Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Error analysis and visualization of 3D geological models of mineral deposits","authors":"Yingxian Chen,&nbsp;Huiru Ma,&nbsp;Zhe Zhu,&nbsp;Jiepeng Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106366","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106366","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accuracy of 3D geological models of mineral deposits has a significant impact on the precision and reliability of mining production decisions. High-precision 3D geological models can provide more accurate geological information of mineral deposits. A scientific error analysis method is proposed to quantify the errors in geological models and visualize these errors by assigning them to geological model entities. The errors in 3D geological models of mineral deposits mainly originate from modeling data and interpolation methods. By analyzing the generation and processing of modeling data, an error model for the modeling data is established. The Kriging interpolation method is used to quantitatively describe the errors in the modeling methods, and these errors are integrated into the 3D geological model. By using Boolean operations, the 3D geological model is combined with the open-pit mine entity model to generate an error-containing mining site model and mined rock model, and to calculate their mining and stripping volumes and errors, achieving error visualization. Using an open-pit coal mine in Inner Mongolia as a case study, the construction of its 3D mineral deposit and mining field models demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in practical applications, highlighting its importance in improving the accuracy and reliability of mining production decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106366"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology and geochronology of the Xingfengshan deposit, Jiangnan orogenic belt, South China: Implication for intrusion-related Au–W mineralization","authors":"Wei Li ,&nbsp;Guiqing Xie ,&nbsp;Xinhao Li ,&nbsp;Yunhao Ji ,&nbsp;Kui Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106365","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106365","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Xingfengshan is a slate-hosted Au–W deposit in the central part of the Jiangnan orogenic belt, South China. It comprises stratiform skarns and sheeted quartz veins, and both two types of mineralization have W and Au metal association. In this study, systematic geological investigation, together with TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA), and biotite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses were performed to determine the geological features and mineralization age. Formation of skarn stage (Stage 1) is represented by three substages: (I) prograde skarn, (II) retrograde skarn, and (III) quartz–sulfide. Scheelite and minor native gold formed during substage II and III, respectively. TIMA results confirm the coexistence of skarn minerals such as garnet, pyroxene, actinolite, and biotite, and scheelite. Sheeted Au–W quartz veins (Stage 2) crosscutting skarns contain auriferous arsenopyrite, scheelite, pyrrhotite, quartz, and display coexistence of Au (arsenopyrite), W (scheelite), and biotite. Post-ore barren quartz veins (Stage 3) are mainly composed of quartz, muscovite and tourmaline. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating results of biotite from retrograde skarn and sheeted veins constraining the formation ages are 215.0 ± 1.7 Ma and 211.9 ± 1.7 to 209.8 ± 2.1 Ma, respectively. These ages are broadly contemporaneous with the surrounding granitoid intrusion (218.7 ± 1.5 to 204.5 ± 2.8 Ma). It is likely that mineralizing fluids responsible for Au–W mineralization are of magmatic in origin. Considering the temporal and spatial association of the widespread Late Triassic magmatism and Au–W mineralization in the central Jiangnan orogenic belt, an intrusion-related Au system could be established for genesis of the Xingfengshan Au–W deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106365"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The key controlling factors on Sn–Cu mineralization: A case study from the world-class Gejiu Sn–Cu-polymetallic deposit","authors":"Yuandong Zhan ,&nbsp;Yongjun Shao ,&nbsp;Yi-Qu Xiong ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Brzozowski ,&nbsp;Zhongfa Liu ,&nbsp;Qingquan Liu ,&nbsp;Yinping Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106351","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106351","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gejiu, a globally prominent Sn–Cu-polymetallic district, contains an extensive