ACS Sensors最新文献

{"title":"Nanobody-Based Lateral Flow Assays: Applications, Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions","authors":"Yuli Peng,María Gómez-Castillo,Robert Hoehndorf,Fabian Kiessling,Dominik Renn,Magnus Rueping","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c02118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c02118","url":null,"abstract":"Nanobody-based lateral flow assays (LFAs) are an emerging class of point-of-care diagnostics that combine enhanced thermal stability, target affinity comparable to or in some cases exceeding that of conventional antibodies, and low-cost recombinant production of nanobodies with the versatility of conventional antibody-based detection formats. This review examines recent progress in nanobody engineering, assay architecture, and signal amplification strategies that improve analytical sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing potential. Despite these advances, several technical and translational challenges persist, including broad analyte compatibility, difficulties in optimal nanobody pair selection, scalability of expression systems, and the need for robust and reproducible conjugation chemistries. The growing integration of computational modeling and AI-driven nanobody design has accelerated the discovery and optimization pipelines, yet standardized frameworks for validation and benchmarking remain scarce. Addressing these limitations will be important for the further clinical translation and commercial deployment of nanobody-based LFAs across diverse applications in infectious disease diagnostics, food safety testing, and environmental monitoring.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmonic Scattering Imaging of Interfacial Electrochemistry on Single Nanoparticles","authors":"Zehao Ye,Jiying Xu,Jingbo Zhang,Min Wang,Yi Chen,Le Liu,Pengfei Zhang","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c03651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c03651","url":null,"abstract":"Directly visualizing surface chemical dynamics in solution requires the in situ, real-time monitoring of local reactions, a major methodological challenge. Here, we introduce electrochemical plasmonic scattering microscopy, an electrochemical surface plasmon resonance (SPR) scattering technique that enables dynamic imaging of interfacial electrochemistry. By replacing conventional reflection-based detection with scattering imaging while maintaining a sharp SPR response, our approach preserves high surface sensitivity and achieves exceptional optical contrast and spatial resolution. Crucially, the method exhibits substantially reduced sensitivity to surface‑charging interference of the sensing film compared with conventional SPR. This capability enables wide-field imaging of interfacial electrochemical processes in real time, allowing us to resolve cyclic voltammograms from individual nanoparticles. We further demonstrate the direct visualization of local reaction dynamics, uncovering previously unknown heterogeneity in surface reactions along single noble metal nanowires. We present a convenient and straightforward method that transforms conventional, widely used SPR platforms into a powerful and user-friendly tool for imaging the interfacial electrochemistry of single nanoparticles.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programmable Nanozyme Gating: A Molecular Ejector Switch (MES) for High-Fidelity miRNA-21 Sensing","authors":"Fei Zhou,Junjie He,Hangqi Wu,Li Tan,Yuji Zhang,Serge Cosnier,Junji Li,Dan Shan","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c02388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c02388","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nucleotide-level variants in miRNA or pathogen genomes can critically reprogram gene-regulatory networks or enhance disease severity, highlighting the urgent need for sensing platforms capable of resolving subtle sequence discrepancies. In this article, we present a programmable molecular ejector switch (MES) that functions as a confinement-gating smart nanozyme for adaptive nucleic-acid sensing. By integrating the etb topology of mesoporous Co-IRMOF-74-II with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gatekeepers, the MES transforms passive MOF scaffolds into an active logical device. Driven by the balance between van der Waals attraction and electrostatic repulsion, the ssDNA gatekeepers can be reversibly accommodated within the pores to block mass transport through the MES. Upon target binding, hybridization displaces the ssDNA gatekeeper, while the resulting rigid duplex is less compatible with pore re-entry, thereby restoring the overall nanozyme activity. As a proof of concept, the miRNA-21 sensor furnishes accurate colorimetric readouts (LOD: 0.84 nM; log-linear range 1–300 nM), while concurrent fluorescent signals (LOD: 0.10 nM; linear range 0.2–50 nM) cross-validate the gating logic. The sensor outputs exhibit a monotonic dependence on the mismatch degree, enabling high-fidelity discrimination of multi-nucleotide variants. This modular confinement-gating strategy is readily adaptable