Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Seasonal effect of PM_2.5 exposure in patients with COPD: a multicentre panel study.","authors":"Jin-Young Huh, Hajeong Kim, Shinhee Park, Seung Won Ra, Sung-Yoon Kang, Bock Hyun Jung, Mihye Kim, Sang Min Lee, Sang Pyo Lee, Dirga Kumar Lamichhane, Young-Jun Park, Seon-Jin Lee, Jae Seung Lee, Yeon-Mok Oh, Hwan-Cheol Kim, Sei Won Lee","doi":"10.1039/d4em00376d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00376d","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>: Exposure to particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM_2.5) is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but most studies lack individual PM_2.5 measurements. Seasonal variation and their impact on clinical outcomes remain understudied. <i>Objective</i>: This study investigated the impact of PM_2.5 concentrations on COPD-related clinical outcomes and their seasonal changes. <i>Methods</i>: A multicentre panel study enrolled 105 COPD patients (age range: 46-82) from July 2019 to August 2020. Their mean forced expiratory volume in 1 second after bronchodilation was 53.9%. Individual PM_2.5 levels were monitored continuously with indoor measurements at residences and outdoor data from the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Information System. Clinical parameters, including pulmonary function tests, symptom questionnaires (CAT and SGRQ-C), and impulse oscillometry (IOS), were assessed every three months over the course of one year. Statistical analysis was conducted using a linear mixed-effect model to account for repeated measurements and control for confounding variables, including age, sex, smoking status and socioeconomic status. <i>Results</i>: The mean indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 concentrations were 16.2 ± 8.4 μg m^-3 and 17.2 ± 5.0 μg m^-3, respectively. Winter had the highest PM_2.5 concentrations (indoor, 18.8 ± 11.7 μg m³; outdoor, 22.5 ± 5.0 μg m^-3). Higher PM_2.5 concentrations significantly correlated with poorer St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD (SGRQ-C) scores and increased acute exacerbations, particularly in winter. Patients of lower socioeconomic status were more vulnerable. Increased PM_2.5 concentrations were also associated with amplified small airway resistance (<i>R</i>5-<i>R</i>20). <i>Conclusions</i>: PM_2.5 concentration changes are positively correlated with poorer SGRQ-C scores and increased acute exacerbations in COPD patients with significant seasonal variations, especially in winter.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental impact of an acid-forming alum shale waste rock legacy site in Norway†","authors":"Mila K. Pelkonen, Estela Reinoso-Maset, Gareth T. W. Law, Ole Christian Lind and Lindis Skipperud","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00298A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00298A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Alum shale formations in Scandinavia are generally enriched in uranium (U) and, when exposed to air and water, may produce acidic rock drainage (ARD), releasing potentially harmful elements into the environment. Taraldrud is a legacy site in southeast Norway where approx. 51 000 m<small>³</small> of alum shale was deposited in the 1980s–1990s. In 2006, ARD formation became obvious after high concentrations of leachable elements and low environmental pH were measured in a nearby stream. A manmade precipitation pond and liming treatments attempt to address the environmental pollution, but the site remains non-remediated. This study aimed to evaluate the extent of contamination caused by ARD and examine environmental and human health risks caused by mobilized trace elements and radionuclides. Surface water, sediment, soil, and biota samples were collected in the area and chemically and/or radiochemically analyzed to assess the prevailing concentrations within different environmental compartments. The elemental distribution and variation patterns were studied using principal component analysis. Most of the leachable elements were present in highly mobile and bioavailable forms in the pond water, out of which Cd, Mn, Ni, and U exceeded drinking water regulations. The highest enrichment in soil and sediment was for U, which was associated with the sulfide-bearing soil fraction, Fe, Cu, Mo, and As. No changes in water quality were observed between up- and downstream from the site, indicating that the Fe and S rich phases in the pond retain the leachable elements effectively under prevailing environmental conditions. This study provides valuable insights into the risks and challenges associated with ARD and where U is the main pollutant of concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 1","pages":" 225-243"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/em/d4em00298a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical characterization of polymer and chloride content in waste plastic materials using pyrolysis – direct analysis in real time – high-resolution mass spectrometry†","authors":"Emily Halpern, Lauren Heirty, Christopher West, Yitao Li, Won M. Kim, Anthony S. Mennito and Alexander Laskin","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00501E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00501E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The increasing global demand for plastic has raised the need for effective waste plastic management due to its long lifetime and resistance to environmental degradation. There is a need for rapid plastic identification to improve the mechanical