Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Dual role of reactive oxygen species in the effects of cadmium on microglial survival and phagocytosis.","authors":"Longtao Zhu, Xin Li, Siqi Yu, Lizheng Huang, Siqi Chen, Zhiheng Zheng, Liling Su","doi":"10.1039/d5em00299k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00299k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cadmium (Cd), a significant occupational and environmental pollutant, poses significant health risks due to its bioaccumulation and long biological half-life. Although Cd exposure has been identified as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, its specific effects on microglia-the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS)-remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that Cd exerts dual, dose-dependent effects on primary microglia. High doses (1-2 μM) triggered oxidative stress, apoptosis, and viability loss, whereas subtoxic doses (0.125-0.5 μM) enhanced phagocytic activity and ATP production. Notably, low-dose Cd elevated glutathione (GSH) levels, suggesting adaptive redox activation. Pretreatment with <i>N</i>-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevented high-dose Cd-induced cytotoxicity but suppressed the stimulatory effects of low-dose Cd on phagocytic activity and ATP production. Interestingly, NAC pretreatment paradoxically amplified phagocytosis at 1 μM Cd, despite partial ROS reduction. Collectively, our findings reveal that mild oxidative stress from low-dose Cd exposure promotes microglial phagocytosis <i>via</i> antioxidant responses, offering new insights into Cd's neurotoxic mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144673400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The interaction of Pu(IV) with low index ferrihydrite surfaces: a periodic boundary condition DFT study.","authors":"Ryan L Dempsey, Nikolas Kaltsoyannis","doi":"10.1039/d5em00076a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00076a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanoparticulate ferrihydrite (Fh) has a strong affinity towards environmental contaminants, particularly radionuclides. Recently, Pu(IV) was found experimentally to form a tetradentate inner-sphere surface complex with Fh, motivating the present study of the interaction of Pu(IV) with Fh(100), Fh(110) and Fh(120) surfaces using DFT+<i>U</i>_eff. Prior to introduction of Pu(IV), we first discuss the effects of spin arrangement and the choice of <i>U</i>_eff on bulk Fh. The relaxed lattice parameters agree well with previous experiments and simulations, and band gaps (direct/indirect) are determined. The work function, bare and hydrated surface energies of the three terminations are in agreement with previous studies, though we highlight the need for further experimental work in this area. Multidentate binding to the Fh surfaces is highly favorable, with Pu(IV) surface complexation energies significantly exothermic (-3.01 to -6.24 eV). Average Pu-O and Pu-Fe distances are within 0.31 Å of EXAFS measurements, for the lowest energy complexes. Pu(IV) binding is tetradentate on Fh(110) and Fh(120) and tridentate on Fh(100). Surface complex stability depends on the charge of the Pu, indicating primarily ionic Pu-O bonds, though Pu(f) and O(p) states hybridise in the bonding region of the valence band. The Pu-O interactions are determined as partially covalent using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, consistent with our previous findings for Pu(IV) bound to the Fe₁₃ Keggin cluster. Our work supports recent experimental evidence that Pu(IV) uptake begins <i>via</i> the Keggin and remains bound through transformation to Fh.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical properties of tire-derived <i>para</i>-phenylenediamine quinones - a comparison of experimental and computational approaches.","authors":"Simon H Maguire, Misha Zvekic, Angelina Jaeger, Joseph Monaghan, Erik T Krogh, Heather A Wiebe","doi":"10.1039/d5em00153f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00153f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Para</i>-phenylenediamine (PPD) compounds are added to tire rubber at percent levels to sacrificially react with oxidants for prolonged service life. Recently, the PPD transformation product <i>N</i>-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-<i>N</i>'-phenyl-<i>p</i>-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPDQ) has been identified in roadway runoff as a potent toxicant for coho salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>). As 6PPD may be phased out in favour of alternative PPDs, understanding the physicochemical properties of their corresponding quinones is important for predicting their environmental fate, distribution, and toxicity. Here, we present an experimentally determined log <i>K</i>_OW for 6PPDQ (4.0 ± 0.2) as well as water solubility values for 6PPDQ and five structural analogues (3.2-170 μg L^-1). The water solubilities were several orders of magnitude lower than those predicted by EPI Suite and OPERA, popular Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) programs. We also report octanol-water and air-water partition ratios for PPDQs using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and QSAR approaches. Both methods provided similar rank ordering of compounds. We found that DFT tends to underestimate log <i>K</i>_OW values, while QSAR models provide a better agreement with experimental results. Conversely, QSAR models provided poorer predictions of log <i>K</i>_AW values than DFT. We discuss the strengths and limitations of both computational approaches, and the need for more experimentally derived values. We caution researchers interpreting predicted physicochemical properties, particularly for emerging contaminants for which QSARs may be insufficiently parameterized.