Journal of Climate最新文献

{"title":"Changes in the Global Climate: Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Pacific Ocean Temperatures","authors":"K. Weickmann, Edward Berry, Victor Gensini, David Gold, Thomas Petroski","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0322.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0322.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) is used to study the variability of Earth’s atmospheric circulation during the past 45 years, a time of considerable climate change. Using global AAM, two interdecadal states are defined covering the periods 1977–98 (hereinafter P1) and 1999–2022 (P2). Global AAM decreased from P1 to P2 and was accompanied by weakened subtropical jet streams in both hemispheres, strong convection around the northern Maritime Continent, and a strengthened sea surface temperature (SST) gradient across the tropical Pacific Ocean. The period differences project onto 1) internal interdecadal Pacific variability (IPV), 2) a postulated transient ocean thermostat response to greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions, and 3) circulation anomalies related to the ozone hole. During 1977–2023, the first two processes are forcing the climate toward larger Pacific Ocean SST gradients and a poleward expansion of the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP), especially into the Northern Hemisphere. The ozone hole produces its own distinct pattern of anomalies in the Southern Hemisphere that tend to become persistent in the early 1990s. The zonal and vertical mean AAM variations during P1 have frequent westerly wind anomalies between 40°N and 40°S with poleward propagation on interannual time scales. During P2, the circulation is dominated by subtropical easterly wind anomalies, poleward-shifted jets, and weaker propagation. Locally, the zonal mean anomalies manifest as midlatitude ridges that lead to continental droughts. Case studies illustrate the weakened subtropical jet streams of P2 and examine the factors behind a transition to La Niña in early 2020 that maintains the P2 pattern.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47794130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interplay between Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation and Southern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortex Warming","authors":"Feiyang Wang, Lei Wang, Tanlong Dai, Yuanyuan Han","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0786.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0786.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) features more distinctive and complex propagation characteristics than its wintertime counterpart, the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). While the relationship between the MJO and the Arctic stratosphere during boreal winter has been widely documented, the linkage between the BSISO and the Antarctic stratosphere during austral winter has not been extensively discussed. Here, after identifying the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric polar vortex warming (SPVW) events, we reveal the bidirectional connection between BSISO and SPVW. Before onset of the SPVW events, the occurrence frequency and amplitude of BSISO phase 5 (P5) shows a significant increase. The most significant responses of the SH polar stratospheric temperature to the BSISO are found about 10 days after BSISO P5. Thus, to some extent, BSISO P5 can be regarded as a precursor to the SH SPVW event, which is attributed to the enhanced upward propagation and dissipation of planetary waves in the SH stratosphere induced by the BSISO P5. After onset of the SPVW events, a significant increase in the occurrence and amplitude of BSISO P6 is observed, corresponding to the enhanced convection over the South China Sea and southern Philippine Sea. Tropical upwelling associated with the strengthened Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) induced by the SPVW tends to result in unstable circumstances in the tropical upper troposphere. Then the high correlation between static stability at 150 hPa and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) anomalies over the South China Sea and southern Philippine Sea provides robust evidence that the intensity of convective activity in the tropics can indeed be modulated by the variability in SH stratospheric polar vortex.\u0000\u0000\u0000The relationship between the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) and the Southern Hemisphere (SH) polar stratosphere remains unclear. After selecting the stratospheric polar vortex warming (SPVW) events, we reveal the two-way connection between BSISO and SPVW. Before the SPVW, the significant increase in occurrence and amplitude of BSISO phase 5 (P5) suggests that BSISO P5 can be regarded as a precursor to the weakened polar vortex. After the SPVW, the significant increase in occurrence and amplitude of BSISO phase 6 (P6) establishes that environmental alteration in tropical upper troposphere induced by the SPVW provides a favorable condition for the growth of ensuing convective activity. The results here help us better understand the potential link between stratospheric polar vortex and tropical intraseasonal oscillation.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45646648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting Deep and Shallow Winter Warming over the Barents–Kara Seas on the Intraseasonal Time Scale","authors":"Juncong Li, Xiaodan Chen, Yuanyuan Guo, Zhiping Wen","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0879.