Physics and Chemistry of Minerals最新文献

{"title":"High-pressure Raman spectroscopy of Al-rich and pure-Mg phase D","authors":"Chaowen Xu,&nbsp;Li Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Lu,&nbsp;Yanhao Lin,&nbsp;Shuo Qu,&nbsp;Shuchang Gao,&nbsp;Fengxia Sun,&nbsp;Ying Li","doi":"10.1007/s00269-025-01314-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-025-01314-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>High-pressure Raman spectra of Al-rich phase D (Mg_0.93Al_0.70Si_1.29O₆H_2.88) and pure-Mg phase D (Mg_1.03Si_1.71O₆H_3.05) were measured up to 20 GPa in diamond-anvil cells using argon as a pressure medium. The results show that the intensity of the major 777 cm^− 1 band in the Raman spectra of the pure-Mg phase D exhibits a significant intensity reduction within the 18–20 GPa range during compression. However, this band displays a highly linear shift in the Raman spectra of the Al-rich phase D without notable decrease in intensity in the same pressure range. This implies that the pressure stability of the M2 octahedra in the Al-rich phase D is higher than that in the pure-Mg phase D due to the substitution of Al³⁺ for Si⁴⁺. The major OH band at about 2900 cm^− 1 in the Raman spectra of the pure-Mg phase D sample shifts continuously toward higher frequencies with increasing pressure due to the pressure-induced transition from straight H bonds to bent ones. Whereas, this transition occurs at pressures above 10 GPa in the Al-rich phase D, indicating that Al³⁺ substitution in the crystal structure of phase D can also alter the high-pressure response of hydroxyl ion.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143612076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Solids and liquids in the (Fe, Mg, Ca)S-system: experimentally determined and thermodynamically modelled phase relations","authors":"Stefan Pitsch,&nbsp;James A. D. Connolly,&nbsp;Max W. Schmidt,&nbsp;Paolo A. Sossi,&nbsp;Christian Liebske","doi":"10.1007/s00269-025-01313-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-025-01313-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Thermodynamic descriptions and experimentally verified phase relations in the FeS-MgS-CaS system are important both for steelmaking and for natural reduced systems. Experimental and thermodynamic data for such oxygen-poor systems are sparse due to the difficulty of conducting experiments under conditions at which these sulfides are stable. In this study, phase relationships were determined for FeS-MgS at 1170–1550 °C, for FeS-CaS at 1025–1600 °C, for MgS-CaS at 900–1500 °C and for FeS-MgS-CaS at 1050 and 1360 °C. Experiments were performed in evacuated silica glass tubes with excess Fe⁰ to favour troilite (FeS) rather than pyrrhotite (Fe_1–xS) for the FeS-rich phase. Textural interpretations and measured compositions indicate that the FeS-CaS system melts eutectically at 1063 ± 3 °C at 7 ± 1 mol% CaS. The FeS-MgS system is also modelled to be eutectic (at 1180 and 2.5 mol% MgS), yet, experimentally, its eutectic or peritectic character could not be unequivocally determined. This system’s liquidus has a higher d<i>T</i>/d<i>X</i> than previously reported. The MgS-CaS system was found to have a symmetric miscibility gap that closes at 1210 °C. Differences to the outcome of previous experimental studies can be explained by the presence of troilite rather than pyrrhotite in our experiments when Fe-rich solid solution coexists with liquid or solid solution. The experimental data are fit by a thermodynamic model that reproduces the experimentally determined phase relations, and is capable of predicting melting phase relations for the FeS-MgS-CaS ternary.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00269-025-01313-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermodynamic stabilization in metal organic frameworks based on 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate linkers and rare earth metals","authors":"Gerson J. Leonel,&nbsp;Mohit Verma,&nbsp;Godwin A. Agbanga,&nbsp;Laura Bonatti,&nbsp;Hakim Boukhalfa,&nbsp;Alexandra Navrotsky,&nbsp;Hongwu Xu","doi":"10.1007/s00269-024-01303-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-024-01303-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work systematically investigates the thermodynamic stability in M-BTC metal organic frameworks, where M = Y, Eu, or La and BTC = (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) linker. Enthalpies of formation obtained from calorimetric measurements of Y(BTC)·5.43(H₂O), Eu(BTC)·5.82(H₂O) and La(BTC)·4.85(H₂O) enable determination of the energetic landscape for metal substitution (Y, Eu, and La) in M-BTC materials. The enthalpies of formation from linker plus metal of La-BTC, Eu-BTC, and Y-BTC are − 3219.3 ± 3.4, 3.9 ± 2.0 and 713.3 ± 3.0 kJ mol^− 1_, respectively. The highly endothermic enthalpy of formation of Y(BTC)·5.43(H₂O) reflects a thermodynamic penalty for a change in the coordination environment of Y metal atoms in the BTC framework compared to Y₂O₃. The high thermodynamic stability of the M-BTC framework