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of indoor secondary organic aerosol formation near occupants in a classroom using computational fluid dynamics simulations.","authors":"Suwhan Yee, Youngbo Won, Bryan Cummings, Michael Waring, William P Bahnfleth, Donghyun Rim","doi":"10.1039/d5em00036j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00036j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) forms indoors when ozone reacts with terpenes, generating a range of low- and semi-volatile compounds, over 50% of which partition into the particle phase. This study investigated the formation of SOA in indoor spaces under heterogeneous thermal conditions resulting from the combined effects of HVAC systems and heat emitted by human occupants. The core of this study involved integrating the volatility basis set (VBS) model with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The resulting VBS-CFD framework was used to simulate SOA formation from ozone-terpene reactions, with terpenes originating from human emissions. Model accuracy was assessed using experimental data from previous measurement studies and a material balance model. Results indicate that semi-volatile compound concentrations are substantially higher near occupants compared to ambient levels, while SOA concentrations are lower near humans due to temperature gradients. The study results further revealed notable spatial variability in SOA concentrations under both cooling and heating scenarios, despite maintaining a consistent average indoor temperature. These findings highlight the important role of semi-volatile compounds in influencing particle concentrations near occupants, with over 50% of these compounds potentially contributing to aerosol formation-and thereby increasing human exposure to indoor aerosols.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the acute toxicity of oilfield-produced water using a recombinant luminescent <i>Escherichia coli</i> sensor.","authors":"Chen Shen, Lu Zheng, Lingling Li, Mingzhe Li, Yantian Zhang, Qiangzhi Guo, Anfeng Yu, Yuejie Wang","doi":"10.1039/d5em00400d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00400d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oilfield-produced water, a byproduct of oil and gas extraction, contains organic contaminants and inorganic metals that can pose a risk to the human health and environmental safety. Luminescent bacteria are frequently utilized as bioassay species in toxicity assessments, particularly in the context of wastewater, water streams, contaminated sites, and chemical substances. Given the disadvantages associated with the reliance of marine luminescent bacteria on high salinity, herein, the <i>luxCDABE</i> recombinant <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains were employed as the bioassay species for toxicity assessment. In this study, a widespread sodium chloride (NaCl)-tolerant, pH-adaptable and steady-luminescent <i>Escherichia coli</i> sensor, <i>Escherichia coli</i> DH5a (pGEN<i>lux</i>), was recombined. This strain exhibited a comparatively higher sensitivity to the toxicity of oilfield-produced water than the typical toxicity test species <i>Photobacterium phosphoreum</i> 502. In contrast to freshwater samples, the recombined luminescent <i>E. coli</i> sensor was a better choice to determine the toxicity of salinity-sensitive wastewater samples. In addition, depending on the chemical compositions and physicochemical parameters of the PW samples, the primary intoxicants were analyzed by correlating the toxicity values with the concentrations of arsenic and boron. The findings underscored the imperative for the employment of suitable bioassays to optimize the categorization of the produced water, with a view to reduce leakage and associated environmental hazards.