to other nucleic acid biomarkers, offering a versatile scaffold for the development of intelligent diagnostic devices.","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149210087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intelligent Wearable Respiratory Monitoring System Based on All-Electrospun Silver Nanowires/Graphene/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Strain Sensors.","authors":"Huijun Xiao, Aobo Cheng, Baoqi Wang, Ding Li, Xin Li, Zeyu Geng, Yan Li, Lu-Qi Tao, Yi Yang, Tian-Ling Ren","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c01120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01120","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiration serves as a critical physiological indicator, with abnormalities in its patterns and rates closely associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, particularly sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). Wearable abdomen-mounted respiratory sensors offer a promising solution for long-term, comfortable, and noninvasive monitoring; however, the subtle mechanical deformations induced by respiration impose stringent requirements on sensor sensitivity and stability. Here, we report a versatile flexible strain sensor designed for comprehensive respiratory monitoring across diverse scenarios. This sensor adopts an all-fibrous and fully electrospun architecture composed of silver nanowires (AgNWs), graphene (GR), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), which is fabricated through a dual-channel hybrid electrospinning strategy. The sensor exhibits dual-regime sensitivity. It delivers a stable and linear gauge factor (GF) of 133.3 in the low-strain range (0-40%), which is highly suitable for high-fidelity daily respiration monitoring. Meanwhile, a high GF is achieved in the high-strain region (>40%), enabling the accurate capture of vigorous physiological behaviors such as severe coughing and strenuous exercise. This multi-range sensitivity endows the sensor with high precision for subtle biological signals and reliable responsiveness to intense physiological events, along with outstanding flexibility, mechanical durability, and wearable comfort. Benefiting from the highly interpenetrated three-dimensional conductive network, the sensor enables precise detection of minute respiratory-induced deformations. Furthermore, an integrated respiratory monitoring system is developed, allowing accurate identification of different respiratory states through feature signal extraction and analysis. This work provides an efficient and scalable strategy for constructing high-performance dual-regime flexible strain sensors and demonstrates their strong potential for wearable respiratory health monitoring applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Enabled Mixed Potential Sensor Array for Complex VOC Mixture Decoding and Real-Time Methanol-Risk Assessment in Baijiu.","authors":"Jiayao Du, Hanchi Shi, Xinyu Li, Yuanye Pan, Yan Lv, Haiyan Liu, Minghui Cao, Xishuang Liang, Tong Liu","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c02752","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c02752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate identification of complex gas mixtures in dynamic real-world environments is essential for environmental monitoring, food safety, and public health. However, these challenges arise mainly from overlapping response fingerprints of chemically similar hazardous analytes and the limited capability of conventional sensors to decouple multicomponent, concentration-coupled signals. Here, we report a ZnFe2O4/MoO3 mixed potential sensor array enabled by a material-device-algorithm co-design strategy. Through compositional engineering of the sensing electrodes, the array generates orthogonal cross-reactive fingerprints for six volatile organic compounds, with response fluctuation standard deviations of 0.47-2.43 mV across all analytes and a rapid response time of 12 s toward 100 ppm triethylamine. To address alcohol mixtures with strong competitive adsorption, including methanol, ethanol, and n-butanol, a CNN-BiLSTM spatiotemporal fusion model extracts multiscale features from dynamic sensing responses, enabling simultaneous mixture classification and concentration prediction. The system achieves recognition accuracies of 100 and 99.33% for the test set and independent validation set, respectively, with corresponding mean absolute errors of 1.61 and 1.62 ppm. We further extend this strategy to a portable Baijiu MeOH sensing platform for real-time methanol-risk assessment in complex liquor matrices, achieving above 98.89% accuracy in identifying samples exceeding the statutory limit. This work integrates interfacial electrochemical regulation, high-dimensional array sensing, deep-learning-enabled signal decoupling, and portable system implementation, offering a deployable route toward intelligent gas sensing in complex real-world environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dielectrophoresis-Assisted PVDF/DES/Au NP-Based Microfluidic ECL Biosensor for In Situ Detection of Extracellular Vesicles.","authors":"Fangyan