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0879.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The vertical structure of Arctic warming is of great importance and attracts increasing attention. This study defines two types of Arctic warming events (deep versus shallow) according to their temperature profiles averaged over the Barents–Kara Seas (BKS), and thereupon compares their characteristics and examines their difference in generation through thermodynamic diagnoses. A deep Arctic warming event—characterized by significant bottom-heavy warming extending from the surface into the middle-to-upper troposphere—emanates from the east of Greenland and then moves downstream toward the BKS primarily through zonal temperature advection. The peak day of deep warming event lags that of the precipitation and resultant diabatic heating over southeast Greenland by about four days, suggesting that the middle-to-high tropospheric BKS warming is likely triggered by the enhanced upstream convection at the North Atlantic high latitudes. In contrast, a shallow warming event—manifested by warming confined within the lower troposphere—is preceded by the meridional advection of warm air from inland Eurasia. These anomalous southerlies over Eurasian lands during shallow warming events are related to the eastward extension of the deepened Icelandic low. During deep warming events, the in situ reinforcement of the Icelandic low favors abundant moisture transport interplaying with the southeast Greenland terrain, leading to intense precipitation and latent heat release there. Both deep and shallow warming events are accompanied by Eurasian cooling, but the corresponding cooling of the deep warming event is profoundly stronger. Further, intraseasonal deep Arctic warming events could explain nearly half of the winter-mean change in the warm Arctic–cold Eurasia anomaly.\u0000\u0000\u0000Divergent conclusions on whether Arctic warming is influencing the midlatitudes impede a clear understanding of the warm Arctic–cold Eurasia (WACE) phenomenon. Recent findings that on the interannual or longer time scales, Eurasian cooling tends to occur in the presence of deep rather than shallow Arctic warming have attracted increasing concern regarding the vertical structure of Arctic warming. On this basis, here we classify intraseasonal Arctic warming events into deep and shallow groups and contrast them from various aspects. Emerging near eastern Greenland and associated with upstream convection activities, intraseasonal deep Arctic warming events are accompanied by significant Eurasian cooling, largely determining the seasonal-mean WACE condition. However, caused by meridional temperature advection from Eurasian lands, shallow warming events less correlate with Eurasian cooling.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47561293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Westward-Propagating ISO over Mid-High-Latitude Eurasia on SSW during Boreal Winter","authors":"Linjie Fan, Shuangyan Yang","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0843.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0843.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000In this study, the impact of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) over mid-high-latitude Eurasia on stratosphere sudden warming (SSW) events during boreal winter is examined based on the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. It is found that the dominant ISO periodicity is 10–30 days. By extended empirical orthogonal function, two leading ISO modes with opposite directions of westward and eastward propagation are extracted. Since the eastward-propagating mode was involved by previous studies, this study is focused on the westward-propagating one. As revealed, the westward-propagating ISO propagates from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to western Europe, which is dominated by waves 1–2. The analysis of lead–lag correlation and phase division indicates that SSW events prefer to occur at the time of lagging the westward-propagating ISO phase 2 by 7–9 days. The diagnosis of the dynamic process of ISO impacting SSW suggests that during the westward journey of the ISO, the corresponding pattern leads to sea ice loss over the Barents–Kara Sea, which emanates upward-propagating planetary waves. At the same time, the ISO circulation expands the easterly anomalies, which weakens westerly flow that favors the planetary waves of wave 1 and wave 2 propagating upward into the stratosphere to affect the onset of SSW. By applying the subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) reforecast data from the ECMWF model, the probability density functions of zonal wind anomaly verify the impact of westward-propagating ISO on SSW.\u0000\u0000\u0000The intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) is a vital prediction source for the forecast of extreme weather and climate in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, but the relationship between the mid-high-latitude one and stratospheric extreme weather events lacks research. The purpose of this study is to understand how the ISO over mid-high-latitude Eurasia affects the stratosphere sudden warming (SSW). Our results find that the westward-propagating ISO can impact the onset of SSW events by leading to sea ice loss over the Barents–Kara Sea and the expansion of easterly anomalies. This provides a new clue for the extended-range forecast of SSW.