Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Molecular docking for screening chemicals of environmental health concern: insight from a case study on bisphenols.","authors":"Samira Norouzi, Noah Nahmiach, German Perez, Ying Zhu, Gilles H Peslherbe, Derek C G Muir, Xianming Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d5em00084j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00084j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To explore the use of molecular docking as a high throughput <i>in silico</i> screening tool for identifying chemicals of environmental health concern, we conducted a case study to assess endocrine disruption effects due to targeting of nuclear receptors (NRs) by chemicals with backbone structures like bisphenols, but with varied functional groups. The molecular docking analysis elucidates how functional groups of the chemicals, such as NH₂, Cl, and OCH₃, influence their interaction with the human estrogen receptor alpha (hERα), a key player in endocrine regulation. Through comparative docking analysis, we examined how bisphenol analogs interact with three distinct conformations of hERα: the apo structure and two structures with bound agonist and antagonist ligands. Water molecules within the protein and surrounding the ligand binding domain (LBD) were found to have little impact on the affinity of compounds binding to the receptor across various conformations. This can be attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the ligand-binding pocket, which consists mainly of hydrophobic amino acid residues and binding sites. In the assessment of bisphenol analogs compared to well established endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), it was observed that these analogs exhibit characteristics commonly associated with endocrine disruptors. While compounds like BPA and BPF exhibited partial agonist activity, stimulating hERα activity to varying degrees, other compounds displayed non-agonist behavior, suggesting a different mode of interaction with the receptor. Further analysis revealed the significance of specific functional groups, such as hydroxyl or amine groups, on the aromatic ring of these compounds in modulating their binding affinity to hERα. Within the ligand binding site of hERα, amino acid residues Glu353, Arg394, and His524 have the capacity to form hydrogen bonds with hydroxyl or amine groups. Protonation or deprotonation of these groups can further alter their binding affinity, thereby influencing their interaction with estrogen receptors and subsequent estrogenic effects. <i>Via</i> this case study, we demonstrate the potential and provide best practices of using molecular docking as a new approach methodology (NAM) for chemical assessments and regulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145084556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the response of agricultural watershed non-point source pollution to the dual impacts of climate change and human activities.","authors":"Shaolei Guo, Yuehan Zhang, Xianqi Zhang, Wanhui Cheng, Xin Wang","doi":"10.1039/d5em00038f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00038f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To effectively manage water resources and safeguard food security, it is essential to comprehend the impact of climate change and human activities on non-point source (NPS) pollution within agricultural watersheds. This study utilized SWAT+ to model the water balance and nutrient balance of the Xiaowei River Basin (XRB) in Shaanxi Province, China. Different scenarios were used to quantify the effects of human activities and climate on NPS pollution loads. Model validation achieved <i>R</i>² values of 0.87 (streamflow) and 0.71 (total nitrogen load), indicating good performance. The baseline period (1998-2023) was divided into four evolution scenarios. Results showed climate dominated total nitrogen (TN) load contributions (average 93.6%), while human activities contributed 6.4%. However, human activities increased from 4.5% (1998-2003) to 9.7% (2018-2023), increasing TN load. TN loads decreased relative to the initial scenario, due to reduced precipitation. Future pollution loads were simulated using CMIP6 data (five GCMs) and projected population and LULC. Under SSP2-4.5, TN loads increased (2024-2040) and then decreased. Under SSP5-8.5, TN loads exhibited a consistent upward trend, driven by agricultural land expansion and reduced precipitation. Human activities' contribution is continually increasing. Projections indicate TN load under Best Management Practices (BMPs) is lower than that in other scenarios across all timeframes. Notably, in the long term (2071-2100), TN load under BMPs is lower than the baseline. Relevant decision-makers may consider implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs) such as precision fertilization and the establishment of vegetative buffer strips, which can help mitigate the effects of human activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An environmental risk assessment of contamination of lakes and rivers in Northern Ireland with pharmaceuticals, personal care products and drugs of abuse.","authors":"William Ross Hunter, Helena Rapp-Wright, William Francis, Margarita White, Alexandra K Richardson, Cryshanthi Christy, Faye Shiels, Ciara Mellon-Kane, Eugene O'Kane, Yvonne McElarney, Heather Moore, Leon P Barron","doi":"10.1039/d5em00435g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00435g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this work, we present the most spatially comprehensive environmental