suite of magmatic rocks. Magmatic rocks in the southeastern portion of the Gejiu district comprise the Masong and Laoka equigranular and porphyritic granites, and basalts. Previous studies have suggested that Sn mineralization in this region is primarily associated with the equigranular granite, whereas Cu mineralization is predominantly associated with the basalts. Despite this, the major factors controlling the formation and distribution of Sn–Cu mineralization in this region remain poorly constrained. This contribution characterizes the mechanisms of formation of the Gaofengshan Sn–Cu and Zhuyeshan Cu–Sn deposits, focusing on the petrogenesis of the host Masong and Laoka equigranular granites, and the evolution of the ore-forming magmatic–hydrothermal fluids. This is accomplished by combining bulk-rock geochemistry of the Masong and Laoka equigranular granites, and basalt, with biotite geochemistry from both granites and pyrite geochemistry from associated skarns. The Masong and Laoka equigranular granites crystallized from hybrid crust–mantle-derived magmas. Reduced granites like the Masong that underwent high degrees of fractional crystallization, and have elevated halogen are prospective for Sn mineralization. The abnormally high concentrations of Cu in pyrite in the Zhuyeshan deposit suggest that the Cu was primarily derived from sources external to the granite. Garnets from skarn-type ores and stratiform ores at Gaofengshan and Zhuyeshan yielded U–Pb ages of 88.2 ± 1.4 Ma and 81.8 ± 3.7 Ma, respectively, while vesuvianite from the skarn-type ores at Zhuyeshan yield a U–Pb age of 84.1 ± 0.5 Ma. These ages confirm that both the Sn and Cu mineralizing events occurred during the Late Cretaceous, coeval with emplacement of the granitic intrusions. Notably, there is no direct geochronological link between Cu mineralization and the basalt (ca. 244.4 Ma), which has a close spatial relationship with the Laoka equigranular granite. Combined with previous S–Pb isotope data, we propose that large-scale Cu mineralization in Gejiu resulted from the extraction of Cu from basalt by fluids exsolved from the Late Cretaceous equigranular granitic magmas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106351"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142699710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magmatic control on orebody distribution of porphyry-skarn gold-copper deposit: A case study of Beiya deposit from Sanjiang metallogenic belt in the southwest China","authors":"Long Ren ,&nbsp;Jing Huang ,&nbsp;Xiaoze Wang ,&nbsp;Shaowen Yang ,&nbsp;Chunhai Yang ,&nbsp;Chengfeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Lidong Wang ,&nbsp;Wenzhou Mei ,&nbsp;Mingguo Deng ,&nbsp;Yunman Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106350","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106350","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The giant Beiya porphyry–skarn-type gold (Au)–copper (Cu) deposit in the Sanjiang domain is marked by the presence of majority of the ore bodies in the wall rock, which is distinct from the fact that the worldwide porphyry–skarn Cu–Au deposits develop abundant Cu–Au ore bodies within ore-forming porphyries; however, the formation mechanism of this peculiar phenomenon remains to be investigated. Here, we take the contemporaneous ore-forming porphyry and postmineralization lamprophyre in the Beiya ore district as object of study and gather new and early data of chronology, mineralogy and geochemistry to elucidate the aforementioned issue. The ore-forming quartz syenite porphyry has been dated at 35.8–36.9 Ma, slightly earlier than the lamprophyre (ca. 34.9 Ma). The lamprophyre has high Ni (55.7–187 ppm), Cr (137–459 ppm), Sr (286–1012 ppm), and Ba (964–2228 ppm) contents; high Ba/La (16.6–33.2) ratio; low Hf/Sm (0.66–1.27) and Zr/Nb (14.9–22.3) ratios; and enriched Sr–Nd isotopes (0.7059–0.7080 and −1.30–4.95, respectively), indicating its origin in an enriched mantle metasomatized by pelagic sediment-related slab fluids. The trace and platinum-group elemental characteristics further demonstrate that the lamprophyre underwent crystal fractionation and sulfide liquation during magmatic evolution. It is clear that the lamprophyre has low Au and Cu concentrations owing to sulfide liquation; therefore, it is unlikely that the ore-forming porphyry evolved from a mantle-derived magma. The quartz syenite porphyry has enriched Sr (0.7067–0.7092), Nd (−2.40 to −6.00), and Hf (−7.40 to 4.90) isotopes, which are similar to the Neoproterozoic crustal materials with high Au (6–16 ppb) and Cu (383–445 ppm) abundances; therefore, we infer that the ore-forming porphyry stemmed from melting of the Neoproterozoic juvenile