Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Tectonic setting, mineralization, and ore geochemistry of the Paleozoic IOCG deposits in Xinjiang, NW China","authors":"Shuanliang Zhang ,&nbsp;Liandang Zhao ,&nbsp;Pei Liang ,&nbsp;Hongjun Jiang ,&nbsp;Weifeng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106317","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106317","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Paleozoic iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) deposits in Xinjiang correspond to magmatic arc formations (Andean type) within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). These deposits include the Heijianshan, Duotoushan, Shuanglong, and Shaquanzi deposits in the Aqishan-Yamansu belt of Eastern Tianshan, which formed during the inversion of a continental arc-related basin (ca. 310–300 Ma). In contrast, the Laoshankou and Qiaoxiahala deposits along the northern margin of Eastern Junggar formed in an island arc setting (380–370 Ma). Detailed paragenetic studies of these deposits reveal a wide variety of alteration and mineralization patterns, including distinct but typical styles of magnetite and copper–gold mineralization. Fluid inclusion data and isotope tracing of ore-forming fluids indicate the involvement of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids is responsible for the early magnetite mineralization. However, for the late copper–gold mineralization, the deposits formed during the basin inversion have a significant involvement of non-magmatic fluids compared to those of island arc-related deposits. These non-magmatic fluids include basinal brines or residual seawater that reacted with andesitic host rocks. Comparing the IOCG-related magmatic rocks, the regional Bailingshan intrusive complex in the Eastern Tianshan formed during the basin inversion is from more reduced and water-poor parental magma compared to arc magma in the Eastern Junggar. However, the tectonic setting (basin inversion) facilitated the migration and involvement of external fluids, including sulfur, in the mineralization process, potentially compensating for the deficiencies of the magma to generate late economic copper–gold mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106317"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the intrusion-hosted orogenic-type gold lodes: Exemplified by the Axile gold deposit in the Chinese Altai","authors":"Abulimiti Aibai ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Deng ,&nbsp;M. Santosh ,&nbsp;Nuo Li ,&nbsp;Xi Chen ,&nbsp;Yongxiang Wang ,&nbsp;Yanjing Chen ,&nbsp;Wenjiao Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106336","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106336","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unlike the gold deposits typically hosted in metamorphosed volcanic-sedimentary sequences, the recently discovered Axile gold deposit (over 13 t Au at 5.35 g/t) is a unique example in the Chinese Altai for evaluating the genesis of intrusion-hosted lode gold deposits in metamorphic terranes. The orebodies in this deposit occur as quartz veins and altered tectonites hosted in the sinistrally sheared quartz diorite and biotite granite zones in the Habahe intrusion. The quartz vein-type ores are composed of quartz-pyrite veins and quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins, in which gold-tellurides also occur. The altered tectonites, spatially associated with the quartz veins, are composed of deformed and altered rocks of quartz diorite and biotite granite. Main alterations include quartz, sericite, calcite, chlorite, albite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and gold-tellurides. Two types of fluid inclusions are identified in the ores, i.e., (1) carbonic-aqueous (C-type) and (2) aqueous (W-type), with the C-type being dominated. These fluid inclusions yield salinity ranging from 3.6 to 9.0 wt% NaCl equivalent and homogenization temperatures in the range of 249 − 387 ℃, suggesting a typical mesothermal NaCl-CO₂-H₂O system. The Axile deposit thus corresponds to an orogenic-type gold deposit.</div><div>The hydrothermal titanites in the auriferous quartz-pyrite veins yield <em>in situ</em> U-Pb ages around 278.4 ± 2.4 Ma (MSWD = 3.1, 2σ), which constrain the gold mineralization timing as Permian. The mineralized quartz diorite and biotite granite yield zircon U-Pb ages of 377.0 ± 1.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.1; 1σ) and 394.0 ± 1.2 Ma (MSWD = 0.4; 1σ), respectively, which show that the ore-hosting intrusions were emplaced in the Devonian, obviously earlier than the gold mineralization. The light δ¹³C_V-PDB values (−15.5 ‰ to −6.7 ‰, average −10.7 ‰) of the CO₂ extracted from the fluid inclusions display a significant contribution from the organic carbon in sediments. Given the sedimentary rocks underwent Permian greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism in the Chinese Altai, accompanied by the synchronous structural deformation and shearing activities, it could be concluded that the Axile gold deposit is formed by a shear zone-controlled mesothermal system that originated from metamorphic-devolatilization. The Chinese Altai Orogen is an orogenic-type gold metallogenic belt, containing both the intrusion- and metamorphic rock-hosted gold deposits, illustrated by a consistent genetic model.