Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Copper leaching, transport and deposition in sedimentary basins: Insights from 3-D numerical modelling","authors":"Meissam L. Bahlali ,&nbsp;Carl Jacquemyn ,&nbsp;Martin Purkiss ,&nbsp;Richard Herrington ,&nbsp;Matthew D. Jackson","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We report three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulations of groundwater flow driven by temperature and salinity to investigate processes that control copper leaching, transport and precipitation in sedimentary basins. We simulate flow in two different models representing syn- and post-rift stages of basin evolution. Our simulations capture leaching of copper from red-bed sandstones and basement source rocks, transport by groundwater, and precipitation at a redox boundary.</div><div>Results suggest that groundwater convection plays an important role in mineralisation. Convective flows are complex and time varying, and occur at different length-scales. The presence and permeability of basin-scale faults is a key control on convection, which (i) redistributes heat, increasing source rock temperature; (ii) transports saline brines from where they form by halite dissolution or evaporite precipitation, to both intra- and extra-basinal source rocks, and (iii) transports leached Cu in enriched brine from source rocks to sink. Basins likely contain numerous convection cells operating at different length-scales.</div><div>Mineralisation occurs over a long period of groundwater circulation comprising multiple cycles of enrichment and deposition, rather than a single pass of enriched groundwater, unless Cu is efficiently leached by groundwater resident in source rocks. The location of upwelling limbs of convection cells that supply Cu-enriched brine is an important control on the spatial distribution of mineralisation. Intra-basinal red-bed deposits are a viable source so long as grain coatings contain in the order of 10’s ppm Cu that can be efficiently leached. The relatively larger volume of potential basement source rocks may deliver higher grade mineralisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106872"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid evolution and mineralization mechanisms in Helong quartz vein-type W-Cu deposit: insights from fluid inclusion microthermometry and in situ geochemical analysis of minerals","authors":"Lin-Lin Peng ,&nbsp;Pei Ni ,&nbsp;Wen-Sheng Li ,&nbsp;Kai-Han Zhang ,&nbsp;Gen-Wen He","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106896","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106896","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Helong W-Cu deposit, located within the Nanling region, contains quartz vein type W and Cu mineralization. The Helong deposit is a prime example of a polymetallic mineralization characterized by significant and economically valuable resources of both W and Cu. Specifically, it hosts substantial reserves of 40,000 tonnes of WO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; and 2000 tonnes of Cu, highlighting its dual-metal endowment. Three mineralization stages were identified, characterized by wolframite-quartz veins, scheelite-quartz veins and chalcopyrite-quartz veins, respectively. We employed techniques such as fluid inclusion microthermometry and in situ trace element analysis of minerals to explore the nature of the fluids responsible for W and Cu mineralization. The analytical results reveal that liquid-dominated aqueous fluid inclusions are recorded in both wolframite, scheelite and quartz associated with chalcopyrite. These liquid-dominated aqueous fluid inclusions contain a vapor bubble, with the remainder occupied by liquid NaCl-H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O. Microthermometric analyses indicate that the fluid inclusions in the early-stage wolframite have homogenization temperatures and salinities of 294–338 °C and 6.4–8.9 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively, suggesting that the early-stage ore-forming fluid was characterized by high temperature and medium salinity. The broad range of homogenization temperatures suggests that natural cooling of the fluid was the primary factor triggering the precipitation of wolframite. The transition from the wolframite stage to the scheelite stage is characterized by a consistent decrease in the homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions, suggesting that the precipitation of scheelite may be attributed to fluid mixing, which may be accompanied by fluid-rock interaction. Fluid inclusions in quartz associated with chalcopyrite have homogenization temperatures of 194–233 °C and salinities of 4.4–6.