employing La metal confirms greater stabilization from the use of larger metal atoms in frameworks with oxygen-based linkers. The results from thermodynamic analysis suggest water is a stabilizing agent. Thus, the choice of metal atom and presence of guest water molecules can enthalpically stabilize the M-BTC materials by as much as ~ 3932 kJ mol^− 1. More broadly, the results indicate complex interplay among choice of metal, water content, and thermodynamic stability in M-BTC frameworks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Equilibrium melting relations at shallow lower mantle P-T conditions probed by the laser-heated diamond anvil cell","authors":"L. Pison Pacynski,&nbsp;E. Gardés,&nbsp;D. Andrault","doi":"10.1007/s00269-025-01312-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-025-01312-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Laser-heated diamond anvil cell (LH-DAC) is needed to investigate melting properties of deep planetary interiors. Interpretation of the melting behavior is however challenging because extreme temperature gradients are inevitable. In this work, we investigate how the peak temperature at the center of the laser spot, from sample solidus to 1000 K above (ΔT), affects the chemical relations between melt and solid residue. We investigate the melting behavior of two possible mantle compositions, pyrolite and chondritic type material, at pressures corresponding to depths of ~ 1000 km and higher (40–73 GPa). Recovered samples are characterized at nanoscale spatial resolution using electron microscopy. Samples tend to show that chemical composition of melts and bridgmanite-melt relations vary largely with peak temperature. With increasing ΔT, the (Mg,Fe) exchange coefficient (K_Fe-Mg^Bg/melt) decreases from 0.29 to 0.11, and SiO₂ contents in melt ([SiO₂]^melt) from 43 to 18 wt%. In addition, we observe that the higher ΔT, the more the liquid is depleted in bridgmanitic-type composition. These experimental features are contrary with those expected from the known melting diagram of typical mantle material. Instead, they are well explained by considering fast solidification of bridgmanite (Bg) at the edge of the molten zone, in disequilibrium conditions. The sample prepared at solidus temperature and for short duration presents a central melt pool of Ca-bearing melt in close contact with Bg and ferropericlase. The degree of partial melting is coherently estimated to 18(2) wt% by two independent observations. This corresponds to pseudo-eutectic conditions where only the third mineral, davemaoite, is exhausted. For a pressure of 40.5 GPa, K_Fe-Mg^Bg/melt and [SiO₂]^melt are found to be 0.29 and 43 wt%, respectively, in good agreement with multi-anvil press experiments. Altogether, this work shows that erroneous solid–liquid chemical relations can arise from samples synthesized at temperatures well above solidus in the LH-DAC.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143521673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CuO and Cu2O nanostructures: pathway to efficient dark current density","authors":"Leila Amiour,&nbsp;Youcef Aouabdia,&nbsp;Nadjah Sobti","doi":"10.1007/s00269-025-01310-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-025-01310-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This study investigates the fabrication of CuO and Cu₂O nanostructures by a simple solution-based method followed by thermal annealing. Pure CuO was obtained at 180 °C, while higher temperatures yielded Cu₂O/CuO heterostructures. The pure CuO film exhibited the highest photocurrent density (140.05 mA/cm²) and a notable dark current density (60.27 mA/cm²). Although the heterostructures showed lower photocurrents, they also demonstrated significant dark currents (9.03–16.27 mA/cm²) across different annealing temperatures. These findings suggest a promising approach for developing effective CuO-based photoelectrodes with both excellent photocatalytic capabilities and a potential for dark current generation.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143465985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal stability, low- and high-temperature behavior of bergslagite, a berylloarsenate member of the gadolinite supergroup","authors":"Anastasiia K. Shagova,&nbsp;Liudmila A. Gorelova,&nbsp;Oleg S. Vereshchagin,&nbsp;Dmitrii V. Pankin,&nbsp;Anatoly V. Kasatkin","doi":"10.1007/s00269-025-01311-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-025-01311-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Bergslagite, Ca₂Be₂As₂O₈(OH)₂, is one of the only three known berylloarsenate minerals and is a member of the gadolinite supergroup. To date, very little is known about the thermal behavior of beryllium compounds and not much more about arsenates, while the thermal behavior of berylloarsenates (both natural and synthetic) has not been previously studied at all. In this work, the low and high-temperature behavior and thermal stability of bergslagite were studied in situ using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Besides, its Raman spectrum was obtained and compared to the calculated one. Bergslagite does not undergo a phase transition in the temperature range − 173 to 700 °C, whereas it amorphizes at higher temperatures. The <i>T</i>O₄-based (<i>T</i> = Be, As) framework remains stable, while the CaO₆(OH)₂ polyhedra are slightly expanding. The volume thermal expansion coefficient (32 × 10^− 6 °C^− 1) is comparable with borosilicate / beryllophosphate analogues (30–35 × 10^− 6 °C^− 1). The low thermal stability of bergslagite can be associated with the vacant octahedral position, which is occupied by divalent cations in more thermally stable beryllosilicate analogues.