Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Extremely Fe-rich beryl from Zhangji deposit: Implications for the unique volcanic fluid environment of beryllium mineralization in Southeast China","authors":"Mianmian Ding ,&nbsp;Xudong Che ,&nbsp;Can Rao ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Beryl group minerals and bertrandite have been identified in the altered rocks of the Zhangji deposit in the volcanic intrusion complex of Southeast China. Complex internal textures and compositional variations characterise two groups of beryl (primary magmatic beryl and secondary hydrothermal beryl). The primary beryl (Brl-I) with low FeO^T (&lt;1.52 wt%), Na₂O (&lt; 0.27 wt%), and minor MgO (&lt;0.07 wt%) showed a regular hexagonal crystal shape, compositional rhythmic annulus, and a planar contact relationship with primary K-feldspars. With the action of hydrothermal fluids, two types of secondary beryl can be distinguished: (1) The Fe-, Mg-, and Na-rich beryl (Brl-II-1), with up to 5.74 wt% FeO^T, 2.60 wt% MgO, and 2.31 wt% Na₂O occurs along fractures in beryl crystals. (2) The extremely Fe-enriched beryl (Brl-II-2) has with up to 11.59 wt% FeO^T, 1.70 wt% MgO, and 1.53 wt% Na₂O and is related to extended metasomatism of Fe-rich fluids. Furthermore, the detailed textural study revealed that beryl evolved through reactions to form bertrandite, K-feldspar, and muscovite. Compared with primary K-feldspar which exhibited a clear contact boundary with surrounding minerals, secondary K-feldspar was adularia and lacked complete crystal form. In addition, compared with primary muscovite which was a long lamellar crystalline shape, secondary muscovite was distributed in clusters in beryl and showed as small grains with higher Fe content. Fe-rich beryl is rarely reported, to our knowledge, the extremely Fe-, Mg-, and Na-rich beryl in Zhangji deposit contains the second highest Fe content in the world, only lower than that found in Latium (Italy), of the metallogenic environment formed as a result of iron-rich and strong oxidation fluids. The strong volcanic magmatic activity during the Late Mesozoic formed a volcanic intrusion complex in Southeast China, this extremely Fe-rich beryl was formed in the special volcanic hydrothermal environment of the volcanic intrusion complex along Southeast China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magmatic-hydrothermal processes forming the Meishan iron oxide-apatite deposit in the Ningwu volcanic basin (Eastern China): Insights from trace element and Fe-O isotope data of magnetite","authors":"Wan-Ting Li ,&nbsp;Chuan-Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Guang Wen ,&nbsp;Hao Hu ,&nbsp;Xin-Fu Zhao ,&nbsp;Jian-Wei Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits are an important source for Fe that is variably accompanied by other elements such as P, Co, and REE. Still, their origin remains enigmatic, with existing models highlighting the role of magmatic, liquid immiscibility, magmatic hydrothermal processes, or a combination of those processes. Here we present new trace element and Fe-O isotope data of magnetite from the Meishan IOA deposit (338Mt iron-oxide ores) in Eastern China to further constrain the ore genesis. The Meishan deposit consists of disseminated, massive, and vein-type iron ores that are hosted within the Early Cretaceous andesitic rocks and, less significantly, in a coeval porphyritic gabbro-diorite intrusion. Petrographic and textural studies reveal six types of magnetite from the gabbro-diorite porphyry and various types of iron ores, and many of them show dissolution-reprecipitation textures. Trace element concentrations of magnetite, notably Ti, Al, Ga, and V, progressively decrease upwards, indicating a cooling trend likely from magmatic to hydrothermal conditions. A similar decreasing trend is also observed from magmatic magnetite in the ore-hosting rocks through massive and brecciated to the vein-type ores. Magnetite from the vein-type ores has δ⁵⁶Fe values of 0.14–0.41 ‰ and δ¹⁸O values of 4.38–5.53 ‰, which are similar to those for the gabbro-diorite porphyry (0.25–0.36 ‰ and 3.77–4.62 ‰) and for the massive ores (0.16–0.19 ‰ and 3.41–5.70 ‰), respectively. The above textural, elemental, and isotopic evidence indicate that the Meishan IOA deposit is of magmatic-hydrothermal origin and records repeated vents of hydrothermal fluids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106576"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Re-Os dating of manganese carbonate ores in Zunyi, Guizhou and implication for their genesis","authors":"Guodong Liu ,&nbsp;Yong Fu ,&nbsp;DaiZhao Chen ,&nbsp;Chuan Guo ,&nbsp;Feng Tian ,&nbsp;Chao Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Chao Wei ,&nbsp;Ran Jiang ,&nbsp;Shuang Yan ,&nbsp;Deng Chen ,&nbsp;Rui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) activities of Middle Permian (260.1 ∼ 259.5 Ma) in the Upper Yangtze block, Southwest China induced large-scale crustal doming, re-organization