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, indicating that the latest stage of fluid evolution was characterized by low temperature and low salinity. The absence of boiling fluid inclusion assemblages (which would indicate phase separation) and the relatively broad range of homogenization temperatures suggest that simple cooling—rather than fluid boiling or mixing—was the primary mechanism for chalcopyrite precipitation. Wolframite is significantly enriched in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and high field strength elements such as Nb and Ta, exhibiting a typical left-leaning pattern. This pattern, coupled with the crystal-chemical mechanism of REE partitioning in wolframite (i.e., preferential incorporation of HREE into its crystal lattice relative to LREE), suggests that the ore-forming fluid for wolframite was derived from a highly fractionated granitic magma—consistent with the geochemical signatures of HREE-enriched fluids exsolved from fractionated granitoids. Most scheelite samples display a typical positive Eu anomaly and have low Mo conte","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106896"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shear-zone related gold mineralisation in silicified meta-sediments: The Paleoproterozoic Overman deposit (Guiana Shield, Suriname)","authors":"Nicole M.E. Kioe-A-Sen ,&nbsp;Manfred J. van Bergen ,&nbsp;Gilian Alimoenadi ,&nbsp;Leo M. Kriegsman ,&nbsp;Helen E. King","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Overman deposit, located near the well-endowed Rosebel gold-mining district in Suriname, is hosted by the Paleoproterozoic Marowijne Greenstone Belt in the north-eastern Guiana Shield. Gold enrichment is centred in a lensoid interval of pervasively silicified rock within a sequence of strongly deformed, predominantly phyllitic <em>meta</em>-sediments of the Armina Formation, considered to be turbiditic in origin. The auriferous silica-body is closely associated with a significant unit of carbonaceous phyllites. The entire sequence experienced greenschist-facies metamorphism with peak temperatures around 500 °C and a polyphase deformation history, comprising an initial phase of tight folding followed by an episode of brittle-ductile shearing. Field relationships and microtextural evidence point to a protracted period of sulphide mineralisation during major shearing, which post-dated peak metamorphism and the silicification event. Arsenic enrichment accompanied the ore forming stage.</div><div>Zircon U-Pb dating of host sediment and a crosscutting rhyolitic dyke, in combination with the chronological framework of regional geologic events, indicates that gold mineralisation occurred late in a 2.08–2.03 Ga interval, i.e. towards the end of the D2 stage of the Trans-Amazonian orogenetic cycle. The Overman anomaly is part of a larger sediment-hosted orogenic gold corridor, which coincides with a crustal-scale shear zone, marking the location of Paleoproterozoic oblique collision between crustal blocks. Comparable post-collisional geodynamic conditions were likely instrumental for the emplacement of orogenic gold in metasediments elsewhere in the Marowijne Greenstone Belt. Conspicuous similarities with the major Paleoproterozoic gold deposits hosted by shear zones in turbidites in the Ashanti belt of Ghana are indicative of common genetic controls.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106892"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145158110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early Paleozoic Tethyan evolution and metallogeny in East Asia","authors":"Renyu Zeng ,&nbsp;Qingfei Wang ,&nbsp;M. Santosh ,&nbsp;Mark B. Allen ,&nbsp;Hui Su ,&nbsp;Peijiao Ju ,&nbsp;Ziqi Yuan ,&nbsp;You Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoxuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Guangxian Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106890","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106890","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to reconstruct the tectonic and metallogenic evolution of the Proto-Tethys tectonic domain, this study presents a comprehensive review of geological, geochemical, and high-precision geochronological datasets of ophiolites, magmatic rocks, metamorphic rocks and ore deposits from the Cambrian to Early Devonian periods, within various tectonic units influenced by the Proto-Tethys Ocean in East Asia. These units include the South China Block, the Central China Orogenic Belt (CCOB), the Qiangtang Block, and the Sanjiang orogenic belt. Our analysis leads to the following main conclusions. (1) There are differences in the subduction patterns of the Proto-Tethys Ocean. On the northwestern side, dextral-oblique subduction of the Proto-Tethys Ocean led to the collision of ribbon continents (“K-Qubed”) with the North China-Tarim continent. At the same time, on the southeastern side of the Proto-Tethys Ocean, oceanic subduction (locally bidirectional) led to