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106336"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-stage REE mineralization in the Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit: Constraints from biotite and apatite geochemistry","authors":"Pei Liang ,&nbsp;Junyi Wang ,&nbsp;Bicheng Li ,&nbsp;Yuling Xie ,&nbsp;Jinsheng Han ,&nbsp;Jiaming Xia ,&nbsp;Bingbing Li ,&nbsp;Li Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106312","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106312","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This new discovery of the silicate-calcite complex pluton for the Bayan Obo Formation in the giant Bayan Obo deposit, North China craton, with varied petrographic characteristics of biotite-, calcite-biotite-, calcite- and carbonatite units, from outer to inner, provides a new direction for us to explore the enrichment mechanism of REE mineralization in carbonatite and subsequent post-carbonatite hydrothermal fluid. As the sensibility to chemical and physical factors associated with magmatic crystallization fractionation and fluid activities, biotite and apatite from the Bayan Obo deposit were taken detailed petrographic, geochronologic and geochemical compositional study. Two groups of biotite and apatite have been divided, including primary magma-related ones with age of 1231 Ma, which is characterized by relatively high K/Rb ratios and temperature; and altered hydrothermal ones with ages of 280 to 240 Ma, which is characterized by relatively high X_Mg, Al^IV, F, REE contents, high oxygen fugacity, and low temperature. Significantly discrepant geochemical characteristics of types of biotite and apatite indicate disparate REE mineralization in magmatic and hydrothermal processes. For the magmatic process, the crystallization of REE-poor minerals during the evolution of silicate-carbonatite complex results in the enrichment of REE and the differentiation between HREE and LREE in the residual carbonatite magma. For the hydrothermal process, the highest REE contents in altered hydrothermal biotites and apatites formed by REE/F-rich late hydrothermal fluids, which was supposed to source from the Hercynian magmatic activities. In addition, the high contents of F in late hydrothermal biotites and apatites are assumed to be important for the enrichment and precipitate of REE minerals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106312"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence and enrichment of critical metals in ferromanganese deposits in the western Pacific","authors":"Xianze Deng,&nbsp;Jiangbo Ren,&nbsp;Xiguang Deng,&nbsp;Jun Tu,&nbsp;Shuang Hong,&nbsp;Gaowen He,&nbsp;Limin Zhang,&nbsp;Yong Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106314","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106314","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co-rich ferromanganese nodules and crusts are economically valuable deep-sea ferromanganese deposits widely distributed in the western Pacific Ocean and are rich in critical metals such as Co, Ni, Cu and rare earth elements (REEs). However, the lack of fine delineation and systematic comparisons of the distributions of these critical metals in these ferromanganese deposits limits the understanding of the occurrence states of Co, Ni, Cu and REEs and the metallogenesis of ferromanganese deposits. Therefore, the authors selected one nodule and one crust from the western Pacific Ocean, and utilized high-resolution methods such as micro-area X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μ-XRF), laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-TOF-MS), and laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to depict elemental distribution and elemental profile.</div><div>The results show that the ferromanganese deposits are predominantly composed of Fe-vernadite with low Mn/Fe ratios. Co, Ni and Cu exist primarily in the manganate octahedral layer of Fe-vernadite. REEs mostly exist in feroxyhite of Fe-vernadite, and manganate octahedral layer of Fe-vernadite also have high Ce content. Co, Ni and Cu contents of ferromanganese deposits are closely correlated with Mn/Fe ratios: Co, Ni and Cu contents increase with Mn/Fe ratios until the Mn/Fe ratios rises up to 4, and remain stable when Mn/Fe ratios &gt; 6. The enrichment of Co, Ni and Cu in ferromanganese deposits is controlled by the redox conditions of seawater during accretion, whereas REEs enrichment is related to Mn and Fe fluxes in seawater during accretion. The coupling relationships between elemental distributions help to reveal the elemental occurrence state, and the geochemistry of ferromanganese deposits are analyzed to identify element enrichment mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insights on the petrogenesis of the Koktokay No.3 pegmatitic dyke: Petrological and zirconological evidence from the Aral granitic complex (Xinjiang, China)","authors":"Xiang Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106309","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Koktokay No.3 pegmatite dyke (KPD), containing numerous Li–Be–Nb–Ta–Cs mineral resources, is among the world’s most famous rare-metal deposits, and attracted much attention. Up to now, over thirty geochronological data have been reported ranging from 332 Ma to 120 Ma for the KPD, which causes uncertainty about the origin and petrogenesis of the pegmatite. In this contribution, whole-rock geochemistry and zircon geochronology have been conducted on the Aral biotite monzogranite (BMG), the Koktokay muscovite alkali-feldspar granite (MAG), and the KPD. Petrological