Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Arsenic source-sink dynamics under phosphorus competition in sediments from river-lake connected systems.","authors":"Yongsheng Chang, Wang Shuhang, Feifei Che, Xiaoshuang Dong, Xixi Yang, Haojie Chen, Wei Huang","doi":"10.1039/d4em00707g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00707g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple factors in the river-lake connected system can affect the transport and transformation of arsenic (As) in sediments. In this study, As source and sink characteristics under phosphorus (P) competition in sediments from river (R), lake (L) and lake-centre (LC) of river-lake connected system were analyzed, and the As release regionality and continuity were also discussed. The study showed that the ORP of the sediments at each site was negative with a mean value of -151 mV. The sediments in the R region were weakly acidic and those in the LC region were weakly alkaline. The R region had relatively high EAsC₀ concentrations, while the LC region had the largest EPC₀ value of 0.17 mg L^-1. As in the sediments competed very strongly with P for sources and sinks, with the sediments in the R region as a source of strong As and weak P, in the L region as a source of weak As and weak P, and in the LC region as an As sink and P source. Regions of high risk of As release from sediments were the R and L regions. Sediments in the L and LC regions had a high value of DAsS (the degree of As saturation), 8.9-13.1% and 8-13%, respectively, and the P release risk and saturation were inversely proportional to this result. The contribution analysis showed that surface sediments provided the largest contribution of As release, and the release contribution of As(V) was greater than that of As(III). In addition, the microbial community analysis identified Proteobacteria as the most abundant species in the sediments, with a relative abundance ranging from 42.4% to 53.2%. This bacterium, known for its As-metabolizing capabilities, was found to be positively correlated with the risk of As release. The analysis of As content in sediments revealed a gradient of R region < L region < LC region, confirming that rivers are significant contributors of As contamination to the lake.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143431998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated gastrointestinal risk from recreational exposure to Southern California stormwater and relationship to human-associated Bacteroidales marker HF183.","authors":"Sarah A Lowry, Joshua A Steele, John F Griffith, Kenneth C Schiff, Alexandria B Boehm","doi":"10.1039/d4em00577e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00577e","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stormwater may contain pathogens that pose a health risk to recreators. In this study, we use quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to simulate the human health risk associated with recreational exposure to stormwater using a regional dataset of pathogen concentrations measured over two wet seasons during wet weather events in Southern California, USA, a location where stormwater and sewage systems are separate. We model risk using a Monte Carlo simulation using <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>Campylobacter</i>, adenovirus, and norovirus concentrations in stormwater, the volume of water ingested during a recreational swimming event, and pathogen-specific dose-response functions. We estimated the median probability of illness from recreational exposure to stormwater to be approximately 190 illnesses per 1000 swimmers (19%). However, stormwater sampling sites are not always designated for recreational use, so we simulated exposures to diluted stormwater, which may be encountered in downstream receiving waters designated for swimming. We determined that if stormwater is diluted 18% into receiving, pathogen-free, ambient waters, the median health risk meets the US EPA's threshold of 32 illnesses per 1000 swimmers. At this dilution, the concentration of HF183, a human-associated fecal marker, is expected to be 100 copies per 100 milliliters. This study provides a risk-based threshold for HF183 concentrations in stormwater-impacted ambient waters from pathogen and indicator concentrations measured in stormwater. Implementing this risk-based threshold will require many policy considerations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143439320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on environmental contamination of petroleum hydrocarbons, its effects and remediation approaches.","authors":"Bzhwen Khalid Majeed, Dler M S Shwan, Khasraw Abdullah Rashid","doi":"10.1039/d4em00548a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00548a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oil leakage into soil is a major environmental concern, affecting its physical, chemical, biological, and geotechnical properties, which threatens soil fertility. Remediating contaminated sites helps mitigate risks to human health, the environment, and the economy, while also enabling land reuse for development or agriculture. Petroleum spills generally occur during production, processing, transportation, and storage. This review discusses the impact of hydrocarbon contamination on soil and its surrounding environment and examines various remediation techniques, including physical-chemical methods (soil excavation, soil washing, soil vapor extraction, thermal treatment, and chemical oxidation), biological methods (bioremediation and phytoremediation), nanotechnology-based approaches, and integrated methods. The effectiveness, limitations, and applicability of these techniques are critically analyzed, providing a comprehensive framework for managing soil contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-term prediction of climate change impacts on indoor particle pollution - case study of a residential building in Germany.","authors":"Jiangyue Zhao, Tunga Salthammer, Alexandra Schieweck, Erik Uhde, Tareq Hussein","doi":"10.1039/d4em00663a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00663a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Extreme weather phenomena are increasing in nature, which affects indoor air quality and especially particle concentrations in several ways: (1) changes in ambient pollutant concentrations, (2) indoor particle formation from gas-phase reactions, (3) building characteristics, (4) particle dynamic processes, and (5) residential behavior. However, there are only a few studies that have examined future indoor particle concentrations in relation to climate change, even though indoor spaces are intended to protect people from local climate influences and health risks posed by pollutants. Consequently, this work focuses on the expected long- and short-term concentrations of airborne particles in residences. For this purpose, we applied the computer-based Indoor Air Quality Climate Change (IAQCC) model to a residential building as part of a case study. The selected building physics data represent a large part of the German building structure. The long-term prediction is based on the shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) scenarios published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). When assuming that the activities of residents remain unchanged, our long-term simulations (by 2100) show that the decreasing outdoor particle concentration will compensate for the indoor chemistry driven particle increase, leading to an overall decreasing trend in the indoor particle concentration. Nevertheless, outdoor air pollution events, such as dust storms and ozone episodes, can significantly affect indoor air quality in the short term. It becomes clear that measures are needed to prevent and minimize the effects of outdoor pollutants under extreme weather conditions. This also includes the equipment of buildings with regard to appropriate construction design and smart technologies in order to ensure the protection of human health.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in cardiac fibrosis induced by gestational exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics in mice offspring.","authors":"Xin Li, Haotian Cao, Qianqian Yang, Siqi Yu, Lizheng Huang, Qiao Liu, Xinyi Xiao, Siqi Chen, Jialing Ruan, Xinyuan Zhao, Liling Su, Yihu Fang","doi":"10.1039/d4em00642a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00642a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The increasing accumulation of plastics in the environment has raised concerns regarding their potential health hazards. Nanoplastics (NPs) can get transported across the placental barrier, resulting in detrimental effects on developing offspring. To date, the effects of maternal exposure to NPs during pregnancy on the cardiac toxicity in adult offspring have not been conclusively evaluated. Herein, the potential for cardiac injury in the progeny of adult mice that were gestationally exposed to 80 nm polystyrene NPs (PS-NPs) at different doses (0, 0.5, 1, and 5 µg µL^-1) through oropharyngeal aspiration was investigated. Gestational exposure to PS-NPs resulted in cardiac fibrosis and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and induced an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in adult offspring hearts, which were sex-specific and dose-dependent. The mRNA expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER)-related genes, such as <i>Esr1</i>, <i>Esr2</i>, and <i>GPER1</i>, were found to be significantly decreased on exposure to low-dose PS-NPs but elevated on exposure to high-dose PS-NPs in offspring hearts. Furthermore, the magnitude of this elevation in male offspring significantly exceeded compared to that of the female offspring. Additionally, the expression levels of <i>Esr2</i> and <i>GPER1</i> in male offspring that were gestationally exposed to high-dose PS-NPs were found to be higher than those observed in female offspring. The observed sex difference in cardiac fibrosis may be correlated with oxidative stress and changes in ER-related gene expression in the offspring's heart. Overall, our study demonstrated that gestational PS-NP exposure induces significant cardiac injury in adult offspring, providing crucial data on the transgenerational effects of PS-NP exposure in mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143389542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of formation modes of ferrihydrite-low molecular weight organic matter composites on the adsorption of Cd(II).","authors":"Xin Nie, Erping Bi, Shiyun Qiu","doi":"10.1039/d4em00710g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00710g","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The interactions between iron oxides and organic matter (OM) play vital roles in the geochemical cycle of cadmium (Cd). However, the effects of the formation modes of ferrihydrite (Fh)-low molecular weight OM (<i>e.g.