the Northern Qiangtang, Indochina and South China blocks (excluding the East Cathaysia Block) moving towards the Gondwana continent, with localized collisions. (2) Branches of the Proto-Tethys Ocean underwent closure during the Early Paleozoic, while other oceans, such as the ocean to the south of the CCOB and the Longmu Co-Shuanghu-Changning-Menglian Ocean, were continuous into the Late Paleozoic, and are regarded as parts of Paleo-Tethys. (3) In the Proto-Tethys tectonic domain, the source of W-mineralized granitoids was primarily composed of ancient crust rich in W, whereas the magmatic source region of Cu-mineralized granitoids contained a significant amount of juvenile crust rich in Cu. (4) A four-stage paleogeographic and metallogenic evolution model is proposed for the Proto-Tethys tectonic domain in East Asia. From 580 to 530 Ma, continental blocks and slivers were scattered throughout the Proto-Tethys Ocean with limited magmatic activity and localized oceanic subduction. From 530 to 450 Ma, subduction occurred in various branches of the Proto-Tethys Ocean, leading to the formation of numerous VMS (Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide), Sedex (Sedimentary Exhalative), and BIF (Banded Iron Formation) type deposits in island arc or back-arc settings. From 450 and 430 Ma, continental collision and convergence occurred, transitioning from oceanic subduction to continental collision, followed by post-collisional extension, leading to numerous granite-related deposits. From 430 to 380 Ma, the tectonic domain was primarily in a post-collision extensional setting resulting in the formation of an array of granite-related deposits, orogenic gold deposits, MVT-type (Mississippi Valley type) Pb-Zn deposits, VMS-type deposits, and magmatic Ni-Co deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106890"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-scale 3D modeling by machine learning and numerical simulation for potential magma conduit in the Kalatongke district, Xinjiang, China","authors":"Meng Gao ,&nbsp;Gongwen Wang ,&nbsp;Emmanuel John M. Carranza ,&nbsp;Kezhang Qin ,&nbsp;Leilei Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kalatongke district in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt has the largest magmatic Cu–Ni sulfide deposit in Xinjiang, China. After more than 40 years of continuous multi-scale scientific research on known deposits in the district, useful results have been achieved, and large volumes of geological data, geophysical data and engineering data have been accumulated. However, there are still many hot scientific issues in the Kalatongke district, such as the location of magma conduit, magma flow feature, the relationship between carbonaceous rock and mineralization, the stress characteristics during mineralization, and the stratification characteristics of intermediate–basic rocks. We used machine learning technology and numerical simulation technology to tackle the above-mentioned scientific problems from a district- and deposit-scale mineral system perspective. The specific district-scale research steps were as follows: (1) unsupervised K-means method was used to cluster data on four petrophysical properties (density, magnetic susceptibility, resistivity and seismic wave propagation velocity) to obtain a district-scale 3D geological body model, which was applied to reveal the ore-bearing rock and its surrounding rock; (2) faults were interpreted using gravity data, magnetic data, electromagnetic data and seismic data, and a 3D regional fault model was established to show the location of potential magma conduit; and (3) a stress field model and a pore pressure model reflecting fluid characteristics were obtained by numerical simulation technology, so that the district-scale stress feature in 3D space can be integrated with magma conduit. The specific deposit-scale research steps were as follows: (1) a secondary fault model was built by 3D modeling based on geological–geophysical data in order to indicate potential secondary magma conduit; and (2) based on 239 borehole data, a deposit-scale rock model was classified using neural network technology to show the spatial distribution feature of carbonaceous rock and orebody; and (3) the ratio of Cu to Ni geochemical data was used to obtain a Cu–Ni ratio model, which was used to determine the direction of magma flow. Based on these studies of district-scale and deposit-scale ore-forming system, the features of tension and extrusion stress were combined with the melt–fluid flow direction deduced from the Cu–Ni ratio model, and a 3D magmatic conduit model in the Kalatongke district was built. According to this magmatic conduit model and the metallogenic geological characteristics of the area, three A-rank and three B-rank targets were delineated, which can further guide mineral exploration in the district. The research methods and techniques described in this paper are useful for investigating potential magma conduits of magmatic Cu–Ni sulfide deposits elsewhere.