waste plastic sorting process. This study presents a novel application of Temperature-Programmed Desorption-Direct Analysis in Real Time-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (TPD-DART-HRMS) that enables rapid characterization of various plastics. This technique was applied on four commercially available reference polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride) as well as three “waste” plastic samples of mixed origin. These waste plastic samples were obtained as discards from various industrial processes with limited analytical characterization data. Through the application of CH<small>₂</small> Kendrick mass defect (KMD) grouping, characteristic trends in the mass spectra of each sample were identified, allowing for a simplified numerical comparison. This approach utilized a robust statistical approach using the Tanimoto coefficient, allowing for the quantitative measures of similarity between standards and unknown samples. The application of this mathematical evaluation methodology was used to identify plastic types and to distinguish structurally similar polymers. Additionally, we report that a chloride ion clustering effect with copper substrate can identify chlorinated polymer PVC (polyvinyl chloride) utilizing pyro-(−)DART-HRMS mode. PVC polymer is of particular interest in recycling due to its high chloride content, which can present technical challenges for some types of recycling. We found that chloride ion clusters are a good screening marker for the presence of chlorinated polymers in mixed waste plastic samples. This study can possibly help advance rapid and accurate analytical techniques for identifying the composition of waste plastics to advance the effectiveness of the waste plastic sorting process.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 1","pages":" 104-118"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/em/d4em00501e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142941677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reversible and irreversible retention of heavy metals in saturated porous media: association with kaolin.","authors":"Yan Liang, Erxiao Jiang, Hui Tang, Qiuyu Luo, Pengcheng Dong, Tian Xie","doi":"10.1039/d4em00372a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00372a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Contamination of heavy metals (HMs) has caused increasing concern due to their ecological toxicities and difficulties in degradation. The transport, retention, and release of HMs in porous media are highly related to their environmental fate and risk to groundwater. Column transport experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the retention and release behaviors of Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Zn²⁺ in the presence and absence of kaolin under varying ionic strengths and cation types. The interaction between HMs and soil colloids is critical to these processes, yet it remains poorly understood. In both single and multi-metal systems, the mobility of HMs ranked as Cd²⁺ > Zn²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Pb²⁺, is influenced by their hydrolysis ability. Multi-metal systems showed higher mobility due to competition for retention sites, and Ca²⁺ enhanced transport more than Na⁺ due to greater affinity to the sand surface. Kaolin reduced HM transport by adsorption and led to irreversible retention. Cation exchange (Na⁺ replacing Ca²⁺) followed by reduced ionic strength promoted HM release due to the remobilization of kaolin associated with HMs. Uniform, nonmonotonic, and exponential retention profiles indicated variations in the spatial distribution of HMs. The Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ were more retained near the column inlet than Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺, indicating limited mobility in the deep subsurface. Numerical simulations well described HM transport, considering the adsorption and desorption of HMs and the solid-water interface. These results enhance understanding of HM fate in terrestrial environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speciating volatile organic compounds in indoor air: using <i>in situ</i> GC to interpret real-time PTR-MS signals.","authors":"Jenna C Ditto, Han N Huynh, Jie Yu, Michael F Link, Dustin Poppendieck, Megan S Claflin, Marina E Vance, Delphine K Farmer, Arthur W H Chan, Jonathan P D Abbatt","doi":"10.1039/d4em00602j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00602j","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) is often employed to characterize gas-phase compounds in both indoor and outdoor environments. PTR-MS measurements are usually made without upstream chromatographic separation, so it can be challenging to differentiate between an ion of interest, its isomers, and fragmentation products from other species all detected at the same mass-to-charge ratio. These isomeric contributions and fragmentation interferences can confound the determination of accurate compound mixing ratios, the assignment of accurate chemical properties, and corresponding analyses of chemical fate. In this study, we deployed a gas chromatograph upstream of a PTR-MS to investigate contributions of isomers and fragmentation products for select indoor air-relevant chemicals. Measurements were made in a test house across a variety of indoor chemical sources, oxidants, and environmental conditions during the Chemical Assessment of Surfaces and Air (CASA) study. Observed confounding signals at each extracted ion chromatogram ranged from 0% (C₂H₆OH⁺, C₈H₂₄O₄Si₄H⁺, and C₁₀H₃₀O₅Si₅H⁺) to 98% (at C₅H₉⁺). For many ions, confounding signals varied between indoor conditions, and there were also differences between confounding signals across indoor <i>vs.