded from the biocapacity analysis. Employing advanced panel econometric techniques that account for slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, the study applies unit root and cointegration tests, with Westerlund's method confirming long-run relationships amongst variables. The Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) results show that technological innovation, government effectiveness, and biocapacity significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, whereas GDP growth has a weak positive correlation with ecological degradation, and natural resource rents show no significant linear impact. Further insights from the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR) model indicate that governance and innovation exert stronger emission-reducing effects at higher quantiles of the emissions distribution. Conversely, the environmental burden of economic growth and resource rents intensifies at these upper levels, highlighting the limitations of extractive economic strategies. The study underscores the importance of strengthening institutional quality, fostering technological development, and enhancing ecological resilience. It offers policy-relevant evidence to support customised interventions aimed at achieving sustainability in high-emission N-11 countries.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2208-2222"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical Characteristics and Tectonic Significance of the Early Carboniferous Nb-Enriched Arc Basalts in Wusun Mountain, Yili Block (Chinese Western Tianshan)","authors":"Hai Li,&nbsp;Yongjun Li,&nbsp;Ganyu Li,&nbsp;Gaoxue Yang,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Liu,&nbsp;Wenqi Shang,&nbsp;Panlong Wang,&nbsp;Hao Fu","doi":"10.1002/gj.70100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70100","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nb-enriched basalt is a distinct type of island arc basalt characterised by unique geochemical signatures. The basalts and basaltic andesites of the Dahalajunshan Formation, primarily composed of plagioclase and olivine phenocrysts, constitute the dominant lithology of the Early Carboniferous marine strata in the Wusun Mountain region of the Yili Block. Thirty LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb measurements yielded a concordant ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 343.8 ± 5.7 Ma (MSWD = 1.3), confirming an Early Carboniferous age, which is temporally consistent with spatially associated adakites. Geochemically, the basalts exhibit arc-like signatures (LREE enrichment, HREE depletion, pronounced Nb, Ta and Ti negative anomalies) but are distinguished by elevated TiO₂ (1.66–3.04 wt%), P₂O₅ (0.47<b>–</b>1.74 wt%) and significant enrichments in Nb (&gt; 7 ppm), Sr (&gt; 500 ppm) and Zr (&gt; 170 ppm; Zr/Y &gt; 4). Their low (La/Nb)_PM (avg. 2.59) and high (Nb/Th)_PM (avg. 0.64), coupled with uniform Sr–Nd isotopes (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Srᵢ = 0.70440–0.70494; <i>ε</i>\u0000 _Nd(<i>t</i>) = +1.58 to +3.08), confirm affinities to Nb-enriched basalts rather than normal island arc basalts, implying a unique subduction-modified mantle source. Comprehensive analysis suggests that the Nb-enriched basaltic magma of Wusun Mountain was derived from a spinel-phase lherzolite source. It is proposed that adakitic melts, generated by the partial melting of subducting slabs, metasomatically interact with the mantle peridotite, inducing partial melting and the formation of Nb-enriched basaltic magma. The discovery of Nb-enriched island arc basalts in the Wusun Mountain region provides new evidence for the subduction-related tectonic setting of the Yili Block during the Early Carboniferous and temporally constrains the closure of the Tianshan palaeo-ocean basin to post-date this period. These findings offer valuable insights into the mechanisms of Nb enrichment in arc magmas and the prolonged subduction evolution of the Chinese Western Tianshan orogenic belt.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2498-2519"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovation and Environmental Degradation Nexus in Saudi Arabia: Unveiling the Impact of Energy Transition, Financial Development, and Human Capital","authors":"Md. Saiful Islam,&nbsp;Anis ur Rehman,&nbsp;Mohammed Abdul Moiz,&nbsp;Nezar Mohammed Al-Samhi,&nbsp;Noman Arshed","doi":"10.1002/gj.70099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70099","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Climate change and environmental degradation have become a prominent part of the worldwide discourse. In the age of global warming, innovation (proxied by patents) is frequently seen as a way to lessen environmental pollution. This study examines the impact of innovation on CO₂ emissions while