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Footprints of magnetic particulate matter and black carbon in the Ny-Ålesund area, the Arctic.","authors":"Yue Lin, Lin Liu, Hang Yang, Yacong Liu, Dawei Lu, Dong Cao, Yingming Li, Jianjie Fu, Ruiqiang Yang, Qinghua Zhang, Qian Liu, Guibin Jiang","doi":"10.1039/d4em00772g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00772g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Magnetic particulate matter (MPM) and black carbon are important components of atmospheric particulate matter closely associated with anthropogenic activities, yet their deposition and accumulation in polar soil environments remain poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed soil samples collected from Ny-Ålesund and London Island in the Arctic between 2011 and 2016 to investigate the concentrations, spatial and temporal distributions, and potential sources (collectively referred to as \"footprints\") of Fe-bearing MPM and black carbon. The results, with Fe-bearing MPM concentrations ranging from 3.63 × 10^-2 to 1.68 mg g^-1 and black carbon from 2.66 × 10^-4 to 1.52 mg g^-1, show elevated levels near research facilities and tourist sites. Morphological and elemental analyses indicated that the detected particles likely originated from anthropogenic combustion and mechanical processes. Additionally, the co-occurrence and correlation of these pollutants underscore their shared sources and transport pathways in the Arctic environment. This study provides new evidence of the environmental footprint of increasing human presence in polar regions and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of particulate pollution in fragile ecosystems like the Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and Crohn's disease activity: the mediating role of oxidative stress.","authors":"Shu Xu, Liangle Yang, Yapan Liu, Danping Xiong, Wenjun Yin, Siran Zhu, Linlin Liu, Lei Zhao, Huan Wang, Lei Tu, Kaifang Zou, Tao Bai, Xiaohua Hou, Liangru Zhu, Zhiyue Xu","doi":"10.1039/d5em00114e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00114e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may result in chronic inflammation. However, the impact of PAHs on the inflammatory activity of Crohn's disease (CD) and the potential mechanism remain unclear. We explored the relationship between PAH exposure and disease activity in CD patients and evaluated the underlying mediating role of oxidative stress.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 127 adult CD patients at Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China, were included in this study. Ten urinary monohydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs), two urinary oxidative stress biomarkers [8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α)], and four CD activity indices [Crohn's disease Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI), body mass index (BMI), simplified endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD), and computed tomography enterography score (CTE)] were assessed. After adjusting for possible confounders, multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of urinary OH-PAHs with CD activity and oxidative stress, and oxidative stress with CD activity. Mediation analyses were conducted to estimate the mediating role of oxidative stress in the relationship between urinary OH-PAHs and CD activity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With a doubling increase in certain urinary OH-PAHs, HBI increased (3-OHPh 13.0% [3.1%, 23.7%], 4-OHPh 16.2% [5.4%, 28.3%], and 2-OHFlu 10.6% [0.2%, 22.1%]) while BMI decreased (3-OHPh 3.4% [-5.8%, -1.0%], 4-OHPh 5.1% [-7.5%, -2.6%], 9-OHPh 3.3% [-5.7%, -1.0%], 2-OHFlu 3.4% [-5.9%, -0.8%], 1-OHP 1.2% [-2.1%, -0.2%], ΣOHPh 3.1% [-5.8%, -0.4%], ΣOHFlu 3.3% [-6.3%, -0.3%], and ΣOH-PAHs 2.7% [-5.3%, -0.1%]) in CD patients in an exposure-response manner. Meanwhile, almost all urinary OH-PAHs were dose-dependently associated with elevated urinary 8-OHdG and 8-iso-PGF2α, both of which were also associated with the increased HBI and decreased BMI. Further mediation analyses showed that the oxidative stress mediated 61.9-91.8% of the associations of urinary OH-PAHs with HBI and BMI.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>PAH exposure results in enhanced disease activity in CD patients. Mechanically, oxidative stress could be a mediator linking the PAH exposure and CD activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution characteristics and environmental risk assessment of bisphenol analogues in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.","authors":"Wanyu Li, Wenxuan Ma, Jiajun Chang, Yao Xiao, Rui Wang, Zhiliang Zhu, Daqiang Yin, Yue Li, Yanling Qiu","doi":"10.1039/d5em00294j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00294j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate the distribution patterns and environmental risks of emerging pollutants-bisphenols (BPs)-in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, water samples were collected from an 850 kilometer stretch of the river in September 2022, 2023, and 2024. Nine BPs were analyzed using solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This study systematically evaluated the occurrence, space distribution, annual comparison, environmental risks, and potential sources of BPs. The results revealed that eight BPs were consistently detected, and the average ∑BPs concentrations for the three years, in chronological order, were 67.2 ng L^-1, 28.0 ng L^-1 and 46.8 ng L^-1, showing a \"decline-rise\" pattern. The dominant substances bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol F (BPF) remained consistent over the three years. A historic severe drought in 2022 led to elevated BP concentrations in Tongling-Changzhou section while there is no obvious spatial distribution pattern in September 2023 and 2024. Spearman correlation analysis indicated similar sources for BPA, BPF, bisphenol E (BPE), and bisphenol AP (BPAP), likely originating from wastewater discharge and surface runoff. Ecological risk assessment utilizing risk quotients (RQ) identified BPS as posing medium-to-high risks (RQ: 0.102-7.57) at all sampling sites, highlighting the need for urgent mitigation measures. Despite having the highest concentration, BPA exhibited low ecological risks at some sites. However, estimated daily intake (EDI) values for BPA <i>via</i> drinking water exceeded the European Food Safety Authority's provisional tolerable daily intake (t-TDI) of 0.2 ng·(kg d)^-1, suggesting its potential health risks for all age groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do human individuals differ in their potential for lipophilic contaminant biomagnification?","authors":"Yuhao Chen, Terrence H Bell, Ying Duan Lei, Frank Wania","doi":"10.1039/d5em00285k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00285k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomagnification is the process that leads to the chemical potential of organic contaminants in an organism exceeding that in its diet. Despite its obvious importance, studies on biomagnification in humans are rare, in particular those that seek to quantify and characterize interindividual differences in biomagnification potential. Applying a method based on equilibrium sampling and chemical analysis of paired dietary and fecal samples we determined the thermodynamic limit to biomagnification (BMF_lim) as well as a feces-based biomagnification factor (BMF_F) for a selection of polychlorinated biphenyls in five human volunteers sharing the same diet over a period of five days. Four younger participants displayed similar BMF_lim and BMF_F, while an older participant's BMF_lim and BMF_F were higher by factors of up to 5 and 7, respectively. These differences were due to divergent dietary digestion efficiencies, with lipid assimilation efficiency ranging from 93 to 99%. Small sample size prevented us from confirming whether lipid assimilation efficiency is influenced by the participants' gut microbiomes. Fugacities in blood and feces, were highly correlated for each participant, but the relationships were different between participants. Only the younger participants had contaminant fugacities in blood that greatly exceeded those in feces, consistent with a fat flush effect, whereas contaminants were close to chemical equilibrium between blood and feces in the older participant. Differences in biomagnification are likely to contribute to the variability in contaminant levels within a population that is typically observed in biomonitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Individual and combined toxicities of fluorescent polystyrene nanoplastics and chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate in <i>Artemia salina</i>.","authors":"Mahalakshmi Kamalakannan, John Thomas, Natarajan Chandrasekaran","doi":"10.1039/d5em00251f","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d5em00251f","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a growing apprehension on the toxic effects of various pollutants on marine ecosystems. This study was aimed to investigate the influence of the combination of 200 nm fluorescent polystyrene nanoplastics (F-PSNPs) and chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate (CNN) on their toxicity in <i>Artemia salina</i>, a marine crustacean. The interaction between CNN and F-PSNPs in natural seawater resulted in the formation of micron-sized particles. This interaction also caused a decrease in F-PSNP fluorophore intensity. Reduced residual CNN concentration within the mixture indicated CNN binding to F-PSNPs. Acute toxicity tests were conducted on <i>Artemia salina</i> using different concentrations of F-PSNPs alone, CNN alone, and the F-PSNPs + CNN complex. The study assessed the potential toxicity of these emerging contaminants by examining the mortality rates, hatching success, morphological changes, and biochemical alterations in <i>Artemia salina</i>. Exposure to the F-PSNPs + CNN complex resulted in a decreased hatching success, an increased mortality rate, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species, catalase, lipid peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and reduced total protein content, and the independent action model suggested an additive toxic effect of the complex. Significant differences were noted between the impact of the complex and the individual. However, the accumulation of these particles in organisms may affect the food chain. These findings underscore the potential environmental risks associated with the concurrent exposure of aquatic organisms to nanoplastics and other co-contaminating heavy metals.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}