of basin-platform configuration (or topography) and facies distribution of surrounding marine platform, relative sea-level changes, transition of source materials and fluxes as well as biotic turnover. Several Middle Permian marine sedimentary manganese deposits (MSMDs) precipitated in the intraplatform rift (or trough) surrounding the central doming region of ELIP in the Upper Yangtze block, notably in Zhunyi area, northeastern Guizhou, which was suggested to be linked to the ELIP activity; however, the temporal linkage was loosely constrained. To establish the causal linkage, direct Re-Os isotopic dating was carried out upon the manganese carbonates on the top of the Middle Permian Maokou Formation in Zunyi, Guizhou, yielding an isochron age of 262.8 ± 2.5 Ma, thus establishing a robust temporal connection to the ELIP activity. Additionally, the initial ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratio is 0.537 ± 0.012, lower than that of the coeval seawater, indicating additional influx of submarine mantle-sourced hydrothermal fluids likely associated with the ELIP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore-forming fluid and metallogenic mechanism of the Yunling tin deposit in the Baoshan Block, Western Yunnan","authors":"Ke Miao ,&nbsp;Xiang Sun ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruyue Li ,&nbsp;Ke Xiao ,&nbsp;Xiaoya Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106556","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106556","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yunling Sn deposit is located on the eastern edge of the Baoshan Block in western Yunnan, with ore bodies predominantly hosted within Triassic granites. According to crosscutting relationships and paragenetic associations, the mineralization process is divided into three distinct stages: Stage I (quartz-cassiterite-muscovite-tourmaline), Stage II (arsenopyrite-sulfide-cassiterite-quartz), and Stage III (arsenopyrite-calcite-quartz veins). To investigate the mineralization process, fluid microthermometry and in situ sulfur isotope analyses were performed. Three primary types of fluid inclusions were identified: vapor–liquid two-phase fluid inclusions (LV-type), CO₂ vapor fluid inclusions (V_CO2-type), and daughter mineral-bearing polyphase fluid inclusions (S-type). Microthermometric analyses reveal that the ore-forming fluids evolved from an early CO₂–CH₄-bearing NaCl-H₂O system with high temperatures (400–500°C) and high salinity (38–56 % NaCl equiv.) to a later NaCl-H₂O system characterized by medium-to-high temperatures (200–300°C) and low salinity (1.0–5.2 % NaCl equiv.). The δ³⁴S values of sulfides range from 0.6 ‰ to 9.2 ‰, with an average of 5.0 ‰, suggesting that the sulfur was primarily sourced from crust-derived granites with a significant contribution from sedimentary sulfur. Combined with previous oxygen isotope data, the ore-forming fluids are interpreted to be primarily magmatic in origin during Stages I and II, while meteoric water involvement occurred in Stage III, after cassiterite precipitation. Cassiterite precipitation was primarily controlled by fluid cooling, accompanied by redox reactions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106556"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143704794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The occurrence forms and mechanisms of Zn in cerussite: Based on LA-ICP-MS and first principles","authors":"Yi Chen,&nbsp;Run-Sheng Han,&nbsp;Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Lei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106571","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106571","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aims to elucidate the occurrence mechanism of Zn in cerussite (PbCO₃) and to provide fundamental insights into zinc’s solid-phase behavior in mineral systems. The occurrence forms of Zn are studied by LA-ICP-MS tests and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, with a simplified model assuming Zn²⁺ as the primary species. The results indicate that the occurrence of Zn in cerussite primarily occurs through an ion-exchange mechanism on surface, not dominated by isomorphism or interstitial atoms. It is a good explanation of why Zn is mainly distributed on the growth surface of cerussite in LA-ICP-MS tests. Although the calculations do not consider more complex physicochemical conditions, the proposed model provides a new perspective for elucidating the occurrence mechanism of Zn in cerussite. By combining DFT calculations and LA-ICP-MS experimental data, we have revealed the interaction patterns between Zn and the mineral surface, Zn mainly has strong adsorption interaction with O on the surface. This study bridges the gap between theoretical simulations and geochemical observations, it may clarify the occurrence of Zn in carbonate-rich environments. Future work could focus on improving the adsorption model’s accuracy by incorporating solvent