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106894"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145118515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magmatic-hydrothermal fingerprints in lode gold deposits: A case study of the Liushaogou deposit in the West Qinling Orogen, China","authors":"Yi Cao ,&nbsp;Yilun Du ,&nbsp;Yuanwei Wang ,&nbsp;Weilong Li ,&nbsp;Kaitong Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaonian Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuang Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106888","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106888","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genesis of gold deposits in the northern belt of the Western Qinling Orogen, hosting numerous world-class gold deposits, remains a contentious issue. The Liushaogou deposit in this region is a quartz vein-style gold deposit, which is strictly controlled by brittle faults, and along with weak silicification and sericitization. Five hydrothermal mineralization stages were identified, including barren quartz (stage I), pyrite-quartz (stage II), quartz-pyrite (stage III), quartz-polymetallic sulfides (stage IV), and quartz-carbonate (stage V). Fluid inclusions within stages I–IV quartz and stage V calcite were studied. Stage I fluids are typified by high temperatures (up to ∼400 °C) and medium to high salinity (8–40 wt% NaCl equiv.), with δ¹⁸O_fluid values of 6.21–8.31 ‰, and δD values of −96.1 to −91.6 ‰, aligning with the characteristics of magmatic fluids. Subsequent stages (II-IV) fluids retain magmatic isotopic signatures, while stage V fluids record a shift toward meteoric water (δ¹⁸O_fluid: −5.44 to −4.84 ‰; δD: −80.1 ‰ to −74.9 ‰), reflecting late-stage meteoric influx. Physicochemical conditions of the mineralization fluids were estimated to be near-neutral, relatively reduced, and H₂S-rich, favoring the transportation of gold as hydrosulfide complexes. Fluid immiscibility and boiling are the primary mechanisms for gold precipitation. Sulfur isotopes (δ³⁴S_H2S: 4.9–7.9 ‰) in Liushaogou pyrites closely overlap Triassic magmatic rocks and regional magmatic-hydrothermal deposits, contrasting sharply with heterogeneous δ³⁴S values (−28 ‰ to + 47 ‰) of Paleozoic sedimentary/metamorphic rocks. Homogenous Pb isotopic ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 18.225–18.596; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 15.623–15.722; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 38.368–39.115), which are comparable to those observed in Triassic magmatic rocks, further trace metals to Triassic magmas. The evidence presented here, in conjunction with the spatiotemporal links to Triassic intrusions and coeval Au-Mo-Cu mineralization, collectively point to the magmatic-hydrothermal origin of the Liushaogou deposit. This study emphasizes Triassic magmatism as a significant ore-forming process in the northern belt of the Western Qinling Orogen, with implications for targeting concealed intrusions and associated fault systems in regional exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106888"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochronology and multiphase magmatic-mineralization of rare-metal pegmatites at the Tashidaban and Kumusayi Li deposits, Central Altyn Tagh Orogen, NW China","authors":"Guanzhong Ma ,&nbsp;Junming Yao ,&nbsp;Jianzhong Chen ,&nbsp;Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Haijun He ,&nbsp;Keqiang Hua ,&nbsp;Zhiquan Yang ,&nbsp;Fengling Li ,&nbsp;Hongyun Yang ,&nbsp;Jiannan Li ,&nbsp;Haowei Gu ,&nbsp;Xuebing Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent research indicates that the spatiotemporal evolution of pegmatites within orogenic belts and their associated rare-metal deposits was closely linked to the peaks of magmatic activity across orogenic cycles. In recent years, many rare-metal granitic pegmatite deposits have been newly discovered in the Altyn Tagh Orogen of northwestern China, exhibiting clear evidence of multiphase pegmatite emplacement. To constrain the temporal framework and tectonic setting of rare-metal pegmatites in this region, we conduct LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon, columbite–tantalite, and monazite from the Tashidaban and Kumusayi pegmatite-hosted Li deposits. Zircon and columbite-tantalite U-Pb ages from Tashidaban reveal two stages of Li mineralization in the Early Ordovician (448.3 – 440.2 Ma) and the Silurian (424.6 – 415.6 Ma). A minor Late Triassic magmatic phase was also identified (215.4 ± 1.5 Ma). U-Pb ages on columbite-tantalite (216.7 ± 1.8 Ma) and monazite (205.3 ± 0.8 Ma) from Kumusayi constrain the ore-bearing pegmatite emplacement to 216.7 – 205.3 Ma.