Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics最新文献

{"title":"An assessment of potentially space weather causing CMEs through analysis of associated interplanetary type II solar radio bursts and solar energetic particle events","authors":"A.C. Umuhire ,&nbsp;N. Gopalswamy ,&nbsp;J. Uwamahoro","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the space weather implications of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) by analyzing 39 metric type II solar radio bursts with decametric–hectometric (DH) counterparts during a segment of Solar Cycle 24. <strong>To minimize projection effects, only limb CMEs originating far from the solar disk center</strong> (<strong>central meridian distances between</strong> <span><math><mrow><mi>60</mi><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mrow><mi>90</mi><mo>°</mo></mrow></math></span>) <strong>were considered</strong>. The events were categorized into three groups: (i) all metric type II bursts with DH counterparts (m-DH), (ii) those accompanied by solar energetic particle (SEP) events (m-DH-SEP), and (iii) those without SEP events (m-DH-NonSEP). <strong>Analysis of CME parameters revealed that m-DH-SEP events are associated with faster (average speed of 1203 km/s) and wider CMEs compared to m-DH-NonSEP events (average speed of 333 km/s). Additionally, the fraction of halo CMEs increased across the groups: m-DH-NonSEP (62.5%), m-DH (74.3%), and m-DH-SEP (93%). A strong positive correlation</strong> (<strong>Pearson’s CC = 0.76;</strong> <span><math><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>SE</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>cc</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>0.18</mi></mrow></math></span>) was found between CME speeds and the logarithmic peak intensity of SEP events. Notably, <strong>87%</strong> of m-DH-SEP events originated from the western hemisphere <strong>in StonyHurst coordinates</strong>, consistent with favorable magnetic connectivity to Earth. Further analysis indicated that 62.5% of western hemisphere metric type II bursts with DH counterparts were followed by SEPs at Earth, compared to only 13% without DH counterparts. These findings confirm that fast and wide CMEs associated with DH type II bursts are effective in accelerating energetic particles, underscoring the significance of DH type II bursts as indicators of SEP events and their relevance in space weather forecasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106579"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144703179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring climate trends and extremes in India: A study of temperature and rainfall from 1980 to 2023","authors":"V. Guhan ,&nbsp;A. Dharma Raju ,&nbsp;K. Rama Krishna ,&nbsp;K. Nagaratna","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106596","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106596","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to evaluate the temporal trends, seasonal patterns, and extreme events in temperature and rainfall across India, using statistical and time series approaches to inform climate resilience strategies. Utilizing a range of statistical techniques including Generalized Pareto Distribution, Mann-Kendall trend test, Wavelet Transform, ARIMA forecasting, and Anomaly Detection, we explored the seasonal and long-term trends, periodicities, and anomalies in these climatic parameters using IMD gridded data from 1980 to 2023. The findings reveal notable seasonal fluctuations and patterns, with Tmax displaying a statistically significant upward trend and Tmin and rainfall displaying no discernible patterns. Strong seasonal cycles and periodic patterns are shown via wavelet transform analysis. ARIMA forecasting projects continued seasonal fluctuations and trends for Tmax, Tmin, and rainfall. Anomaly detection identifies several instances of unusual temperature and rainfall values, highlighting the importance of monitoring extreme weather events. These results highlight the necessity of adaptive climate resilience strategies to lessen the effects of climatic unpredictability and offer insightful information for climate analysis, forecasting, and environmental management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144711752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ionospheric effects of the 23–24 April 2023 geospace storm captured by the multifrequency multiple path software-defined radio system at oblique incidence over the People's Republic of China","authors":"L.F. Chernogor ,&nbsp;K.P. Garmash ,&nbsp;Q. Guo ,&nbsp;V.T. Rozumenko ,&nbsp;J. Wang ,&nbsp;Y.H. Zhdanko ,&nbsp;Y. Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present the analysis of variations in the ionosphere based on the HF radio wave characteristics measured on radio wave paths of different lengths and orientations during a major two-step geospace storm of 23–24 April 2023, which was caused by the coronal mass ejection. The extreme magnetospheric storm was accompanied by severe magnetic storms and severe and strong ionospheric storms. The ionospheric storms were both negative, with negative ionospheric indexes <em>I</em>_<em>NIS</em> of 6.6 and 4.0. Significant perturbations were observed in radio wave characteristics in the 5- to 10-MHz frequency range and in ionospheric parameters between ∼130- and 260-km altitude via the multifrequency multiple path software-defined radio system for oblique incidence sounding. Not only did the parameters of a regular ionosphere were significantly disturbed (the electron density decreased by a factor of 2.5–4.6 times), but wave activity in the magnetic field, thermosphere, and the ionosphere on 22 and April 23, 2023 also considerably increased, especially in the 100–120-min period range. The slow quasi-sinusoidal processes in the ionosphere (characteristic times of ∼100–120 min) acted to shift the radiowave reflection height by 30–130 km at an average speed of ∼10–60 m/s, depending on the propagation path. Short-term reflection height shifts of 30–70 km occurred at an average speed of 50–100 m/s over a span of ∼10 min. The amplitude of perturbations in the electron density with 8–15-min to 40-min periods varied from 1.6–3.5 % to 29–39 %, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106598"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"27-day solar cycles of zonal wind in the troposphere and lower stratosphere","authors":"I.G. Zakharov,&nbsp;L.F. Chernogor","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The influence of 27-day solar activity cycles on the zonal wind in the troposphere and lower stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere has been investigated. Significant zonal wind anomalies, closely related to global atmospheric circulation cells, have been identified: wind variations are maximal in the central parts of the cells and change sign at their boundary. The amplitude of the 27-day wind variations is ∼8 m/s in the extratropical troposphere and several times smaller in the tropics. The solar effect is maximal over Europe and North America, in antiphase to each other. The maximum changes in wind with height occur in the upper troposphere. The results can be explained by a two-way dynamic (wave-like) troposphere–stratosphere coupling, transferring the solar influence from the stratosphere to the troposphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106597"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of 60-min to 1-min integration time conversion model and application of machine learning for time-series attenuation prediction in tropical location","authors":"M.A. Sodunke ,&nbsp;J.S. Ojo ,&nbsp;F.A. Semire ,&nbsp;Y.B. Lawal ,&nbsp;O.L. Ojo ,&nbsp;G.A. Owolabi ,&nbsp;A.I. Olateju","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The demand for locally measured rain rate data with 1-min integration time continues to grow due to its accuracy in estimating rain-induced attenuation. However, the scarcity of local observatory weather stations due to the acquisition, maintenance, and the high cost of measuring equipment have resulted in the adoption of satellite data in most locations. Satellite-borne radars provide wide coverage but have low resolutions with higher integration time, hence the need for conversion to lower integration time. In this work, ten years (2005–2014) of rain rate satellite data obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) have been converted from the default 60 min to 1 min of integration time using a newly developed conversion model. The research locations are Akure, Ikole-Ekiti, Ogbomosho, and Oshogbo, located in the southwestern part of Nigeria. The developed model was validated using ground-based measured two years (2009–2010) rain rate data of 1 min integration time. The performance of the developed 60-min to 1-min integration time model when compared with other models showed an improvement with a good R² of 0.92, a lower prediction error of 5.8 %, a root mean square error of 5.79 %, and a statistically significant smallest p-value of 0.005, indicating the strongest evidence against the null hypothesis. The converted 1-min rainfall rate data was applied to the Synthetic Storm Technique (SST) rain-attenuation model to generate time series rain-induced attenuation. The complimentary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the study areas depicted attenuation values greater than 10 dB at 0.01 percent of the time, which could be threatening to radio wave propagation. A further novel technique of predicting time series attenuation was applied by testing three forecasting models, namely SARIMA, ARIMA, and SVM, using machine learning. The SVM outperformed other models with a better R², MAE, RMSE, and confidence intervals of 0.89, 1.64 %, 2.14 %, and [2.4544, 5.9273], respectively. The results will be found applicable to mobile networks at 5G and 6G systems operating at high frequencies, as well as terrestrial communication links like microwave point-to-point.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106594"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental investigation of a direct solar dryer equipped with parabolic-trough solar concentrator for drying Moringa leaves in the region of Algerian sahara, Ouargla city","authors":"Djamel Benmenine ,&nbsp;E. El-Bialy ,&nbsp;Djamel Belatrache ,&nbsp;Abdelkader Benmenine ,&nbsp;S.M. Shalaby","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The thermal performance of a direct solar dryer (DSD) is experimentally scrutinized in the present study under the prevailing conditions in Ouargla city (31°57′N 5°19′E), Algeria. For this purpose, two DSDs were designed and constructed: first, a conventional dryer and second is a modified dryer where a parabolic trough solar concentrator (PTSC) is connected to a heat exchanger fixed at the bottom of the drying chamber. First, the effect of mass flow rate (<span><math><mrow><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span>) of the heat transfer fluid (HTF) (water) on the performance of modified DSD was studied. Then, the modified dryer was used for drying Moringa leaves. The experimental results reveal that the lowest value of the <span><math><mrow><mover><mi>m</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math></span> (0.007 kg/s) achieves highest drying performance. It is also found that the drying air temperature of the modified DSD is 6–11.3 °C above ambient, compared to 4–10.0 °C for the conventional DSD. This high improvement, which reaches 37.6 %, proves the effectiveness of integrating the PTSC with DSD. A high drying rate, of 0.732 kg water/h. kg (dry matter), was achieved when Moringa leaves were dried in the modified DSD as it loses 76.7°%wb of their moisture content after only 4.5 h. New empirical equation was used in this study for fitting the thin layer drying characteristics of Moringa leaves in the modified DSD under climatic conditions of Ouargla, Algeria.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106595"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of wave dynamics and turbulence on stratosphere-troposphere exchange of ozone during convective events","authors":"Salauddin Mohammad ,&nbsp;P Vinay Kumar ,&nbsp;Syu-Ruei Jhang ,&nbsp;M Venkat Ratnam ,&nbsp;Gopa Dutta","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High vertical resolution radiosondes and ozonesondes are launched every week from stations in Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesondes (SHADOZ) network. We have analyzed the data of winds, temperature, ozone mixing ratio and relative humidity of a tropical station Costa Rica (10° N, 83.4° W) to study the laminar structures of ozone profiles which are supposed to be responsible for exchange of chemical species between troposphere and stratosphere. We confine our study only to a few days in convective season since the exchange process is reported to be strong during convection. Spectral analyses in two wavelength bands and correlation results confirm the gravity wave and Inertia/Rossby gravity wave activities to be responsible for the formation of ozone laminae. Eddy diffusivity computed by using simultaneous radiosonde measurements display significant turbulence estimates, particularly, below the tropopause, where laminar structures are mostly observed. Wind shear is also high in the region. We conclude that a combination of wind shear, wave activity and local turbulence is responsible in the transport of minor constituents between troposphere and stratosphere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106592"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A statistical study of optical signatures of high-latitude Pc5 waves","authors":"C.M. van Hazendonk ,&nbsp;L. Baddeley ,&nbsp;K.M. Laundal ,&nbsp;D.A. Lorentzen","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106585","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106585","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We present the first large scale study of optical signatures associated with ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves using an automated detection method at high-latitudes in the northern hemisphere winter. We classify these waves as ULF wave driven auroral arcs (UAAs). We have detected 198 UAAs in optical keograms of the 630.0 nm channel of the Meridian Scanning Photometer (MSP) located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Some of the detected UAAs have accompanying signatures in the 557.7 nm channel. The 198 UAAs can be divided into different populations based on magnetic local time: dawn (129) and dusk (69), or propagation direction: poleward (126) and equatorward (72). The poleward-propagating population partly consists of field line resonance driven auroral arcs (FAAs), which have been extensively studied before and are generally well understood. In our case, solar wind data suggests that the FAAs are most likely externally generated through the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability on the flanks of the magnetopause. Furthermore, they exhibit a dawn-dusk asymmetry favoring the dawn flank as reported previously in literature. Another part of the poleward-propagating population seems to consist of internally generated small-scale waves. On the other hand, the equatorward-propagating population is less known with only three previous reports of optical signatures. The data suggest that they correspond to small-scale, internally generated, ULF waves, which potentially have an energy source formed by substorm-injected energetic particles. Possibly, the high-latitude position of Svalbard at the border between the auroral oval and the polar cap, explains why most known occurrences of equatorward-propagating waves have been observed around Svalbard.