effects, temperature dependence, and more complex species behavior. These advancements are expected to deepen mechanistic insights into zinc mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106571"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metal-organic complex as a Pb/Zn carrier in the formation of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits: A case study of the Mayuan Pb-Zn ore district, the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, Central China","authors":"Guiyuan Guan ,&nbsp;Siwen Li ,&nbsp;Rongxi Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106570","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106570","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The temporal and spatial association of Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits and oil/gas reservoirs in foreland basins has been widely recognized worldwide. The genetic relationship between organic matter related to oil/gas and Pb-Zn metals clarifying the formation of MVT Pb-Zn deposits has been documented in literatures. It is well known that organic matter can play an important role in the transportation and accumulation of Pb and/or Zn to form MVT Pb-Zn deposits. However, mechanisms underlying the relationship between organic matter and these metals are still poorly understood. In this study, we employed Soxhlet extraction experiments to compare the organic matter extracted from potential source rocks and bitumen-rich Pb-Zn ores. Our findings show that source rocks contain relatively high hydrocarbon contents, while bitumen-rich Pb-Zn ores are characterized by high non-hydrocarbon components. Among these non-hydrocarbon components, a large amount of oxygen-bearing organic matter is detected and it has the potential to form metal–organic complexes. Through theoretical calculations on metal–organic complexes, we confirmed that oxygen-bearing organic matter was more conducive to complexing metal ions than other kinds organic matters, while ester-type oxygen-bearing organic matter had the highest tendency to form complexes with and release metal ions. Based on these results, we propose a mineralizing model in which organic matter can act as a transport agent for Pb and Zn in a form of the metal–organic complex. This study provides novel insights about the importance of organic matter in formation of MVT Pb-Zn deposits, contributing to a better understanding of the complex processes involved in ore genesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106570"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remote sensing identification of hydrothermal alteration minerals in the Duobuza porphyry copper mining area in Tibet using WorldView-3 and GF-5 data: The impact of spatial and spectral resolution","authors":"Qi Chen ,&nbsp;Dayu Cai ,&nbsp;Jisheng Xia ,&nbsp;Min Zeng ,&nbsp;Haiying Yang ,&nbsp;Ruisi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yang He ,&nbsp;Xiaoxiao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Chen ,&nbsp;Xinhui Xu ,&nbsp;Zhifang Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The identification of hydrothermal alteration minerals using remote sensing technology is an important hot spot in mineral exploration. However, the influence of spatial resolution and spectral resolution on the identification of hydrothermal alteration minerals is an important scientific issue worth studying. Therefore, WorldView-3 data with high spatial resolution and GF-5 data with high spectral resolution were selected to carry out a hydrothermal alteration minerals identification comparative study in the Duobuza porphyry copper mining area in Tibet. Principal component analysis (PCA), spectral angle mapper (SAM) and mixed tuned matched filter (MTMF) methods were employed for WorldView-3 data, while SAM and spectral information divergence (SID) methods were used for GF-5 data. The results of comparative analysis based on field verification data show that: (1) For WorldView-3 data, the accuracy of hydrothermal alteration mineral identification using SAM, PCA, and MTMF methods were 65.18%, 87.38%, and 78.63%, respectively, with the PCA method achieving the highest accuracy; (2) For GF-5 data, the accuracy of hydrothermal alteration mineral identification using SAM and SID methods were 91.38% and 65.18%, respectively, with the SAM method achieving the highest accuracy; (3) The optimal recognition accuracy of hydrothermal alteration minerals in GF-5 data is superior to that in WorldView-3 data, indicating that the high spectral resolution offers greater advantages than the high spatial resolution; (4) Both GF-5 data and WorldView-3 data have advantages in the identification of hydrothermal alteration minerals, GF-5 data can provide richer spectral information to help distinguish minerals with similar spectral characteristics while the higher spatial resolution of WorldView-3 data is helpful to distinguish boundaries. These results demonstrate that GF-5 excels in mineral discrimination, while WorldView-3 