risk assessment of 114 pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drug residues in the surface waters of Northern Ireland. We sampled at 50 sites spread across five lakes and rivers. We detected 21 different substances in 137 water samples and quantified between 0.7-2967 ng L^-1 (<i>n</i> = 834 quantifiable measurements). Within these, the top five most frequently detected compounds were the opioid painkiller tramadol (91%), the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (91%, with cocaine itself at 55% frequency), caffeine (80%), the anti-depressant venlafaxine (76%, which also appears on the EU Water Framework Directive watch list) and the antipsychotic drug carbamazepine (55%). That said, environmental risk quotients (RQs) were low to insignificant overall. Only diclofenac and caffeine presented moderate to high risks (RQ = 3.3 and 24.7, respectively). In comparison to other works, including regulatory body chemical monitoring data, Northern Ireland's inland waters were less heavily contaminated with these substances compared with other river systems in the rest of the UK and the island of Ireland. Preliminary assessment of the potential for generation of antibiotic resistance through use of lowest predicted no-effect concentration for resistance data (PNECRs) showed a statistically elevated risk from trimethoprim in comparison to Environment Agency data monitored over the same timeframe in England. This was particularly noted in the River Lagan in the Greater Belfast area. Statistical analysis of catchments revealed that the sources of these pollutants was likely from both treated and untreated wastewater. This pilot study represents the first baseline study of water contamination with selected pharmaceuticals, personal care products and illicit drugs on which to base future national monitoring programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of real microplastic leachates on the development and behavior of developing zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>).","authors":"Emma Tsai, Melanie Wilson, Mohamed Ateia, Ahmed Abdelmoneim","doi":"10.1039/d5em00415b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00415b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plastic pollution in aquatic environments has increased, raising concerns about the toxicity of microplastics (MPs) and their additives to developing organisms. Numerous studies have examined the physical toxicity of microplastic particles, while comparatively few have investigated the effects of their leachates, particularly on organismal neurodevelopment and behavior. Additives from the MPs can desorb into the surrounding environment, generating leachates that may impact early development. This study evaluated the effects of early developmental exposure to MP leachates on early developing zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>), quantifying effects on larval survival, development, activity, and behavioral responses to acute stressors. MPs-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide 66 (PA66), and reinforced glass fiber (MIX)-were processed into particles (<500 μm) and incubated in embryo media for 24 hours under UV-C, 35 °C, and agitation to generate leachates through accelerated weathering. Zebrafish embryos were exposed from 6 to 120 hours post-fertilization (hpf) to varying leachate dilutions (corresponding to 0.063 to 10 000 mg MPs per L). At 120 hpf, larvae were assessed for survival, prevalence of morphological defects, overall growth, baseline activity, and behavioral responses to acoustic, visual, and peripheral irritant stressors. MIX leachate significantly increased mortality, while PET leachate exposure reduced growth. No significant morphological defects were observed across treatments. ABS, PA66, and PET leachates altered larval activity and behavioral stress responses. These preliminary findings suggest that MP leachates pose varying developmental and behavioral risks to developing organisms at critical exposure concentrations. Understanding these risks is crucial for assessing the environmental impacts of MPs pollution and informing regulatory policies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145068619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ship traffic and military activity identified as emerging sources of lead in remote island air.","authors":"Iravati Ray, Jariya Kayee, Xianfeng Wang, Reshmi Das","doi":"10.1039/d5em00295h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00295h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution in remote, tropical island environments remains underexplored, a significant knowledge gap compared to extensive studies in polar and high-altitude regions (<i>e.g.</i>, Arctic, Antarctic, and Tibetan Plateau). The Andaman and Nicobar (A & N) Islands provide a unique setting to study background pollution due to minimal industrial activity and coal combustion. This study addresses this gap by analyzing elemental concentrations and Pb isotopic compositions in PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 aerosols along with potential end members, collected in Port Blair during winter and monsoon 2023. Ship fuel (diesel, lubricants, and coolants), an underexplored source of atmospheric Pb was characterized for metal concentrations and Pb isotopes. The results indicate that while crustal components (up to 76% in monsoon and 53% in winter) and marine sources (up to 28% in monsoon and 15% in winter) contribute significantly to Pb in aerosols, anthropogenic sources such as vehicular and ship emissions (up to ≥10%), non-exhaust emissions, and transboundary aerosols (up to ∼10%) also play key roles. Notably, Pb isotopic signatures reveal a distinct source that cannot be explained by conventional contributors. By comparing Pb isotopic compositions with global ammunition data, we identify military activities, particularly bullet-derived Pb, as a significant and previously unrecognized source in the region (up to 23% in monsoon and 30% in winter). This study advances our understanding of atmospheric Pb sources in remote tropical archipelagos, reporting the first comprehensive Pb isotopic composition of PM from these islands.