Ji, Peilin Wang, Yameng Li, Tiantian Sun, Qiang Ma","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c01896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herein, a regenerable dielectrophoresis (DEP)-assisted microfluidic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was developed for in situ detection of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in gastric cancer ascites. In the integrated microfluidic ECL sensor, a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/deep eutectic solvent (DES)/Au NP (PDES/Au NPs) self-supporting electrode was developed. The DES treatment increased the polar β-phase proportion in PVDF-HFP and improved its conductivity. Meanwhile, Au NPs deposited on the electrode surface amplified the ECL signal of Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA@SiO2 nanobeads through the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect and generated an inhomogeneous electric field distribution for EV capture. Due to the DEP effect, the polarized EVs migrated and enriched on the PDES/Au NP electrode surface. As a result, the isolation time of EVs was reduced from 120 to 30 min. Consequently, the sensing platform effectively captured and detected EVs in gastric cancer ascites. The detection range was 1.0 × 101.6-1.0 × 105.3 particles μL-1, and the limit of detection was 9 particles μL-1. Moreover, a regenerative strategy was designed by controllably cleaving Au-S bonds on the self-supporting electrode. This developed microfluidic ECL biosensor achieved real-time quantification of low-concentration EVs in ascites, which established a promising analytical tool for gastric cancer diagnosis as well as the discrimination of peritoneal metastatic lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149206406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cleavage Activity Adjustment of the CRISPR/Cas System for Enhanced Diagnostics.","authors":"Yining Zhao, Panpan Qiao, Min Yang, Ling Chen, Juan Zhang, Genxi Li","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c02837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c02837","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The CRISPR/Cas system, known for its high precision and efficiency in genome editing, has garnered significant interest and demonstrated potential in diagnostics, owing to advantages such as sensitivity and cost-effectiveness. However, the application of the CRISPR/Cas system in diagnostics is constrained by two inherent challenges. On one hand, the sensitivity of the CRISPR/Cas system for the direct detection of low-abundance targets remains to be further improved for the demands of practical detection. On the other hand, the integration of nucleic acid amplification with the CRISPR/Cas system in one-pot assays presents difficulty of balance between target amplification and cleavage of Cas proteins. To overcome these constraints, researchers have encouragingly developed diverse strategies for precisely adjusting the cleavage activity of the CRISPR/Cas system. This review systematically summarizes advancements across six major strategies, including protein engineering, crRNA engineering, activator engineering, reporter engineering, the influence of metal ions and small molecules, and aggregation-mediated enhancement. These approaches either enhance cleavage efficiency for amplification-free, ultrasensitive detection, or temporarily suppress the cleavage activity to coordinate kinetics in integrated one-pot systems. Furthermore, future perspectives are discussed, which will contribute to the development of cleavage activity adjustment of the CRISPR/Cas system, providing insights for next-generation diagnostic technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149177961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Function Microneedle Patch for Retinyl Acetate Delivery and Lactate Sensing in Skincare Management.","authors":"Tingting Wu, Guozhen Liu","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c03353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c03353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Closed-loop skin health management that integrates real-time diagnostic feedback with on-demand therapeutic delivery remains a critical unmet challenge in precision dermatology. Here, a smart core-shell microneedle (MN) patch is developed for bidirectional skin intervention: simultaneous delivery of retinyl acetate (RA) therapy and in situ monitoring of interstitial fluid (ISF) lactate as a metabolic biomarker. RA is first encapsulated in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) inclusion complexes via a rapid ultrasonic method to enhance solubility and stability. The MN patch features a mechanically robust polyvinyl alcohol/sodium hyaluronate (PVA/SH) shell for effective stratum corneum penetration and a hyaluronic acid-based core loaded with RA@HPβCD, type I collagen, and chitosan for synergistic anti-aging and anti-acne effects. The MN patch delivers RA to remodel the dermal matrix while continuously extracting ISF, enabling on-site quantitative analysis of lactate as a metabolic feedback