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106585"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assimilation of Zenith Wet Delay observations using the ensemble Kalman Filter in a Poly-ZWD empirical model over the USA","authors":"Masoud Dehvari ,&nbsp;Saeed Farzaneh ,&nbsp;Ehsan Forootan","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106589","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modeling the spatial and temporal variability of water vapor in the lower atmosphere is crucial for meteorological and geodetic applications, as it directly influences weather prediction and satellite-based positioning. However, traditional empirical models often struggle to capture rapid water vapor fluctuations, limiting their accuracy and practical utility. These models are also typically grid-based and involve numerous parameters, making real-time calibration against current observations challenging. To address these limitations, this study applies an ensemble-based Calibration and Data Assimilation (C/DA) approach using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF), which sequentially adjusts model parameters based on observational data, thereby improving short-term prediction accuracy. Specifically, we enhance the estimation of Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) through the development of a regional empirical model, Poly-ZWD. This model employs third-order polynomials for horizontal variations due to their flexibility in capturing spatial trends with fewer coefficients, and B-spline functions for temporal variations because of their compact support and strong local control, which enable smooth and efficient time-dependent modeling. The model was built using ERA5 reanalysis data from 2016 to 2020. Poly-ZWD spans the contiguous United States (27°–49°N, 94°–68°W) and incorporates 680 parameters, which collectively capture the spatial and temporal behavior of ZWD across the domain. These parameters were recalibrated using GNSS-derived ZWD observations from 460 stations across the U.S. for the year 2021, improving alignment with real-world atmospheric conditions and enhancing model performance compared to the original PCA-ZWD derived coefficients. The recalibrated model, referred to as C/DA Poly-ZWD, was evaluated against ZWD estimates from 15 independent GNSS test stations and 7 radiosonde sites. Results show that the proposed model achieves a root mean square error (RMSE) of approximately 1.1 cm, outperforming both ERA5 and GTrop models. While RMSE increases gradually from 1.1 cm to around 6 cm over a 24-h forecast horizon, the calibrated model consistently maintains superior accuracy compared to the considered empirical models. Notably, the C/DA approach provides more accurate short-term ZWD predictions than ERA5 within a 3-h forecast window. These findings highlight the effectiveness of ensemble-based C/DA techniques in enhancing real-time ZWD modeling capabilities, with promising implications for improving GNSS-based positioning accuracy and short-term weather forecasting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106589"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144556748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of shortwave radiation parameterization schemes in predicting global horizontal irradiance for various climatic zones by WRF-Solar: A case study in India","authors":"Naveen Krishnan ,&nbsp;K. Ravi Kumar","doi":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106590","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jastp.2025.106590","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A developing country like India has an ambitious target of expanding their solar energy systems in the future for generating power and process heat applications. Hence, it is integral for a developing country such as India to have a robust technique to predict the shortwave radiation in the future to effectively manage the demand and supply. Weather Research Forecasting - Solar (WRF-Solar) is employed in this study to predict the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) for 14 days ahead and results are validated with the Solcast® data. Four shortwave parameterization schemes such as Dudhia, Goddard Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), New Goddard, and Rapid Radiative Transfer Model in General Circulation Model (RRTMG) have been tested for various climatic regions in India such as warm &amp; humid, hot &amp; dry and composite to find out the optimal configuration that improves the accuracy of GHI prediction. It has also been performed for different seasons in a year to conduct the sensitivity analysis of the parameterization schemes. In the warm &amp; humid climatic zone, the Dudhia scheme outperformed the other three schemes by yielding less mean Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 133.67 W/m², then followed by New Goddard, RRTMG and GDFL with increased mean RMSE of 6.67 %, 7.07 %, and 7.61 % respectively. In Composite climatic zone, the RRTMG scheme performed better than the other three schemes by yielding less mean RMSE of 134.58 W/m², then followed by Dudhia, New Goddard and GFDL with increased mean RMSE of 3.02 %, 4.18 %, and 12.02 % respectively. For hot and dry climatic zone, the Dudhia scheme performed better than the other three schemes by yielding less mean RMSE of 133.20 W/m², then followed by GFDL, RRTMG and New Goddard with an increased mean RMSE of 0.61 %, 4.10 %, and 5.71 % respectively. Despite the climatic conditions, all the schemes performed better in the summer season due to clear skies and below average in the monsoon season due to overcast conditions. The findings of the research are more beneficial to the stakeholders indulged in power generation using solar energy and grid operators for efficient operation in grid integration along with the management of demand and supply.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15096,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics","volume":"274 ","pages":"Article 106590"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}