\u0000","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41737982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Masthead","authors":"","doi":"10.1175/jcli-3618masthead","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-3618masthead","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47597938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arctic Sea Ice Melt Onset in the Laptev Sea and East Siberian Sea in Association with the Arctic Oscillation and Barents Oscillation","authors":"Hongjie Liang, Wen Zhou","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0791.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0791.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Arctic summer sea ice has been declining in recent decades. In this study, we investigate the beginning of the Arctic melting season, i.e., sea ice melt onset (MO), in the Laptev Sea (LS) and East Siberian Sea (ESS) along the Northern Sea route. Three leading modes are identified by EOF decomposition, which we call the LE-mode, L-mode, and E-mode. In positive phases these modes exhibit earlier MO in the two seas, a seesaw-like structure in the southwest–northeast direction with earlier MO in the LS, or in the southeast–northwest direction with earlier MO in the ESS. The LE-mode, L-mode, and E-mode are closely related to the Arctic Oscillation (AO) in April, the Barents Oscillation (BO) in April, and the AO in May, respectively. When the AO in April is positive, a low pressure anomaly northwest of the LS and ESS brings warm, moist air masses from the lower latitudes toward the LS and ESS and causes earlier MO, corresponding to the positive LE-mode. When the BO in April is negative, a cyclonic anomaly around the Barents Sea tends to warm and moisten the LS and cause earlier MO there, corresponding to the positive L-mode. When AO in May is positive, a low pressure anomaly northeast of the LS and ESS brings more warm, moist air toward the ESS and causes earlier MO there, corresponding to the positive E-mode. In the 1980s, the negative LE-mode was prominent whereas in the early 1990s the positive LE-mode was dominant. Since the mid-1990s, the L-mode and E-mode have appeared more frequently.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48557461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stronger Tropical Cyclone–Induced Ocean Cooling in Near-Coastal Regions Compared to the Open Ocean","authors":"Nguyen Dac Da, G. Foltz, K. Balaguru, Eleda Fernald","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0842.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0842.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Tropical cyclones (TC) often induce strong mixing in the upper ocean that generates a trail of cooler sea surface temperature (Twake) in their wakes. The Twake can affect TC intensity, so its prediction is important, especially in coastal regions where TCs can make landfall. Coastal Twakes are often more complex than those in the open ocean due to the influences of coastline geometry, highly variable water depth, continental runoff, and shelf processes. Using observational data since 2002, here we show a significantly stronger global mean Twake in coastal regions compared to offshore regions. Temperature stratification is the main driver of stronger coastal Twakes in the North Atlantic and east Pacific. In the northwest Pacific and north Indian Ocean, the differences between coastal and offshore Twakes are smaller due to compensation between TC forcings and ocean stratification. The north Indian Ocean is unique in the Northern Hemisphere because salinity stratification plays a major role on the spatial distribution of Twake. In the South Pacific Ocean, TC intensity and translation speed are crucial for explaining coastal–offshore Twake differences, while ocean stratification and mixed layer depth are more important for the coastal–offshore Twake differences in the south Indian Ocean. These findings suggest that coastal–offshore differences in ocean stratification need to be properly represented in models in order to capture changes in TC-induced ocean cooling as storms approach landfall.\u0000\u0000\u0000Landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) often cause considerable damage in coastal regions with dense human populations. Understanding TC–ocean interaction and how it differs between coastal and offshore regions can help predict TC intensity prior to landfall. Sea surface cooling after TC passage is an important proxy for TC–ocean interaction. A global evaluation of coastal TC-induced cooling has not been conducted. Using data covering two decades, we show significantly stronger TC-induced surface cooling in coastal regions compared to offshore regions at the global scale and in all basins except the northwest Pacific and north Indian Ocean. The difference is driven mainly by upper-ocean conditions in the North Atlantic, east Pacific, and south Indian Ocean, and by TC characteristics in the South Pacific.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"64621656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Indian Ocean weakens ENSO Spring Predictability Barrier: Role of the Indian Ocean Basin and Dipole modes","authors":"Yishuai Jin, Xing Meng, Li Zhang, Yingying Zhao, Wenju Cai, Lixin Wu","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0800.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0800.