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydroxyl radical-initiated degradation kinetics of organic pollutants in surfactant-rich environments.","authors":"Carole Abdel Nour, Stéphanie Rossignol, Boulos Samia, Maria Bou Saad, Ndeye Khoyane Dieng, Stéphanie Lebarillier, Laurence Asia, Anne Monod, Pascal Wong-Wah-Chung","doi":"10.1039/d5em00203f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00203f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surfactant-rich aqueous media are common in natural environments. The sea surface microlayer and sea spray droplets are good examples and are also frequently markedly enriched in organic pollutants. This study focuses on the degradation kinetics of organic pollutants initiated by the hydroxyl radical in such surfactant-rich environments. The apparent second-order rate constants of the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with two model pollutants, carbamazepine and phenanthrene, were determined in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or rhamnolipids at concentrations below and above their critical micelle concentration (CMC). The results show that the apparent rate constant remains unaffected below the CMC, unless additional reactive processes are induced. From the results obtained above the CMC, second-order rate constants were derived for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical with the pollutant trapped in the surfactant micelles. A rather similar decrease of about a factor of 3 in comparison to pre-micellar conditions was observed for all three experimental conditions tested. This work appears to provide a suitable foundation for evaluating the impact of such surfactant-rich environments on the half-lives and fates of organic pollutants and a preliminary indication of how reaction kinetics may be modified in various organized surfactant structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145032473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferrihydrite level in paddy soil affects inorganic arsenic species in rice grains.","authors":"Arindam Malakar, Daniel D Snow, Michael Kaiser, Harkamal Walia, Trenton L Roberts, Chittaranjan Ray","doi":"10.1039/d5em00475f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00475f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rice is consumed by ∼50% of the global population, grown primarily in flooded paddy fields, and is susceptible to arsenic accumulation. Inorganic arsenic, particularly in reduced form (As(III)), is considered the most toxic and is more likely to accumulate in rice grains under flooded systems. We postulate that increased levels of highly reactive iron minerals, such as ferrihydrite, in paddy soils can regulate the bioavailability of arsenic and reduce its uptake by priming iron plaque formation. To clarify, two rice varieties, Norin and Sabharaj, differing in arsenic uptake rate, were grown in paddy soil under flooded conditions with arsenate (As(V)) spiked-irrigation water. 2-line ferrihydrite was added at 0.00% (control), 0.05%, and 0.10% w/w and served as the highly reactive iron species. Irrespective of rice varieties, total inorganic arsenic (As(III) + As(V)) in grains in ferrihydrite systems decreased by 85 to 93% compared to the control. These results support ferrihydrite's intrinsic role in controlling paddy soils' rhizosphere chemistry. Our findings indicate that fresh reactive iron minerals are critical in the early formation of root iron plaque, which enhances the defense mechanism against arsenic. The findings may have implications for reducing toxic inorganic arsenic accumulation in lowland rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145028532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Double-edged implications of triclosan for the neuroendocrine system: evidence from the national health and nutrition examination survey (2011-2014 NHANES).","authors":"Zhiming Li, Lichun Ma, Yizhou Zhong, Boxuan Liang, Yuji Huang, Zhenlie Huang","doi":"10.1039/d5em00332f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00332f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Triclosan (TCS) has raised concerns due to its widespread use and potential neuroendocrine toxicity. However, its neurological effects and the interplay between TCS-induced sex hormone disruption and neurological outcomes in adults remain largely unexplored. Herein, we analyzed data from 2717 adults in the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, employing logistic regression, restricted cubic spline, and mediation analyses to investigate the association between TCS exposure and neurological outcomes. The results showed that higher TCS exposure (above the median) was associated with lower odds of poor cognitive performance on the digit symbol substitution test (odds ratio (OR) = 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42-0.99, <i>P</i> = 0.046), depression (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.49-0.93, <i>P</i> = 0.015), and serious difficulty in concentrating (OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.30-0.74, <i>P</i> = 0.001). Mediation analyses revealed that testosterone and white blood cell counts partially mediated the relationship between TCS exposure and neurological outcomes. Additionally, gender-specific and U-shaped associations were observed between TCS exposure and cognitive function, depression, and difficulty concentrating. Collectively, our findings provide the first evidence linking TCS exposure to neurological health outcomes and potential neurotoxicity <i>via</i> sex hormone disruption in U.S. adults. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and clinical significance of these associations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145013511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of microplastic colour on photodegradation of sorbed contaminants.","authors":"Laura C Matchett, Sarah A Styler","doi":"10.1039/d5em00529a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00529a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment, accumulate hydrophobic organic contaminants, and suppress the photodegradative loss of these contaminants. Thus, they have the potential to act as vectors for contaminant uptake by organisms and transport to remote regions. Our current understanding of microplastic-sorbed contaminant photodegradation is drawn from experiments with unpigmented microplastics, but the interaction of pigments with light may alter the loss and corresponding persistence of sorbed contaminants. To improve our ability to predict the fate of contaminants sorbed to the broad spectrum of coloured microplastics in the environment, therefore, we investigated the photodegradation (UVA light, <i>λ</i>_max = 350 nm) of the model organic contaminant anthracene sorbed to four coloured polyethylene microplastics. Anthracene loss kinetics were colour dependent (unpigmented ≫ orange > blue = white), which we attribute to differences in the pigment light absorption profiles for the different microplastics. The findings presented here highlight the need to consider the influence of microplastic pigmentation when evaluating the potential environmental impacts of their associated contaminants.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145013525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of portable air purifiers and cabin air filters on particulate matter and nitrogen oxides concentrations in vehicle cabins","authors":"Evan Renck and Heejung Jung","doi":"10.1039/D5EM00194C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EM00194C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this study, portable air filters ranging in size from small desktop units with ∼80 lpm (∼3 CFM) flow rates to large plug-in filters with ∼8500 lpm (∼300 CFM) flow rates were tested to evaluate their performance in reducing particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NO<small>_<em>X</em></small>) concentrations (as a sum of NO and NO<small>₂</small>, or individually) inside vehicle cabins. Aftermarket cabin air filters with various types of carbon trap features were tested to evaluate their performance in reducing NO<small>_<em>X</em></small> concentrations inside vehicle cabins. The first goal was to determine the minimum size (in terms of flow rates) for a supplemental portable air purifier to aid the existing cabin air filter such that it enhances air quality without excessive energy consumption or space requirements. Tests were conducted with each portable air purifier in a vehicle cabin in different HVAC settings, all using the fresh air mode. The second goal was to determine the effectiveness of the carbon trap elements inside the portable air purifiers as well as after-market cabin air filters that have built-in carbon trap layers. The Cabin Air Quality Index for particle number (CAQI<small>_PN</small>) was determined as a function of vehicle HVAC fan speeds. Baseline results without a portable air purifier showed that the built-in cabin filter efficiency for particles drops significantly as the vehicle HVAC fan speed increases. The CAQI values for NO, NO<small>₂</small>, and NO<small>_<em>X</em></small> were determined with the lowest HVAC fan speed for commercially available OEM and aftermarket adsorption filters. The portable air purifier with ∼270 lpm (∼10 CFM) showed no reduction of CAQI<small>_PN</small> compared to the stock cabin filter alone. The plug-in type air purifier with ∼1400 lpm (∼60 CFM) showed 37% and 51% reduction in CAQI<small>_PN</small> at low and medium fan speed settings, respectively. The minimum effective flow rate for an additional air purifier in a vehicle was seen to be between 280 lpm (10 CFM) and 1400 lpm (60 CFM). Two OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) cabin filters with the activated carbon layer showed 64–67% reduction in NO<small>₂</small>. The inexpensive aftermarket cabin air filters showed no reduction in NO<small>₂</small> concentrations. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to: (1) demonstrate that built-in cabin filters can be highly inefficient when the vehicle's HVAC fan speed is set to high, (2) evaluate the effectiveness of portable air purifiers within vehicle cabins, and (3) assess and compare commercially available adsorption-type filters for vehicle cabin air quality concerning the cabin air quality index.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 9","pages":" 3029-3037"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144990997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}