lower crust. Furthermore, the whole-rock data combined with &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; analysis of zircon and magnetite indicated that the quartz syenite porphyry underwent mafic magma replenishment and crystal fractionation during its evolution. Thus, we can infer that the lower-crustal remelting related to the intracontinental orogenic environment and subsequent biotite fractionation resulted in the lack of mafic minerals for the Beiya ore-forming porphyry, distinct from the worldwide porphyry–skarn Au–Cu deposits that are sourced from enriched mantle wedge and develop a large number of amphiboles and biotites in the ore-forming porphyries. Because of this petrogenetic model, the oxidation–reduction reaction in a porphyry ore-forming system, which is expressed as Fe&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; in the magma being oxidized to Fe&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; along with SO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt; being reduced to S&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt;, could only occur in the surrounding rock at the top of the exocontact zone of the ore-forming porphyry via the upward migration of Fe&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; in the forms of gas phase, thus providing abundant S&lt;sup&gt;2−&lt;/sup&gt; for the formation of Au–Cu ore bodies. Thi","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of gold mineralization in southwestern Hunan, South China: Evidence from ore-hosted zircon geochronology and geochemistry","authors":"Zhekai Zhou ,&nbsp;Huan Li ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Li ,&nbsp;Majid Ghaderi ,&nbsp;Yue Hou ,&nbsp;Ruilin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106340","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106340","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The southwestern Hunan province (SHP) is an important gold mineralization province in the Xuefengshan Uplift (South China) and is represented by quartz vein-type gold deposits. Gold deposits and occurrences in this district are geologically similar and can be regarded as specific manifestations of the same extensive gold mineralization in different spatial locations. In this study, the metal sources and mineralization processes of gold mineralization in the SHP have been discussed based on zircon geochronology and geochemistry from six gold deposits. The zircon age distribution is similar in most of the samples, mainly plotted in a narrow range: 900 to 600 Ma, with the major peak around 800 ± 50 Ma. It overlaps with the detrital zircon age distributions of the Lengjiaxi Group, Banxi Group, and Jiangkou Formation. The trace elements and Lu-Hf compositions of these zircons further prove an original relationship between the gold mineralization and strata. In addition, the Indosinian magmatic activities might also be potential sources for the zircons in these deposits, as 7 of 349 analyzed zircons with ages of approximately ∼240 Ma were observed. The differences in trace, as well as rare elements, have been widely seen in zircons suggesting that the gold mineralization has been modified to different degrees by post-mineralization hydrothermal fluids which are considered as related to Indosinian magmatic activities. Combined with the geological characteristics of gold mineralization, the gold deposits in the SHP are typical orogenic gold deposits forming during the Caledonian movement and modified by Indosinian magmatic-hydrothermal fluids. The highlights of this study are using zircon geochronology and geochemistry to clarify the genesis of gold mineralization in the SHP and providing a new method to understand the genesis of similar vein-type gold mineralization worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106340"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The geology of the Greenstone orogenic gold deposit, Geraldton, Ontario, Canada: Structural controls, mineralogy, geochemistry, and geochronology","authors":"Zsuzsanna Tóth ,&nbsp;Bruno Lafrance ,&nbsp;Benoît Dubé ,&nbsp;Patrick Mercier-Langevin ,&nbsp;Robert A. Creaser ,&nbsp;Matthew I. Leybourne","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106345","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106345","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Greenstone orogenic gold deposit is located in the Beardmore-Geraldton belt (BGB) along the boundary between the granite-greenstone Wabigoon subprovince and the metasedimentary Quetico subprovince of the Archean Superior craton, Canada. The deposit is hosted by ca. 2700–2694 Ma turbiditic sandstone, banded iron formation, and ca. 2694 Ma feldspar-quartz porphyry, which