and whole-rock geochemistry results reveal that the BMG is normal granite with medium SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (mean of 67.23 %), enriched in compatible trace elements such as Ba, Sr and Zr, and slight negative Eu anomalies, while the MAG belongs to highly-fractionated granite with high SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (mean of 73.92 %) and extensive negative Eu anomalies, and enriched in incompatible trace elements such as Rb, Ta, and U. Zircon morphology and LA–ICPMS analysis reveal that magmatic zircons from the BMG, hydrothermal zircons from the MAG and KPD yield lower intercept ages at 217.3 ± 2.4 Ma, 197.8 ± 4.7 Ma, and 195.4 ± 2.0 Ma, respectively. Combining with tectonic information and geochronological data of granitic activity and its mineralization in the Altay, this study explains the petrogenetic mechanism of the KPD after &lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;Wang et al. (2021)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;‘s metallogenic model: (1) In late stage of Middle Triassic, the collision between the Siberian plate and the Kazakhstan–Junggar plate caused a large number of thrust nappe faults and crust thickening in the Altay orogenic belt; At ∼217 Ma, the compression reached its peak, the crustal anatexis produced &lt;em&gt;syn&lt;/em&gt;-collisional BMG (i.e., the Aral BMG); After the compressive peak, huge amount of granitic magma in deep-seated magma chamber underwent over 20 Myr of fractional crystallization, and the residual magma enriched in ore-forming materials (rare metal elements, volatile components, and aqueous fluids) occurred at the top of the magma chamber; (2) When the regional stress converted from compression to extension, the highly-fractionated residual magma ascended rapidly from the long-lived magma chamber along extensional faults at ∼195 Ma; The huge amount of melt-bearing fluids were exsolved from the residual magma in the course of its emplacement due to sharply decreasing pressure, and intruded into a large cavity generated by extensional fault; Along with slowly decreasing temperature, the melt-enriched fluids crystallized outside-in as (quasi-) concentric pegmatitic zones (i.e., KPD); (3) The residual magma which lost huge amount of fluid filled the lower space of the extensional system, and crystallized as post-collisional MAG (i.e., the Koktokay MAG). Based on the genetic relationship among tectonics, petrogenesis, and metallogeny, the proposed model shows material and energetic conversion processes from &lt;em&gt;syn&lt;/em&gt;-","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106309"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Addressing imbalanced data for machine learning based mineral prospectivity mapping","authors":"Fahimeh Farahnakian ,&nbsp;Javad Sheikh ,&nbsp;Luca Zelioli ,&nbsp;Dipak Nidhi ,&nbsp;Iiro Seppä ,&nbsp;Rami Ilo ,&nbsp;Paavo Nevalainen ,&nbsp;Jukka Heikkonen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Effective Mineral Prospectivity Mapping (MPM) relies on the ability of Machine Learning (ML) models to extract meaningful patterns from geophysical data. However, in mineral exploration, identifying the presence of mineral deposits is often a rare event compared with the overall geological landscape. This rarity leads to a highly imbalanced dataset, where positive instances (mineralized samples) are considerably less frequent than negative instances (non-mineralized samples). Imbalanced data can potentially bias ML models towards the majority class, leading to inaccurate predictions for the minority class (mineralized samples) which are of primary interest. To address this challenge, we proposed two-level methods in this study. At the data level, we employed imbalanced data handling techniques that operate on the training dataset and change the class distribution. At the algorithmic level, we adjusted the decision threshold of a model to balance the trade-off between false positives and false negatives. Experimental results are collected on a geophysical data from Lapland, Finland. The dataset exhibits a significant class imbalance, comprising 17 positive samples contrasted with <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>84</mn><mo>×</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> negative samples. We investigate the effect of handling imbalanced data on the performance of four ML models including Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), and Logistic Regression (LR). From the results, we found that the MLP model achieved the best overall performance, with total accuracy of 97.13% on balanced data using synthetic minority oversampling method. Random forest and DT also performed well, with accuracies of 88.34% and 89.35%, respectively. The implemented methodology of this work is integrated in QGIS as a new toolkit which is called EIS Toolkit <span><span>¹</span></span>for MPM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106270"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anomalous tellurium enrichment associated with gold mineralization: A mineralogical and isotopic study of the Yongxin Te-Au deposit, northeast China","authors":"Mengmeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Junfeng Shen ,&nbsp;Chenglu Li ,&nbsp;M. Santosh ,&nbsp;Bo Xu ,&nbsp;Masroor Alam ,&nbsp;Gexue Zhao ,&nbsp;Kexin Xu ,&nbsp;Jiajun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yongxin tellurium-gold (Te-Au) deposit, a large