indicator of skin status-elevated lactate signals skin hypoxia or inflammation, prompting timely RA action. This integrated platform thereby establishes a closed-loop system coupling therapeutic intervention with diagnostic assessment. This smart MN patch offers a promising strategy for precision skin care and holds potential for managing diverse dermatological conditions requiring dynamically adjustable therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning and Domain Expertise for Fabricating High-Performance Biosensors.","authors":"Mei-Ling Xiao, Pengcheng Zhang, Zhijie Li, Nuo-Qiao Lin, Xiaowo Wang, Jian-Zhong Liu","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c01075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c01075","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transcription factor-based biosensors are essential for the scalable bioproduction of plant natural products. However, a major bottleneck in developing high-performance biosensors is the engineering of responsive promoters due to the vast sequence space and poorly understood sequence-function relationships. Here, we extend our previously published DeepSEED framework into an artificial intelligence-driven pipeline for efficient and extensible biosensor-responsive promoter optimization. This strategy integrates deep learning with domain-specific biological expertise. By fixing core promoter elements, varying the number and position of transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) to define promoter backbones, and subsequently optimizing the flanking sequences, we enable the de novo design of promoters. We systematically apply this strategy to optimize a panel of biosensors across different transcription factors and regulatory modes, including four metabolite-responsive biosensors and a quorum-sensing-based environmental sensor. The resulting biosensors exhibit diverse dynamic behaviors with markedly improved sensitivity, expanded dynamic range, and increased maximum output. For instance, the optimized naringenin biosensor demonstrates a 32-fold broader dynamic range and a 27-fold higher maximum output compared to its parent. To illustrate its utility in metabolic engineering, we employed a DeepSEED-designed promoter to dynamically regulate a p-coumaric acid biosynthesis pathway, boosting production by 117.0%. Our work extends the previously published DeepSEED framework into a powerful pipeline for biosensor optimization and delivers a portfolio of high-performance regulatory elements, addressing a critical need and facilitating the development of more intelligent and productive metabolic engineering systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic Focusing of Heterogeneous Bacterial Immunocomplexes for Reproducible SERS Immunoassays.","authors":"Xiangdong Yu, Kihyun Kim, Beomseok Cha, Hyun-Uk Kim, Jinsoo Park, Thanh Mien Nguyen, Jaebum Choo","doi":"10.1021/acssensors.6c03516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.6c03516","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic bead-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunoassays enable sensitive and multiplexed bacterial detection. However, bacterial targets form heterogeneous magnetic bead-bacterium-SERS nanotag immunocomplexes that vary in size, morphology, and nanotag loading. In static capillary-based measurements, different numbers of heterogeneous immunocomplexes are therefore located within the laser focal volume at each measurement position, resulting in large signal fluctuations and poor measurement reproducibility. In this study, we developed an elasto-inertial microfluidic platform that enables three-dimensional focusing of bacterial immunocomplexes for reproducible quantitative SERS measurements. Bacterial immunocomplexes suspended in 0.5% (w/v) poly(ethylene oxide) were focused near the center of a straight microchannel and continuously passed through a fixed Raman measurement region. High-speed imaging and cross-sectional Raman mapping confirmed central focusing of the immunocomplexes in both the lateral and vertical directions. Compared with static capillary-based measurements, the coefficient of variation decreased from 41.17% to 7.85% for Staphylococcus aureus and from 64.62% to 6.42% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The corresponding R2 values increased from 0.857 to 0.985 and from 0.680 to 0.971, respectively. The corresponding limits of detection were 2.32 × 104 CFU/mL for Staphylococcus aureus and 8.50 × 104 CFU/mL for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The same focusing strategy was further applied to simultaneous detection of the two bacterial targets using spectrally distinguishable Raman reporters. These results demonstrate that three-dimensional elasto-inertial focusing provides an effective approach for improving the reproducibility of quantitative single- and multiplex bacterial SERS immunoassays.</p>","PeriodicalId":24,"journal":{"name":"ACS Sensors","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.9,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149190220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}