underwent strong deformation within the 1 km-wide Bankfield-Tombill deformation zone along the southern margin of the BGB. The deformation zone includes folds and cleavage that formed during early D₁ thrust imbrication of the BGB, S-shaped folds and fabrics that formed during D₂ sinistral transpression, and Z-shaped folds, fabrics, and localized shear zones that formed during D₃ dextral reactivation of the deformation zone. Gold mineralization is associated with folded, early-D₁, quartz-carbonate veins (V₁) and with NE- to E-striking, <em>syn</em>-D₂, tourmaline-quartz veins (V₂) as well as quartz-carbonate veins (V₃). The V₁ and V₃ veins are surrounded by sericite-carbonate-pyrite ± albite–rutile alteration halos, and the V₂ veins are surrounded by carbonate-tourmaline-pyrite ± pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite alteration halos. Gold was deposited during fluid-rock sulfidation reactions that resulted in the formation of inclusion-poor pyrite with Ni-Co-As primary crystallographic zoning and inclusion-rich pyrite enriched in Au and other metals (Ag-As-Bi-Co-Ni-Pb-Sb-Te). Hydrothermal alteration associated with the deposition of the veins produced a broad, up to 250 m wide, sericite-carbonate alteration envelope, with S, Te, As, W, and Bi as the best pathfinder indicators to gold mineralization. Contrary to previous studies, which attributed the formation of gold deposits in the BGB to late-D₃, our results suggest that gold was emplaced during early-D₁ and D₂ and involved multiple hydrothermal fluid pulses during several deformation events, as suggested for other major Archean orogenic gold camps associated with major fault zones such as the Timmins and Kirkland Lake camps in the Abitibi subprovince of the Superior craton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106345"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deposit type discrimination of Jiaodong gold deposits using random forest algorithm: Constraints from trace elements of pyrite","authors":"Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Tongfei Li ,&nbsp;Bin Fu ,&nbsp;Qinglin Xia ,&nbsp;Qiankun Liu ,&nbsp;Taotao Li ,&nbsp;Yizeng Yang ,&nbsp;Yufeng Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106343","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106343","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A significant amount of gold is produced in Jiaodong Peninsula, North China. The Jiaojia-type (fracture-disseminated rock type) and Linglong-type (sulfide-bearing quartz vein type) are the most two important types of gold deposits related to hydrothermal fluids in this region. Therefore, understanding the differences in ore-forming fluids between these two types of gold deposits is crucial for genesis and exploration, yet there is a lack of comprehensive documentation on this subject. As an important gold-bearing mineral, pyrite plays a significant role in revealing the characteristics of ore-forming fluids. In this paper, the big data analysis and machine learning methods are applied to discriminate the types of the gold deposits. The factor analysis (FA) and the random forest (RF) algorithm to examine the presence of trace elements of pyrite in Jiaojia- and Linglong-type gold deposits. The FA analysis reveals that the elements in pyrite can be grouped into four factors: F1 (Ag-Pb-Bi), F2 (Cu-Zn), F3 (Co-Ni), and F4 (Au-As). This classification is likely influenced by the distribution of trace elements within pyrite. The interconnectedness among the F1-F2-F3-F4 components implies a common source of ore-forming fluids between these two gold deposit types. At the same time, the random forest model highlights Bi, Zn, and As as the most distinguishing elements in pyrite between the two deposit types. These findings suggest that Jiaojia- and Linglong-type gold deposits have distinct temperatures of the ore-forming fluids and at the extension of the ore-controlling structure of Jiaojia-type ore body may exist the Linglong-type ore body. Accordingly, a machine learning model was developed for detecting the two types of gold deposits. This pioneering research blends big data analytics and artificial intelligence to enhance the classification of mineral deposits, offering a novel approach to mineral exploration in the Jiaodong region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106343"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lead isotopic compositions of Paleozoic to Miocene ore deposits in the Western Tethyan Belt","authors":"Călin G. Tămaș ,&nbsp;Daniel Veres ,&nbsp;Catherine Chauvel","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106346","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106346","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Romanian