</i> outdoor measurements. The relative contribution of sets of key structural isomers (<i>e.g.</i>, C₆-C₈ carbonyls, xylenes, trimethylbenzenes, and monoterpenes) remained consistent throughout the measurement period despite changing indoor conditions. These relatively stable isomer distributions yielded stable chemical property assignments for these isomer sets. Taken together, these observations can inform future interpretations of PTR-MS signals measured in different indoor conditions without upstream chromatography.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142880740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of the global measurement system and its ongoing importance for accurate and effective air quality measurements.","authors":"Richard J C Brown","doi":"10.1039/d4em00511b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em00511b","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article emphasizes the crucial role of metrology, the science of measurement, in modern life. It explores the history and importance of the global measurement system in ensuring reliable and comparable data; how this system has evolved over the years into what we now recognise as the International System of Units; and the recent changes that have future proofed our system of measurement against the challenges of technological developments yet to come. The text highlights the particular significance of accurate measurements for air quality studies as having direct impact on policy decisions and assessment of the health effects of air pollution. To enhance the credibility and efficiency of air quality research, the article advocates for widespread adoption the principles of accreditation - the independent assessment and recognition of one's measurement capabilities - to strengthen the confidence in the conclusions made by air quality studies and thereby improve the discipline's effectiveness in supporting and assessing evidence-based policies to reduce air pollution.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142875449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fingerprinting the emissions of volatile organic compounds emitted from the cooking of oils, herbs, and spices†","authors":"Ashish Kumar, Catherine O'Leary, Ruth Winkless, Matthew Thompson, Helen L. Davies, Marvin Shaw, Stephen J. Andrews, Nicola Carslaw and Terry J. Dillon","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00579A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00579A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Emission rates for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been quantified from frying, spice and herb cooking, and cooking a chicken curry, using real-time selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) for controlled, laboratory-based experiments in a semi-realistic kitchen. Emissions from 7 different cooking oils were investigated during the frying of wheat flatbread (puri). These emissions were dominated by ethanol, octane, nonane and a variety of aldehydes, including acetaldehyde, heptenal and hexanal, and the average concentration of acetaldehyde (0.059–0.296 mg m<small>⁻³</small>) and hexanal (0.059–0.307 mg m<small>⁻³</small>) measured during the frying was 2–10 times higher than the recommended limits for indoor environments. Total VOC emission rates were greatest for ghee (14 mg min<small>⁻¹</small>), and lowest for groundnut oil (8 mg min<small>⁻¹</small>). In a second series of experiments, 16 herbs and spices were individually shallow-fried in rapeseed oil. Over 100 VOCs were identified by offline gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and absolute emission rates as well as oxidant reactivity for a subset of four spices were determined. These experiments allowed distinct indoor air quality profiles to be calculated for individual oils, herbs and spices, which were used to inform and interpret more realistic cooking experiments where a full recipe of chicken curry was prepared. Total-mass VOC emissions from chicken curry were dominated by methanol (62%), monoterpenes (13%) and ethanol (10%). Additionally, a clear relationship between the cooking events and the chemical classes of VOC was observed, <em>e.g.</em> heating the oil (aldehydes), frying spices (monoterpenes) and adding vegetables (alcohols).</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 1","pages":" 244-261"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/em/d4em00579a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142918738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing micro-nano supramolecular assembly mechanisms of natural organic matter by machine learning for unveiling environmental geochemical processes†","authors":"Ming Zhang, Yihui Deng, Qianwei Zhou, Jing Gao, Daoyong Zhang and Xiangliang Pan","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00662C","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00662C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The nano-self-assembly of natural organic matter (NOM) profoundly influences the occurrence and fate of NOM and pollutants in large-scale complex environments. Machine learning (ML) offers a promising and robust tool for interpreting and predicting the processes, structures and environmental effects of NOM self-assembly. This review seeks to provide a tutorial-like compilation of data source determination, algorithm selection, model construction, interpretability