</i>, fulvic acid (FA)) composites on Cd(II) adsorption remain poorly understood. The immobilization mechanisms of Cd(II) on Fe-OM composites formed by adsorption and coprecipitation at varying C/Fe molar ratios were investigated by means of adsorption batch experiments, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, and surface complexation models (SCMs). The composites formed by adsorption or coprecipitation exhibited a crystal structure similar to that of Fh. Ligand exchange and hydrogen bonding were identified as the primary mechanisms between components in adsorption composites and coprecipitates, respectively. Compared to coprecipitates, the adsorption composites showed a higher adsorption capacity and formed ternary complexes (Fh-FA-Cd). In coprecipitates, Cd(II) primarily interacted with the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of FA and the hydroxyl groups of Fh. With increasing C/Fe molar ratios, the FA functional group (R-COOH) in adsorption composites responded more quickly to Cd(II). However, the order of functional group reactions in coprecipitates was unaffected by C/Fe molar ratios, which is due to the irregular distribution of C and Fe elements. SCM calculation results indicated that Cd(II) distribution on Fh in adsorption composites was higher than that in coprecipitates. The molar ratios of C/Fe and Cd(II) concentrations influenced the distribution of Cd(II) on the composites, with the highest proportion of Cd(II) on Fh reaching about 70%. These findings contribute to understanding Cd behavior in environments with periodically fluctuating redox conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143381126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive toxicity effects of metronidazole, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and differently functionalized nanoplastics on marine algae <i>Chlorella</i> sp.","authors":"Camil Rex M, Bikram Poddar, Sanmitra Mandal, Soupam Das, Amitava Mukherjee","doi":"10.1039/d4em00780h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00780h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pharmaceutical products (PPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are prominent emerging contaminants that pose serious threats to marine ecosystems. The present study aimed to investigate both pristine and combined toxicity of PPs (metronidazole, diclofenac, and ibuprofen) and polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) with amine (NH₂-PSNPs) and carboxyl (COOH-PSNPs) surface functionalization on marine microalgae <i>Chlorella variabilis</i>. Toxicity assessment included the evaluation of growth inhibition, total reactive oxygen species production, malondialdehyde content, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, changes in the surface functional groups of the algae after exposure to contaminants were examined. The correlation among the toxicity endpoints was assessed using Pearson correlation and cluster heatmap analysis. Zeta potential analysis and hydrodynamic size measurements revealed that the PSNPs became unstable in the presence of PPs. This instability facilitated the aggregation and rapid settlement of PSNPs, consequently impeding their direct interaction with algal cells. Growth inhibition results indicated that <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> exhibited minimal growth inhibition when exposed to pristine PPs (1 mg L^-1), whereas PSNPs (1 mg L^-1) caused substantial growth inhibition. Notably, the combined toxicity of PSNPs and PPs was lower compared to pristine PSNPs. The independent action model revealed that the combination of PPs and PSNPs showed an antagonistic mode of interaction. The potential reasons for the decreased toxicity observed in the mixture of PSNPs and PPs compared to pristine PSNPs can be attributed to diminished oxidative stress and enhanced photosynthetic activity. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of PPs in modulating the toxicity of PSNPs towards microalgae.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143363324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Silicone wristbands for assessing personal chemical exposures: impacts of movement on chemical uptake rates.","authors":"Joshua D Miller, Nicholas J Herkert, Heather M Stapleton, Heileen Hsu-Kim","doi":"10.1039/d4em00440j","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d4em00440j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Silicone wristbands are utilized as personal passive sampling devices for exposure assessments of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). While research demonstrates that accumulation of SVOCs on the wristbands correlates with internal dose for many different chemical classes, the mechanisms of accumulation remain poorly understood. Multiple factors such as movement of the individual lead to variable mass transfer conditions at the sampler interface. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of air flow velocity across the wristband surface on SVOC uptake rates and to evaluate if enhanced rates vary between compounds with a range physicochemical properties. Experiments were conducted in a residential home where wristbands were either held in static conditions or attached to an end-over-end rotator at different speeds for a four week period. We measured the uptake of 17 different SVOCs that are commonly detected in indoor environments and compared their accumulation rates as a function of the rotating velocity. For wristbands moving at tangential speeds of 0.05, 0.5, and 1.1 m s^-1 (relevant for a walking pace), the motion enhanced uptake rates by 1.2 ± 0.2, 3.2 ± 0.6, and 4.3 ± 0.8 times the respective rates for the static controls. This enhancement is consistent with gas phase diffusion-controlled mass transfer theory at the wristband interface. Moreover, the enhancement of uptake positively correlated with octanol-air partition coefficients log <i>K</i>_OA (<i>R</i> = 0.6; <i>p</i> < 0.02) of the chemicals and negatively correlated with diffusivity (<i>R</i> = 0.5; <i>p</i> < 0.05). In a comparison with worn wristband studies, the ratio of uptakes rates for worn relative to rotating wristbands correlated with SVOC properties (<i>R</i> = 0.85 for log <i>K</i>_OA). For SVOCs with log <i>K</i>_OA > 9, uptake rates on worn wristbands greatly exceeded (by a factor of 10 to 10⁴) the respective rates in this rotator experiment. These results suggest that a mass transfer mechanism based solely on gas-solid partitioning under variations in air velocity cannot fully explain uptake on worn wristbands. Instead, the results implicate additional processes such as particle phase deposition, direct contact with certain materials, and excretion from skin as pathways of accumulation on the wristband sampler and personal exposure.