</div><div>Integrating published studies, we propose a four-phase ore-forming model for rare-metal pegmatites in the Altyn Tagh Orogen: (1)486 – 454 Ma: syn-collisional compression among intra-orogenic microblocks (Central Altyn Tagh, Northern Altyn Tagh, and Qaidam) led to crustal thickening and high-pressure metamorphism. Dehydration-triggered partial melting of lower crustal metasedimentary sequences, which generated highly differentiated granitic melts with initial Li-Cs-Ta enrichment; (2)453 – 425 Ma: the final amalgamation of the Central Altyn Tagh, Northern Altyn Tagh, and Qaidam blocks may have caused crustal thickening and shearing, which induced large-scale granitic magmatism. This likely generated rare-metal fertile melts in the Central Altyn region, providing favorable conditions for rare-metal pegmatite formation and main-phase mineralization; (3)425 – 385 Ma: Transition to post-collisional extension. Lithospheric gravitational collapse occurred, and mantle-derived underplating likely induced further partial melting in the lower crust. This likely sustained magma ascent and fractionation. Although the melt volume may have decreased, Li enrichment likely persisted; (4)240 – 205 Ma: Reactivation of the Altyn Tagh fault system may have formed lithosphere-scale strike-slip and shear zones, which provided pathways for magma ascent and crustal melting. This further emphasizes the key role of major shear zones in rare-metal mineralization.</div><div>Collectively, this study reveals the episodic nature of rare-metal mineralization in the Altyn Tagh Orogen and proposes a four-stage metallogenic model, including a newly identified Triassic spodumene pegmatite emplacement event. These findings provide new insights into the tectono-magmatic controls on Li-Cs-Ta (LCT)-type pegmatite formation and highlight the potential for rare-metal exploration in long-lived orogenic systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106893"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of the leucogranite-hosted uranium deposit in Gaudeanmus area, Central Damara Belt, Namibia, constrained by mineralogical, and in-situ U-Pb isotopic signatures of uraninite","authors":"Jinyong Chen ,&nbsp;Honghai Fan ,&nbsp;Wenzhao Fu ,&nbsp;Junxian Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqian Xiu ,&nbsp;Teng Geng ,&nbsp;Ruirui Geng ,&nbsp;Debao He ,&nbsp;Shengyun Wang ,&nbsp;Longsheng Yi ,&nbsp;Donghuan Chen ,&nbsp;Xu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106881","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106881","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;In Namibia, there are abundant uranium resources of different types, and therein, leucogranite-hosted uranium deposit is one of the most important. The Gaudeanmus deposit, located in southeast of the Rössing deposit, is a typical leucogranite-hosted uranium deposit where uranium dominantly exists in independent uranium minerals, or is sparsely contained in other minerals as isomorphism, according to petrologic and mineralogic identification and EPMA analysis. However, the genetic relationship between leucogranite crystallization and uranium mineralization, and the precise role of magmatism versus later hydrothermal processes, remain unresolved scientific issues. This study aims to address these questions. The uranium minerals are mainly uraninite as well as a few thoriumurite, coffinite, brannerite, betafite, uranothorite, pitchblende and uranophane. The Gaudeanmus uranium deposit is mainly controlled by tectonics, leucogranite and strata, the uranium deposits are mainly controlled by tectonics, leucogranite and strata. Tectonic deformation created domes, folds and fractures that provided space and fluid pathways for mineralization. D- and E-type leucogranites supplied uranium through partial melting and crystallization, while the Karibib and Kuiseb Formations acted as favorable host strata for ore accumulation. and late hydrothermal solution has promoted locally the enrichment of uranium. The ore bodies mainly occur at bend of folds, on edge of domes and in between fault transformations (such as transitions, expansions, etc.), where there is a sufficient space for uranium mineralization. The Welwitschia regional fault provided a channel for activation and migration of uranium. The mineralized leucogranite contains specific property that only D and E types of leucogranite contains uranium, but other types of leucogranite and Salem-type granite mineralization does not, and the mineralized leucogranite usually intruded into the Karibib and Kuiseb formations in Gaudeanmus area. The anaphasis fluid was helpful for superposition enrichment for uranium mineralization. LA-ICP-MS in-situ U-Pb dating of zircon and uraninite shows that the diageneic age is 499 ± 30 Ma and the main mineralization age