controlling for factors such as renewable energy use, education, financial development, and economic growth in Saudi Arabia. The study uniquely combines innovation, human capital, financial development, and renewable energy within a nonlinear quantile framework to reveal Saudi-specific dynamics of the innovation–environment relationship. It utilizes quantile-based “multiple threshold nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (MTNARDL)” estimation employing data from 1990 to 2022. It also applies the NARDL approach concurrently for comparative assessment. Moreover, cointegrating regression is employed to cross-check the primary MTNARDL outcomes. The findings reveal that patents minimize environmental pollution in their lower quantiles but intensify it in their fourth quantile. Energy transition and financial developments improve environmental quality, but economic growth deteriorates it, and human capital remains insignificant. The MTNARDL estimation appears robust, as authenticated by the FMOLS estimates. The findings have significant implications for policymakers, who should prioritize rationalizing patent systems, promoting renewable energy use, enhancing financial development, and adopting green production technologies to ensure environmental sustainability.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2483-2497"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemistry and U–Pb Zircon Geochronology of the Gabbroic Rocks in the South Delhi Fold Belt: Insights Into Rodinia-Age Tectonics in Northwest India","authors":"Anirban Manna,&nbsp;Sadhana M. Chatterjee,&nbsp;Kaushik Das,&nbsp;Alip Roy,&nbsp;Ayan Kumar Sarkar","doi":"10.1002/gj.70083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The South Delhi Fold Belt (SDFB) in NW India is juxtaposed against the Marwar Craton along its western margin through the Phulad Shear Zone (PSZ). Within the SDFB, a substantial occurrence of gabbroic rocks extends in an NE–SW orientation, mirroring the alignment of PSZ. These gabbroic rocks are closely associated with ~1 Ga granites within the SDFB that are often correlated with the Rodinia supercontinent formation. However, no age of the gabbroic rocks has been reported so far. The origin of these gabbroic rocks, often considered part of the Phulad Ophiolite, has been a subject of intense debate. To gain insights into the source and tectonic setting of the gabbroic rocks, we conducted detailed fieldwork, petrography, geochemical and geochronological analyses. The granites and gabbroic rocks are regionally deformed with a regional orientation parallel to the SDFB regional trend. Detailed field studies reveal that the gabbro and the PSZ underwent synchronous deformation. The geochemical study of gabbroic rocks documents tholeiite affinity, suggesting that their source magma likely formed from a low-degree partial melting of the spinel peridotite zone of the lithospheric mantle at a shallow depth. This magma was subsequently modified by crustal contamination during magma ascent. U–Pb zircon dates of the gabbroic rocks confirm a magmatic Concordia age of 978.2 ± 8.7 Ma. Integrating field relations, petrography, geochemistry and geochronological data, we suggest that the gabbro and granite were generated in an extensional tectonic setting during ~1 Ga in NW India. This finding challenges the Rodinia-age collision model previously suggested for NW India.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2181-2207"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainability Under Uncertainty: A Time-Frequency Perspective on Brazil's Nuclear Energy Pathway, Digital Evolution, and Financial Risk Exposure","authors":"Abraham Ayobamiji Awosusi,&nbsp;Berna Uzun","doi":"10.1002/gj.70095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70095","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Brazil faces a growing tension between accelerating economic development and preserving ecological sustainability, particularly amid rising energy demand, fiscal vulnerabilities, and rapid digital transformation. While nuclear energy, digitalization, financial stability, and economic growth are often discussed as critical levers for sustainable development, their environmental impacts remain poorly understood in Brazil's context, given the country's unique convergence of structural, environmental, and economic factors. Motivated by this gap, the present study provides the first empirical assessment of the impacts of nuclear energy, financial risk, digitalization, and economic growth on Brazil's ecological quality, measured through the load capacity factor for the period between 1999Q1 and 2021Q4. To achieve this, the study employs advanced econometric techniques including wavelet quantile regression, wavelet quantile correlation, quantile-on-quantile kernel regularised least