Carpathians host some of the richest base and precious metal deposits in Europe. The existing lead isotopic data for Romania covered almost exclusively Miocene epithermal and porphyry deposits in the Baia Mare area and the South Apuseni Mountains. There is, therefore, an evident lack of isotopic and chronological constraints which have limited the metallogenic interpretation of the metal sources and hindered data-supported comparisons with the neighboring metallogenic units within the Western Tethyan Belt. New lead isotopic analyses were carried out on ore samples selected from Cambrian to Miocene magmatic sulfide, porphyry, skarn-related, replacement, epithermal, and metamorphosed and unmetamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits located in the Apuseni Mountains (North and South), Banat, Southern Carpathians, and Dobrogea. The range of the analyzed ores is 17.926 to 19.083 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.550 to 15.741 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 38.062 to 39.224 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. It turns out that the lead isotopic composition of the ores clusters by age, i.e., Paleozoic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Miocene. The average of lead isotopic values of Paleozoic ores is 18.168 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.681 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 38.216 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb; of Triassic-Jurassic ores is 18.442 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.606 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 38.324 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb; and of Cretaceous and Miocene ores is 18.677 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.662 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 38.726 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. The wider age range and the broader geological coverage of the analyzed ore deposits reveal that the radiogenic lead isotopic composition of the ores increases with time but always overlaps with the isotopic ranges defined by the host rocks. Since the Paleozoic, except a Late Jurassic magmatic sulfide deposit related to tholeiitic magmatic rocks where the upper mantle is the main source of lead, the lead incorporated in Carpathian ores has a typical crustal signature with a model µ value (²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb) of about 10 and a time-integrated Th/U ratio of about 4.0. The calculated model ages of the ores are generally older than the ore deposition ages demonstrating that older crustal material contributed to the lead within the ores. Our results significantly increase the available lead isotopic data for Romanian ores, and allows for the first comprehensive overview of the lead isotopic signatures of the ore deposits in the Western Tethyan Belt through geological time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106346"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142723913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and enrichment mechanism of rhenium in sediment-hosted stratiform copper deposits: A case study from the Tangdan deposit, SW China","authors":"Mao Tan ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wen Huang ,&nbsp;Yu-Miao Meng ,&nbsp;Liang Qi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106342","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106342","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sediment-hosted stratiform copper (SSC) deposits are globally significant copper resources and contain critical metals such as Co, Re, and Ge. The Tangdan deposit, located in the Kangdian metallogenic belt within the western Yangtze block, is a prime example of SSC deposits in China. It comprises two types of ores: bedded ores with parallel bedding, and minor discordant vein-type high-grade ores. The sulfides in both types include chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, tetrahedrite, digenite, and traces of galena and pyrite. Sulfides from vein-type ores show Re contents 10 to 100 times higher (0.01–1.67 ppm) than those in the bedded ores (0.06–0.27 ppm). However, the mechanism driving this disparity in Re content between ore types remains unclear. In the bedded ores, Re is preferentially partitioned into secondary digenite over primary sulfides such as chalcopyrite, bornite, chalcocite, and tetrahedrite. The relative Re enrichment in digenite is likely due to oxidization alteration, as Re is highly sensitive to oxygen fugacity. In contrast, Re in the vein-type ores predominantly associates with chalcocite, likely because of its high Mo