epithermal deposit in the Duobaoshan polymetallic metallogenic belt (DPMB) within eastern section of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is mainly hosted by syenogranite and mylonite. However, the Te-Au occurrence, precipitation mechanism and genesis in this deposit remain elusive. In this study, pyrite, the primary host of Te-Au mineralization, was studied utilizing multiparametric techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), in-situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and femtosecond laser ablation coupled multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (fs LA-MC-ICP-MS). The results show that there are three generations of pyrite termed here as Py1, Py2 and Py3. The coarse euhedral Py1 and fine vein Py2 contain negligible to low contents of Te and Au, whereas the anhedral aggregated Py3 with porosity and grain boundary (GB) shows the highest concentrations of Te and Au. Representative LA-ICP-MS profiles show that Te-Au occurs either as solid solution in the Py1 and Py2 or submicroscopic Au-Ag-Te-Bi inclusions, electrum and native gold in Py3. Thermodynamic data of telluride and sulfide show that the Te-Au was deposited under relatively oxidizing conditions with values of log <em>f</em> Te₂ ranging from −15.2 to −11.2 and log <em>f</em> S₂ from −16.7 to −12.1. at 200 °C. We infer that fluid mixing and fluid-rock interaction were the dominant mechanisms that triggered the precipitation of Te-Au in the Yongxin Te-Au deposit. Geochemical and geochronological data indicate that the likely source of Te is Te-rich oceanic sediments originating from the Western Pacific Plate. Pyrite and telluride from the gold deposits can be potential targets for Te exploration in the DPMB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106296"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The formation and recycling of Neoproterozoic granitoids in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China: Implications for Mesozoic rare metal mineralization","authors":"Hongfei Di ,&nbsp;Yong-Jun Shao ,&nbsp;Yi-Qu Xiong ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Brzozowski ,&nbsp;Di Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Zhi-Wei Fan ,&nbsp;Wenjie Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106332","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106332","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the era of energy transition on the Earth, rare metal mineralization has attained increased significance for various energy sectors and understanding their formation and evolution in various tectonic settings is of great importance for formulating exploration strategies. The Neoproterozoic Jiangnan Orogen in South China marks the assembly zone of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks and carries numerous rare metal deposits. In this contribution, we investigate the Neoproterozoic Jiuling composite batholith to understand the formation of rare metal mineralization. We present new in-situ zircon U–Pb ages and Lu–Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemistry and Sm–Nd isotopes of the Banbei biotite granodiorite and the associated rare metal-mineralized Baishawo granites in the western portion of the Jiuling batholith suite. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the Banbei biotite granodiorite, and the Baishawo two-mica granite and muscovite granite formed at ca. 820 Ma, 153 Ma, and 142 Ma, respectively. The ε_Hf(t) values of the biotite granodiorite, two-mica granite and muscovite granite are –4.4 to +5.8, –11.8 to –7.0, and –10.5 to –7.3, respectively. The ε_Nd(t) values of the biotite granodiorite, two-mica granite and muscovite granite are –3.88 to –2.73, –10.6 to –10.2, and –9.23 to –9.16, respectively. Zircon Hf isotopes and whole-rock Sm–Nd isotopes suggest that the granite suite was sourced from the Mesoproterozoic crust. Geochemical modeling suggests that the Banbei biotite granodiorite was derived from partial melting of Meso- to Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks, whereas the Baishawo two-mica granite and muscovite granite were derived from assimilation–fractional crystallization of the Neoproterozoic Banbei biotite granodiorite and Mesozoic magma with low degrees of differentiation. Combined with previous studies on the granite suites in the Jiangnan Orogen, we suggest that collision between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks ceased at least 820 Ma, and that Precambrian rocks might have contributed significantly to the enrichment of rare metal mineralization in Mesozoic granite through reworking.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106332"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralization of Zn-Pb-Ag and associated critical metals: An introduction","authors":"Jia-Xi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yi Zheng ,&nbsp;Yan-Jun Li ,&nbsp;Thomas Ulrich ,&nbsp;Ling-Li Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106328","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106328","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combination of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and/or silver (Ag) is widely developed in various types of deposits. They also form various types of independent deposits and are associated with a variety of critical metals, such as germanium (Ge), cadmium (Cd), gallium (Ga), and thallium (Tl). The Zn-Pb-Ag deposits make an important group of mineral deposits