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cubic calcite and its structural phase transitions","authors":"Yang Yang,&nbsp;Yixin Lin,&nbsp;Xiangdong Ding,&nbsp;Christopher J. Howard,&nbsp;Ekhard K. H. Salje","doi":"10.1007/s00269-024-01306-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-024-01306-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Calcite, CaCO₃, has been reported to exist in as many as seven different structural forms. The structure at room temperature and pressure (space group <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>c</i>, ‘Phase I’) was established by Bragg many years ago. A phase transition to a higher temperature phase (space group <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m,</i> ‘Phase V’) was noted to occur at around 1240 K—this may proceed via an intermediate phase (space group again <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>c</i>, referred to as ‘Phase IV’). These phases differ primarily in the disposition of the CO₃ groups. Additional phases are found at higher pressures. We report a para-phase (parent phase, virtual prototype, aristotype) which assists in understanding the different phases, the phase transitions, and especially the domain structures and twin wall boundaries associated with these transitions. Molecular dynamics methods were used to study the temperature evolution of an isothermal-isobaric (NPT) ensemble of some 384,000 atoms. These computations reproduced the features of the known structures in <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>c</i> and <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m</i> and then, at higher temperature, revealed a structure of the sodium chloride type (space group <i>Fm</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m</i>) in which the entities were the Ca²⁺ cation and the CO₃²⁻ anion, this latter with effectively spherical symmetry. On this basis we have upon cooling a necessarily first order ferroelastic transition from cubic <i>Fm</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m</i> to rhombohedral <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m</i>, computed to occur at a simulated temperature of 1900 K, and a possibly continuous transition from the <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m</i> to rhombohedral (on a doubled cell) <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>c</i> computed to occur at about 1525 K. The computations also allowed us to follow the domain structure and twin walls as a function of temperature, during both heating and cooling. The structure just below the <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m</i> to <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>c</i> transition shows strong disorder in the orientation of the CO₃ groups, and this may be what is sometimes referred to as Phase IV. The domain structure just below the cubic to rhombohedral transition shows twinning of typical ferroelastic character. The doubling of the cell below the <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>m</i> to rhombohedral (on a doubled cell) <i>R</i><span>(overline{3 })</span><i>c</i> leads to a more complicated twin pattern. Indeed, the different structures can be identified from patterns of twinning. Differences between domain structures obtained on heating and cooling indicate extensive thermal metastabilities.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00269-024-01306-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143423159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Speciation and diffusive dynamics in hydrated grain boundaries of complex oxide Gd2Ti2O7","authors":"Dipta B. Ghosh,&nbsp;Bijaya B. Karki,&nbsp;Jianwei Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00269-024-01309-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-024-01309-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials significantly affect their properties, such as ionic transport, corrosion, and chemical durability. The pyrochlore compound (Gd₂Ti₂O₇) is employed as a model for complex oxides and is known for its diverse applications, including nuclear waste immobilization. Density functional theory-based first-principles molecular dynamics simulations were performed at different temperatures on the hydrated grain boundary system. The results show extensive transformations within the grain boundaries among hydrous water species (OH⁻, H₂O, and H₃O⁺). The temperature dependence of self-diffusion coefficients follows Arrhenius behavior, with an activation energy of 35.9 kJ/mol for hydrogen and 46.3 kJ/mol for oxygen. The lifetime of OH⁻ is about three to four times longer than that of H₂O at temperatures from 800 to 2100 K, suggesting the greater stability of OH⁻ over H₂O, a unique characteristic of the grain boundaries. The estimated lifetime of the hydrous species decreases as the temperature increases, with an activation energy of 9.9 kJ/mol for OH⁻ and 13.4 kJ/mol for H₂O. While Gd₃⁺ is more mobile than Ti⁴⁺, both the Gd₃⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ cations are orders of magnitude less mobile than the water species. The results suggest that water species are much more mobile within grain boundaries than in the bulk crystal and have the potential to penetrate deep into polycrystalline materials through grain boundaries, leading to grain boundary degradation and dissolution. The different mobilities of cations in complex oxides can lead to leaching of certain cations and incongruent dissolution during the chemical weathering of Earth and industrial materials.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00269-024-01309-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142994944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermophysical properties of synthetic marialite","authors":"David M. Jenkins,&nbsp;Jared P. Matteucci,&nbsp;Alexander J. Kerstanski,&nbsp;Johannes Hammerli,&nbsp;Katherine S. Shanks,&nbsp;Zhongwu Wang","doi":"10.1007/s00269-024-01307-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-024-01307-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Marialite (Na₃Al₃Si₉O₂₄·NaCl) represents a key end-member of the scapolite mineral group because it has the potential for revealing the chloride content of the paleofluid from which it formed. Here we provide measurements of the basic thermophysical properties of synthetic marialite which do not currently exist and which complement similar data for calcium-carbonate-bearing scapolites. Synthetic marialite was made from reagent oxides and NaCl treated at 1050 °C and 1.7 GPa for 48–120 h. Average unit-cell dimensions for synthetic marialite at 298 K and 1 atm are <i>a</i>_o = 12.038 ± 0.002 Å, <i>c</i>_o = 7.539 ± 0.004 Å, and <i>V</i>_o = 1092.6 ± 0.8 ų, with a molar volume of 328.99 ± 0.24 cm³/mole. Thermal expansion measurements were made at 1 atm from 298–1105 K and showed that <i>a</i> increases while <i>c</i> decreases with an overall increase in volume upon heating. Compressibility measurements were made at room temperature in a diamond-anvil cell using 4:1 methanol: ethanol pressure medium in transmission mode at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source facility with pressures ranging from 1 atm to 9.6 GPa. The <i>a</i> dimension is more compressible than <i>c</i> up to ~ 5 GPa, beyond which there is noticeable softening along the <i>c</i> axis. Equation of state modeling was done on the combined pressure–temperature-volume data using a Tait equation of state yielding bulk modulus and thermal expansion values for <i>K</i>_o, <i>K’</i>, and <i>α</i> of 51.0 ± 2.0 GPa, 6.68 ± 0.83, and 2.75 ± 0.17 × 10^–5/K, respectively. Compared with other scapolite data in the literature, the marialite (Na₃Al₃Si₉O₂₄·NaCl)-meionite (Ca₃Al₆Si₆O₂₄·CaCO₃) join behaves similarly to the albite-anorthite plagioclase join, with end-member marialite having the highest thermal expansion and lowest bulk modulus along the compositional join.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142963152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Key phase diagram experiment of the ZnO-SnO2 system and thermodynamic modeling of the ZnO-SnO2-TiO2 system","authors":"Jaesung Lee,&nbsp;Yoongu Kang,&nbsp;In-Ho Jung","doi":"10.1007/s00269-024-01308-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00269-024-01308-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The phase diagram of the ZnO-SnO₂ system at 800–1600 °C was experimentally investigated using the classical equilibration/quenching method and differential thermal analysis (DTA) followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analysis and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). Sealed platinum capsules were employed to prevent the evaporation of ZnO and SnO₂ in the experiments. Based on new experimental phase diagram data and all available data in literatures, the binary ZnO-SnO₂, SnO₂-TiO₂, and ZrO₂-TiO₂ and the ternary ZnO-SnO₂-TiO₂ system was thermodynamically optimized using the CALculation of PHAse Diagram (CALPHAD) method to prepare a set of Gibbs energies of all phases within the binary systems which can be utilized to predict unknown phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties in the system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":20132,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of Minerals","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142963151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}