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Prediction of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is hindered by a spring predictability barrier (SPB). In this paper, we investigate effects of the Indian Ocean (IO) on the SPB. Using a seasonally-varying extended IO-ENSO recharge oscillator model, we find that the SPB is much weakened when IO is coupled with ENSO. In order to gauge the relative role of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and the Indian Ocean Basin (IOB) modes in weakening ENSO SPB, we develop an empirical dynamical model – Linear Inverse Model (LIM). By coupling/decoupling IOB or IOD with ENSO, we show that the IOB significantly weakens Eastern Pacific and Central Pacific ENSO SPBs, while the IOD plays a weaker role. The evolution of the optimum initial structures also illustrates the importance of the IOB in ENSO SPB. Moreover, the IOB strongly influences the forecast skill of La Niña SPB rather than El Niño SPB. This point is also identified through six coupled models from North American multimodel ensemble. It may be related to the role of IO in the asymmetry in the duration of El Niño and La Niña. The IOB-induced easterly wind anomalies are conducive to the development of La Niña and thus the prediction of La Niña events, while these anomalous easterlies are less important during the development of El Niño and the related forecast of El Niño events.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41674338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnosing mechanisms of hydrologic change under global warming in the CESM1 Large Ensemble","authors":"N. Siler, D. Bonan, Aaron Donohoe","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-23-0086.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-23-0086.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Global warming is expected to cause significant changes in the pattern of precipitation minus evaporation (P − E), which represents the net flux of water from the atmosphere to the surface or, equivalently, the convergence of moisture transport within the atmosphere. In most global climate model simulations, the pattern of P − E change resembles an amplification of the historical pattern—a tendency known as “wet gets wetter, dry gets drier”. However, models also predict significant departures from this approximation that are not well understood. Here, we introduce a new method of decomposing the pattern of P − E change into contributions from various dynamic and thermodynamic mechanisms, and use it to investigate the response of P − E to global warming within the CESM1 Large Ensemble. In contrast to previous decompositions of P − E change, ours incorporates changes not only in the monthly means of atmospheric winds and moisture, but also in their temporal variability, allowing us to isolate the hydrologic impacts of changes in the mean circulation, transient eddies, relative humidity, and the spatial and temporal distributions of temperature. In general, we find that changes in the mean circulation primarily control the P − E response in the tropics, while temperature changes dominate at higher latitudes. Although the relative importance of specific mechanisms varies by region, at the global scale departures from the wet-gets-wetter approximation over land are primarily due to changes in the temperature lapse rate, while changes in the mean circulation, relative humidity, and horizontal temperature gradients play a secondary role.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48697739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the asymmetries of pan-tropical connections from the tropical Indian to the Pacific basin","authors":"Rajashree Naha, Shayne McGregor, Martin Singh","doi":"10.1175/jcli-d-22-0845.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-22-0845.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Recent analysis of pan-tropical interactions suggests that post-1980, the tropical Indian Ocean’s (TIO) influence on the tropical Pacific Ocean (TPO) appears to have subdued, while the tropical Atlantic Ocean’s (TAO) influence has become more pronounced. The present study explores whether we can identify and dynamically explain any asymmetries in the pan-tropical connection between the TIO and TPO SSTs in an attempt to explain the recently reported weakening of the TIO influence. To this end, we carry out two idealised atmosphere-only experiments using the ACCESS atmospheric general circulation model where the sign of the decadal TIO SST signal is varied – presenting warm and cool TIO scenarios. We find a relatively strong asymmetric response of TPO precipitation to TIO SST anomalies, where average TPO precipitation shows a strong increase in response to TIO cooling, but a weaker decrease in response to TIO warming. The asymmetry is hypothesized to result from differences in the depth of latent heating over the TIO which ultimately affects the depth of the remote response over the TPO. Asymmetries also occur in the spatial pattern of the changes in precipitation and surface winds. In the fully coupled system, these asymmetries would be expected to also alter the background state on which ENSO develops, providing a further mechanism by which the TIO influence may vary depending on its phase.","PeriodicalId":15472,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Climate","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44230853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}