analyses, applications and challenges for big-data-based ML aiming at elucidating NOM self-assembly mechanisms in environments. The results from advanced nano-submicron-scale spatial chemical analytical technologies are suggested as input data which provide the combined information of molecular interactions and structural visualization. The existing ML algorithms need to handle multi-scale and multi-modal data, necessitating the development of new algorithmic frameworks. Interpretable supervised models are crucial owing to their strong capacity of quantifying the structure–property–effect relationships and bridging the gap between simply data-driven ML and complicated NOM assembly practice. Then, the necessity and challenges are discussed and emphasized on adopting ML to understand the geochemical behaviors and bioavailability of pollutants as well as the elemental cycling processes in environments resulting from the NOM self-assembly patterns. Finally, a research framework integrating ML, experiments and theoretical simulation is proposed for comprehensively and efficiently understanding the NOM self-assembly-involved environmental issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 1","pages":" 24-45"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A theoretical study on the environmental oxidation of fenpyrazamine fungicide initiated by hydroxyl radicals in the aqueous phase†","authors":"Hisham K. Al Rawas, Dinh Hieu Truong, Emma Schell, Jennifer Faust, Sonia Taamalli, Marc Ribaucour, Abderrahman El Bakali, Nissrin Alharzali, Duy Quang Dao and Florent Louis","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00606B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00606B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Fenpyrazamine (FPA) is a widely used fungicide in agriculture to control fungal diseases, but its environmental degradation by oxidants and the formation of potential degradation products remain unexplored. This study investigates the oxidation of FPA by hydroxyl radicals (HO˙) using density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd)//M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Three standard oxidation mechanisms, including formal hydrogen transfer (FHT), radical adduct formation (RAF), and single electron transfer (SET), were evaluated in the aqueous phase, with reaction kinetics analyzed over a temperature range of 283–333 K. As a result, the reactivity order of the mechanisms was determined to be RAF &gt; FHT &gt; SET. At 298 K, the calculated total rate constants for FHT and RAF reactions were competitive, being 6.09 × 10<small>⁹</small> and 8.21 × 10<small>⁹</small> M<small>⁻¹</small> s<small>⁻¹</small>, respectively, while that for SET was slightly lower at 2.35 × 10<small>⁹</small> M<small>⁻¹</small> s<small>⁻¹</small>. The overall rate constant was estimated to be 1.67 × 10<small>¹⁰</small> M<small>⁻¹</small> s<small>⁻¹</small>. The most favourable RAF reaction occurred at the C38<img>C39 double bond, while the predominant FHT reactions involved the H15 and H13 hydrogen atoms of the methyl C8 group. The lifetime of FPA in natural water with respect to HO˙ oxidation was predicted to range from 10.84 hours to 2.62 years, depending on environmental conditions. Furthermore, the toxicity assessments revealed that while FPA is neither bioaccumulative nor mutagenic, it poses developmental toxicity and is harmful to aquatic organisms, including fish, daphnia, and green algae.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 1","pages":" 211-224"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142913233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new empirical equation for the gas/particle partitioning of OPFRs in ambient atmosphere†","authors":"Man Li, Wenhao Hou, Lina Qiao, Hong Zhang, Mengdan Wang, Yonghui Wen and Zejiang Jia","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00531G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00531G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Gas/particle (G/P) partitioning is a core process governing the atmospheric transport of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). However, accurately predicting the G/P partition performance of OPFRs remains a challenge. In this study, four independent models were employed to estimate the characteristics of OPFR G/P partitioning within the octanol–air partition coefficient range of 4.7 (TMP) to 14.2 (TMPP). The results showed that in the maximum partition domain, the Li–Ma–Yang steady-state model fitted the best, with 85.2% of the predicted G/P partition quotient (log <em>K</em><small>_P</small>) values within an acceptable deviation range of ±1 log units for OPFRs. Accordingly, no significant deviations were observed between the predicted (0.56 ± 0.32) and monitored (0.52 ± 0.11) values of the average particle-bound fraction (<em>φ</em><small>_P</small>) for the Li–Ma–Yang model in the maximum partition domain. Large deviations were observed between the monitored values and predicted log <em>K</em><small>_P</small> values by these four models in the equilibrium domain. Several factors responsible for the significant deviations observed in G/P partitioning values of OPFRs were discussed. These identified factors were used to develop a new empirical equation, which substantially improved log <em>K</em><small>_P</small> predictions for OPFRs to 75.8% in the equilibrium domain.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 1","pages":" 202-210"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142833087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}