content. Additionally, sulfides in vein-type ores typically have higher Zn, Mo, Sb, Re, and Pb concentrations than bedded ores. The δ³⁴S values of Cu-sulfides in bedded ores range from +1.7 ‰ to +11.5 ‰, whereas those in vein-type ores span from −13.3 ‰ to −4.8 ‰. The sulfur isotope geothermometer for coprecipitated chalcopyrite and bornite indicates that the average formation temperature for vein-type ores is 364 °C. Based on trace elements, sulfur isotope, and formation temperature of sulfides, we propose that bedded and vein-type ores have different formation mechanisms. Copper and other ore-forming elements were leached from the source bed by low-temperature (171 °C), Re-poor basin brine, while marine sulfate provided reducing sulfur, triggering redox reactions that formed bedded ores. In contrast, vein-type ores accumulated Re through the interaction between high-temperature hydrothermal fluids (364 °C) and Re-rich carbonaceous slate. The continuous dissolution of dolostone in high-temperature fluids increases pH and promotes the precipitation of sulfides, ultimately leading to the formation of Re-rich vein-type ores. This model for Re migration and enrichment at the Tangdan deposit could have broader applications for SSC deposits globally and serves as an exploration guide for critical metals in SCC deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106342"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochronology of cassiterite in the Nassarawa-Keffi rare metal pegmatite belt, Nigeria: Tectonic linkages to the Gondwana-forming orogeny","authors":"Liang Cao ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Junsheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Abdulrazaq Abubakar Garba ,&nbsp;Haiquan Li ,&nbsp;Nan Chao ,&nbsp;Peng Hu ,&nbsp;Xinbiao Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2024.106339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pegmatites typically appear in fields, belts, or provinces associated with a tectonomagmatic stage of orogenic evolution, both temporally and spatially. These lithologies can be categorized into multiple types by the presence of rare metals such as Li, Be, and Nb-Ta. However, the tectonic setting responsible for the development of these giant pegmatite belts, as well as their influence on the formation of different rare metal mineralization, remains only partially understood. The Nassarawa-Keffi rare metal pegmatite containing Li, Be, and Nb-Ta mineralization in the 400 km-long Nigeria pegmatite belt presents a unique opportunity to study the timing, melt source, and tectonic setting for the formation of various rare metal mineralization. The petrology, mineralogy, cassiterite geochronology, trace element composition, and Lu-Hf isotopes of cassiterite and zircon from Nb-Ta-, Be-, and Li-rich pegmatites in the Nassarawa-Keffi region of the Nigerian pegmatite belt were systematically analyzed. U-Pb dating of cassiterite yielded ages of 559–548 Ma for Nb-Ta-rich pegmatites, 572–550 Ma for Be-rich pegmatites, and approximately 565–550 Ma for Li-rich pegmatites. These ages confirm that Nb-Ta-Be-Li mineralization in the Nigerian pegmatite belt represents a <em>ca.</em> 20 Myr multi-stage rare metal mineralization period formed during the late Neoproterozoic, corresponding to the prolonged post-collisional extension events in the Brasiliano orogenic belt during the Gondwana-forming orogeny. The cassiterite and zircon Hf isotope compositions from these pegmatites indicate that both the Nb-Ta-Be-rich and Li-rich pegmatites exhibit ε_Hf(t) values ranging between −8.3 and −20.9 and T_DM2 values varying between 2.0 and 2.8 Ga, which suggests that the parent melts of Nb-Ta-Be and Li pegmatites were commonly derived from the remelting of the Paleoproterozoic basement rocks. The lower ε_Hf(t) values observed in Nb-Ta-Be-rich pegmatites, in comparison to Li-rich pegmatites, indicate their origin from the reworking of distinct protoliths. Consequently, the study elucidates that diverse mineralization within these giant pegmatite belts can be derived from various ancient crustal sources. Moreover, the similarities in the tectonic setting between Li-Be-Nb-Ta pegmatites in Nigeria and the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian transition orogenic belts of western Gondwana highlight the importance or rare metal pegmatite exploration within the 400 km-long pegmatite belt. This underscores the boundary of Precambrian cratons’ tectonic zone during the Gondwana assembly as a globally emerging source for Nb-Ta-Be-Li rare metal resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106339"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142698730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}