squares, and quantile-on-quantile Granger causality. Results from the wavelet quantile regression method reveal that nuclear energy exerts a negative influence on ecological quality across most quantiles and time scales. Similarly, digitalization, financial risk, and economic growth contribute to environmental degradation across different periods and quantiles. These findings are reinforced by wavelet quantile correlation and quantile-on-quantile kernel regularised least squares, while the quantile-on-quantile Granger causality analysis confirms the predictive influence of each explanatory variable on environmental sustainability. The study concludes by offering targeted policy recommendations aimed at aligning Brazil's economic and technological advancement with long-term environmental sustainability.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2415-2432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical Modelling for Natural Convection Within High Permeability Carbonate Formations in Xiong'an Area","authors":"Zhuting Wang,&nbsp;Shengbiao Hu,&nbsp;Yibo Wang,&nbsp;Yonghui Huang,&nbsp;Guangzheng Jiang,&nbsp;Chao Zhang","doi":"10.1002/gj.70086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The temperature field in the high permeability carbonate geothermal reservoir is poorly constrained. The numerical simulation provides a powerful tool to reveal the characteristics and mechanism of heat transfer in the carbonate reservoir. Xiong'an New District, 140 km south of Beijing, China, is a typical and large-scale carbonate formation developed area. In this study, based on the geothermal measurement data, a two-dimensional thermal-hydraulic-mechanical numerical simulation was conducted to analyse the genetic mechanism of the carbonate formation temperature. Sensitivity of formation temperature to the key parameters of the reservoir and their heterogeneities was also tested. The unique thermophysical parameters of the reservoir, characterised by high permeability and thermal conductivity, are the crucial reasons for the uniform temperature distribution of the carbonate formation. Influence of basement uplift, water-conducting fractures, and heterogeneous permeability on the geothermal distribution was also analysed. The thermal refraction effect caused by basement uplift, groundwater activity due to water-conducting fractures, and the abnormally high permeability of carbonate rocks are the main causes of thermal anomalies in the study area. As the ratio between horizontal and vertical permeability increases, the groundwater activity within the rock layers becomes weaker, and the thermal convection effect generated has a gradually decreasing impact on the geothermal distribution.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2223-2235"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148696462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seismically Induced Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures and Massflow Deposits in a Paleoproterozoic Shelf Setting (Chakrata Formation, Lesser Himalaya, India)","authors":"Partha Pratim Chakraborty,&nbsp;Alok Deep,&nbsp;Ujjwal Kr Singh","doi":"10.1002/gj.70102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.70102","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A variety of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDs) and mass flows of varying rheology are present in the Paleoproterozoic argillaceous Chakrata Formation, Lesser Himalaya. SSD structures (intra- and inter-bed) include contorted/convoluted beds, deformed laminations, load casts, and flame structures, pseudonodules, and sand dykes. Deposits of high- and low-density turbidity currents and sandy debris flows represent mass flows that are included in the Chakrata shelf shale succession. The lateral continuity and recurrent incidence of SSD-bearing disturbed layers through the Chakrata lithopackage indicate a seismogenic origin. The disturbed bed thickness and nature of SSD structures suggest the earthquake shock magnitudes (Mz) of 5 to in excess of 8. It is ascertained that besides generating SSDs, the seismic shocks, at times, caused extreme liquefaction and fluidisation that caused sediment failure and generation of gravity flows. Though from rock record establishment of synchronicity between SSD formation and mass flow generation always remains a challenge in the absence of historical data or adjoining fault systems, the physical association of SSDs and mass flows in the Chakrata Formation allows identification of their co-genetic nature related to seismic activity.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":12784,"journal":{"name":"Geological Journal","volume":"61 8","pages":"2538-2557"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148695762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}