is advantageous for spatial mapping. Integrating these datasets in future studies could provide optimal hydrothermal alteration mapping results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106573"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"District to mineral-scale geometry of the world-class Antino orogenic gold system, southeastern Suriname (Guiana shield)","authors":"Vincent Combes ,&nbsp;Aurélien Eglinger ,&nbsp;Pascal Voegeli ,&nbsp;Rayiez Bhoelan ,&nbsp;Carlos Bertoni ,&nbsp;Colin Padget ,&nbsp;Anne-Sylvie André-Mayer","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Antino-Yaou-Benzdorp gold district (Eastern Suriname), located within the Rhyacian-aged Marowijne Greenstone Belt of the Guiana Shield, hosts multiple gold deposits preferentially developed within intermediate intrusive bodies (intrusion-hosted orogenic gold) and at lithological boundaries (shear zone-hosted orogenic gold). A multi-scale approach, integrating district- to ore-mineral-scale observations is applied to assess the geometry and structural controls on gold mineralization. Within the district, the spatial distribution and orientation of gold camps, such as the Antino gold camp, are controlled by the TTG-complexes locations and shapes. These rigid bodies act as buttress for strain accumulation within the volcano-sedimentary sequence. At the deposit scale, zones of enhanced deformation are located at lithological contacts, along antiformal limbs, and along the edges of tonalitic intrusive bodies. These intrusions were preferential hosts for later brittle deformation and related brecciation/ veining. The first compressional stage D₁, produced the ENE fabric, while the second stage, D_2a, was responsible for the main folding event during ongoing compression under NE-SW-oriented shortening, and the formation of axial planar fabric S_2a. NW-oriented dip-slip shear zones are related to the D_2b deformation stage and host both metric fault-fill veins and progressively deformed tension vein arrays. Locally, a refolding of the S_2b mylonitic foliation is observed (D₃ deformation-stage). This progressive ductile deformation is then locally overprinted by a polyphase brittle deformation (D₄) stage expressed by breccias, extensional veins and fractures. Strain axis orientations for shearing (NE-SW shortening) and refolding of mylonitic segments (NW-SE shortening) control the location of low-stress sites and, therefore, the location and orientation of gold ore shoots. At the mineral scale, micro X-ray fluorescence scanning on core samples reveals that early D_2b veins act as ground preparation sites for later (D₃ and D₄-related) gold deposition, with boudin necks and folded mylonite hinges serving as low-stress zones for pyrrhotite and gold deposition. The D₄-related brittle overprinting plays an important role in the total gold budget with remobilization and/or new gold inputs. Both shear zone-hosted, and tonalite intrusion-hosted systems demonstrate the importance of rheology in building an orogenic gold system. This study emphasizes the value of integrating multi-scale data for gold targeting, particularly through detailed vein analysis, which should be applied across the entire Guiana Shield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106575"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143696565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology, pressure-temperature-composition conditions of hydrothermal fluids, and metallogenesis of the Late Jurassic Mahe and Matoushan Mo deposits in the North Qinling terrane, Central China","authors":"Zhanlin Ge ,&nbsp;Xuexiang Gu ,&nbsp;Yongmei Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongbao Gao ,&nbsp;Yanrong Zheng ,&nbsp;Cheng Ma ,&nbsp;Di Hao ,&nbsp;Tianhang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106566","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Mahe and Matoushan Mo deposits, as representatives in the North Qinling terrane, are insufficiently understood in terms of their geology, mineralization ages, fluid systems, and metallogenesis. Molybdenum mineralization at Mahe and Matoushan primarily occurs as veins and veinlets within the quartz schist of the Meso-Neoproterozoic Sichakou Formation and actinolite schist of the Meso-Neoproterozoic Guangdongping Formation, respectively. The metallogenic processes can be categorized into three stages: quartz-molybdenite veins (stage Ⅰ), quartz-molybdenite-polymetallic sulfide veins or veinlets (stage Ⅱ), and calcite-quartz ± fluorite veins (stage Ⅲ). Four predominate inclusion types are identified, including the type 1 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-NaCl ± CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; inclusions, type 2 CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; ± CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; inclusions, type 3 solid-bearing multiphase inclusions, and type 4 H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-NaCl inclusions. Fluid inclusion