worldwide, including volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS), magmatic-hydrothermal-associated skarn and/or epithermal, sedimentary rocks-hosted (e.g., Sedimentary Exhalative, SEDEX; carbonate-hosted epigenetic/Mississippi-Valley-type, MVT; Sandstone/shale-hosted epigenetic, SST), and hydrothermal-vein types. This Special Issue aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of Zn-Pb-Ag deposits and associated critical metals in a variety of geological settings, and promote global prospecting. This Special Issue contains 61 papers (including reviews) covering major Zn-Pb-Ag metallogenic provinces/zones worldwide. The publications provide a comprehensive and systematic analysis including ore deposit geology, geochemistry, geochronology, ore-forming dynamics process and background, big data and deep learning, metallogenic prognosis and ore genesis of Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, as well as the occurrence status and enrichment mechanisms of associated critical metals. These achievements will help to establish more practical mineralization and prospecting models. Equally, they promote the understanding of the genesis of Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, develop new mineralization theory for Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, and provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive utilization of associated critical metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106328"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142651313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Episodic fluid pulses in the Baiyun gold deposit, Liaodong Peninsula, Eastern China: Insights from in-situ trace elements, sulfur isotopes, and texture characteristics of pyrite","authors":"Qing-Yi Cui ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Wen-Yan Cai ,&nbsp;Hong-Jiang Shi ,&nbsp;Kai-Lei Xu ,&nbsp;Pengfei Liu ,&nbsp;Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Ming Lei ,&nbsp;Xu-Yan Bian","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106313","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106313","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The driving mechanism behind the mineralization process remains ambiguous, whether it is propelled by a single fluid evolution or multiple fluid pulses. Minerals have the capacity to precisely document the fluid evolution. Hence, an accurate understanding of mineral formation is essential for a precise interpretation of fluid evolution. The Baiyun gold deposit is located in the Qingchengzi ore field in the Liaodong Peninsula of the North China Craton. The textural characteristics and geochemical composition of pyrite provide evidence for the formation process of the Baiyun gold deposit. Based on mineral assemblages, ore textures, and cross-cutting relationships, the Baiyun gold deposit can be divided into four stages: (I) disseminated/stockworked quartz-pyrite-K-feldspar, (II) quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-native gold vein, (III) quartz-pyrite-native gold ± galena ± sphalerite vein, and (IV) ore-barren calcite-quartz veinlets.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Native gold predominantly accumulates in stages II-III, each subdivided into two generations (Py2a, Py2b, Py3a, Py3b), with significant gold precipitation in the later Py2b and Py3b. Notably, Py2a displays high concentrations of As (avg. 412.66 ppm), Au (avg. 2.12 ppm), Ag (avg. 34.65 ppm), Co (avg. 471.88 ppm) and Te (avg. 39.79 ppm), contrasting with lower concentrations in Py2b for As (avg. 100.11 ppm), Au (avg. 0.99 ppm), Ag (avg. 8.33 ppm), Co (avg. 281.28 ppm) and Te (avg. 11.11 ppm). Stage III compares to stage II, with elements like Co (Py3a: avg. 2240.00 ppm; Py3b: avg. 170.15 ppm), Au (Py3a: avg. 0.74 ppm; Py3b: avg. 0.65 ppm), Ag (Py3a: avg. 5.33 ppm; Py3b: avg. 2.50 ppm), and As (Py3a: avg. 1132.91 ppm; Py3b: avg. 245.90 ppm) exhibiting similar trends of change. The δ&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S value trend (Py2a → Py2b: avg. 15.7 ‰ → avg. −8.0 ‰; Py3a → Py3b: avg. 11.5 ‰ → avg. −3.4 ‰) aligns with the trace element variations. Thermodynamic simulations, based on mineral compositions and sulfur isotopes, reveal difference fluid natures between Py2a (T = 300 °C; pH = 5.1–6.5; moderate &lt;em&gt;f&lt;/em&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = −33.1 to −31.1) and Py3a (T = 250 °C; pH = 5.6–6.6; lower &lt;em&gt;f&lt;/em&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = −39.2 to −36.1). Noteworthy differences exist not only in trace elements and sulfur isotopes between stages II-III but also in the micro-deformation of pyrite. Stage II is marked by plastic deformation (dominated by low-angle boundaries; 2–5°), resulting in a non-significant contribution to gold precipitation. In contrast, stage III exhibits brittle deformation (dominated by high-angle boundaries; &gt;5°), where gold primarily precipitates and enriches. The significant variations in trace elements, sulfur isotopes, fluid natures, and pyrite deformation indicate the occurrence of episodic fluid pulses. Furthermore, sulfur isotopes display both enrichment and depletion characteristics. This phenomenon may be related to sulfate reduction. The Paleoproterozoic strata serve as significant sulfur reservoirs within the region an","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"174 ","pages":"Article 106313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}