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11800079/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143254392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uptake of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances by dry farmed oats following the agricultural application of biosolids and compost.","authors":"Gabrielle P Black, Luann Wong, Thomas M Young","doi":"10.1039/d4em00502c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00502c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A significant portion of municipal biosolids is land applied, often to support crop production. Although per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely detected in biosolids, their fate in agricultural systems is not yet fully understood, especially at the field-scale. This study evaluated the uptake of 33 PFAS compounds with chain lengths of C3-C18 over one growing season in dry farmed oats grown in soils on two fields with a long history of receiving biosolids amendments. No PFAS compounds were detected in the crops grown in the two biosolids-amended fields, nor in oats grown on three subplots of a nearby USDA Certified Organic field receiving no amendment, compost, and a combination of compost and lime. Nine PFAS compounds were detected in biosolids samples at two sites with ∑_PFAS equal to 95.4 μg kg^-1 and 8.9 μg kg^-1, dominated mainly by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). Soil residuals before application and at the time of harvest were mainly defined by concentrations of PFOS, followed by other perfluoroalkyl acids and were not significantly different before and after the years' growing season. No residues were detected in dry-farmed oats grown on biosolids- or compost-amended fields in this study, suggesting that the likelihood of the PFAS compounds studied here accumulating in similar crops grown under similar conditions is minimal.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143187787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating low NOx hydrogen engines designed for off-road and construction applications†","authors":"Lucy J. Webster, Ryan Ballard, Tom Beamish, Tim Burnhope, Jack Humbert, Alastair C. Lewis, Jakub Piaszyk and Sarah J. Moller","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00448E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00448E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen internal combustion engines offer a near-term decarbonisation pathway for hard to electrify sectors such as non-road mobile machinery (NRMM). However, few hydrogen-specific engines have ever been developed with the twin-goals of maximising low carbon energy efficiency and delivering air quality co-benefits. We present analyses of dynamometer-derived nitrogen oxides (NO<small>_<em>x</em></small>) tailpipe emissions from four variants of a ∼55 kW four-cylinder port fuelled injection spark ignition hydrogen internal combustion engine (H2ICE) suitable for a range of uses within the NRMM industry. Engine out (pre-aftertreatment) emissions are also reported for one of the H2ICE variants. The emissions were compared over the Non-Road Transient Cycle (NRTC) with an equivalent contemporary Stage V emissions compliant 55 kW diesel engine. All four H2ICE variants were configured to operate under lean burn conditions generating substantially lower NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> exhaust emissions over the NRTC when compared to the diesel engine. Lowest NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> emissions were observed for a spark ignition H2ICE with selective catalytic reduction and particulate filter (SCRF) aftertreatment. Tailpipe NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> emissions over the full NRTC for this configuration were 1.90 mg kWh<small>⁻¹</small>, a greater than 99% reduction compared to diesel (3340 mg kWh<small>⁻¹</small>) with lower average NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> emissions observed for the H2ICEs over all power, torque, and speed settings. The frequency and magnitude of transient (&lt;20 ms) increases in NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> were also compared between diesel and H2ICE. A H2ICE using a hydrogen slip catalyst, but without SCRF aftertreatment, also emitted significantly lower tailpipe NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> than the diesel equivalent (63.7 mg kWh<small>⁻¹</small>), a factor of greater than 50 times improvement over the NRTC. This creates a systems level dilemma: whether the additional small absolute reductions in NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> achieved using SCRF would have a net benefit that outweighed the broader financial and environmental costs of the SCR and exhaust fluid manufacture, distribution and possible small in-service ammonia slip from exhaust. Irrespective of aftertreatment system, the adoption of low NO<small>_<em>x</em></small> emitting H2ICE in NRMM, and particularly construction equipment, would appear to offer much greater near-term air quality benefits for cities when compared to switching to other low carbon alternatives such as biodiesel or hydrotreated vegetable oil.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 2","pages":" 486-497"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/em/d4em00448e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143062168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}