studies show that initial mineralizing fluids of stage Ⅰ are medium to high temperature (peaking at ca. 240–340°C), low to medium salinity (2.2–14.8 wt% NaCl eqv.), medium density (0.747–0.993 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), relatively oxidized, and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-rich (X&lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.04–0.39) H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-NaCl systems, formed at about 73–222 MPa (corresponding to a paleodepth of 7.3–8.2 km). The main ore-forming fluids of stage Ⅱ are featured by medium to high temperature (peaking at ca. 240–380°C), low to high salinity (2.4–45.7 wt% NaCl eqv.), medium to high density (0.713–1.189 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), reduced, and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-rich (X&lt;sub&gt;CO2&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.03–0.76) H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-NaCl ± CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; systems. The estimated trapping pressures at Mahe and Matoushan are 69–208 MPa and 133–262 MPa, respectively, while the corresponding mineralization paleodepths are 6.9–7.7 km and ∼ 9.7 km. The stage Ⅲ barren fluids are defined as low temperature (peaking at ca. 140–180°C), low salinity (0.4–2.2 wt% NaCl eqv.), medium density (0.832–0.940 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;), and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-poor-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-NaCl systems. Isotopic analyses of H, O, and C in quartz and calcite reveal that the metallogenic fluids of stage Ⅰ and Ⅱ were mainly from magmatic water, with massive meteoric water mixing at shallow crustal levels during stage Ⅲ. Sulfide S and Pb isotopes indicate that the metallic components predominantly originated from Late Jurassic granitoids. Immiscibility (phase separation) and remarkable transitions in redox state (from oxidized to reduced) and pH (from alkaline to acidic) of fluid systems were key factors for Mo precipitation. Molybdenite Re–Os dating provided the Late Jurassic isochron ages of 145.3 ± 3.7 Ma and 147.7 ± 4.7 Ma for Mahe and Matoushan, respectively, suggesting a post-collisional tectonic regime. Compared to porphyry Mo systems globally, the Mahe and Matoushan Mo deposits are classified as collision-type porphyry deposits, differing from rift- and subduction-related system","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143697350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Element migration and hydrothermal alteration of the Tuwaishan orogenic gold deposit in West Hainan Island, South China","authors":"Yu-Heng Liu ,&nbsp;Jingwen Mao ,&nbsp;Jun Hu ,&nbsp;Jia-Dong Ma ,&nbsp;Lei Wang ,&nbsp;De-Ming Xu ,&nbsp;Zhao-Xia Zhao ,&nbsp;Germain Kaningu Bishikwabo ,&nbsp;J.A. Gamboa-Herrera ,&nbsp;Chang Fan ,&nbsp;Hao-Cheng Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tuwaishan orogenic gold deposit, located in the western part of Hainan Island, South China, is a structurally controlled gold deposit formed during the Triassic. It is one of several gold deposits hosted within Mesoproterozoic terranes, primarily granitoids with minor contributions from schists and gneisses. The source of ore-forming fluids and materials for these deposits remains a subject of debate. This study investigates the trends and magnitude of element migration in ores and altered wall rocks during gold mineralization and associated hydrothermal alteration, using mass balance calculations based on new geochemical data from ores and altered samples at the Tuwaishan gold deposit. Our results reveal significant enrichment in SiO₂, K₂O, Au, Ag, As, Bi, Pb, Cd, Cu, W, Sb, Zn, In, Tl, Cs, Rb, V, Zr, Hf, and Eu, alongside notable depletion in TFe₂O₃, FeO, Na₂O, Mo, Sr, Sc, Co, and Ni. In contrast, no measurable mass change was observed for TiO₂, Nb, and Ga. Additionally, we document the geochemical separation of Mo from W and Au within the Tuwaishan gold deposit. Our findings indicate that the iron contributing to sulfide mineral precipitation was entirely derived from granitic mylonites during fluid-wall rock interactions, with the alteration of biotite to chlorite representing the dominant alteration process in the deposit. We propose that metamorphism of Ordovician-Silurian sedimentary rocks at depth, triggered by the collision between the South China and Indochina blocks, provided the ore-forming fluids, gold, and associated metals responsible for the formation of the Gezhen shear zone gold deposits. Furthermore, we suggest that phase separation and water–rock interactions were the primary mechanisms controlling gold precipitation at the Tuwaishan deposit. These findings provide new insights into the formation of Phanerozoic orogenic gold deposits hosted in Precambrian terranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143686015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}