of uranium is 502 ± 3 Ma, which indicated that the main mineralization age of uranium is basically consistent with the diagenic age of leucogranite. The uranium at the main metallogenic stage of the leucogranite-hosted uranium deposit came from the uranium-rich pre-Damara basement, and the uranium at the hydrothermal superposition transformation stage might come from the primary uranium mineral itself. The mineralization of leucogranite-hosted uranium deposits can be roughly divided into three periods: crystalline differentiation of primary magma, superimposed transformation of late hydrothermal fluid and epigenetic oxidation. Based on this, a four-stage, three-period uranium mineralization model has been established. Unlike previous studies that only","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106881"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis and characteristics of contact-metamorphic flake graphite from the Leliyn deposit, Pine Creek Orogen (Australia)","authors":"Raphael J. Baumgartner,&nbsp;Bobby Pejcic","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106889","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106889","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Leliyn deposit in the Pine Creek Orogen (Northern Territory, Australia) hosts abundant flake graphite within Paleoproterozoic schists of the Mundogie Sandstone (Woodcutters Supergroup). Graphite crystallized during contact metamorphism (≥600 °C) adjacent to granitoid intrusions (Cullen Supersuite), following earlier regional greenschist-facies metamorphism of carbonaceous sedimentary units, which imparted schistosity. Subsequent retrograde hydrothermal alteration at temperatures as low as ∼ 300–350 °C produced phyllic assemblages (muscovite and kaolinite-group minerals). Graphite occurs mainly as flakes ≤ 100 µm (often &lt; 20 µm) within feldspar-muscovite-biotite matrices, foliation planes, and fine-scale deformation zones. Locally, coarser flakes (&gt; 100 µm) formed in less schistose, alkali-feldspar-rich rocks, placing the resource in the fine- to medium-flake category. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates high crystallinity (d₀₀₂ ∼ 3.357 Å; L_c ∼ 800–1300 Å), with systematic variations reflecting thermal gradients from adjacent intrusions. Raman spectroscopy and electron-microscopy imaging reveal pronounced intra-flake heterogeneity in defect density and crystallite size. These data support a multi-stage model for deposit formation: 1) deposition of carbonaceous sediments (maximum age ∼ 2284 Ma); 2) regional greenschist-facies metamorphism (∼ 1855 Ma; Litchfield Event), concentrating carbon within schistosity; 3) contact metamorphism (∼ 1835–1820 Ma; Cullen Supersuite), producing well-ordered graphite, with locally coarser flakes in less schistose domains; and 4) subsequent retrograde hydrothermal alteration, which enhanced microstructural heterogeneity and crystallite mosaicking within flakes. Grain-scale Raman thermometry records apparent temperatures of ∼ 390–620 °C, reflecting contact metamorphism and hydrothermal overprinting, while bulk spectra yield narrower deposit-scale estimates of ∼ 500–530 °C. Overall, the Leliyn flake graphite is highly crystalline and shows strong potential for resource development. This study highlights the predictive value of multi-scale characterization and underscores the Pine Creek Orogen—and similar terrains worldwide—as promising targets for flake graphite exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106889"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145219658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge graph construction and knowledge discovery for porphyry copper deposits","authors":"Mo-Lei Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhen-Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Zhang-Bing Zhou ,&nbsp;Deng Zhao ,&nbsp;Yuan-Zhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Yu-Xin Ye ,&nbsp;Qiu-Ming Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106875","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106875","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) are the most important deposit types for essential metals of copper, molybdenum, and gold. However, they are becoming increasingly harder to discover after decades of large-scale worldwide exploration. How to build a more convincing mineral system model, by accurately identifying all indispensable theoretical components from ore deposit formation processes, to guide the PCDs exploration during the modern era of diminishing returns on fixed exploration budgets, is the most urgent work. Knowledge graph (KG), by constructing a graph database to store the concepts and entities and the complex relationships between them, has robust knowledge discovery (KD) ability to obtain new knowledge and conclusions from existing data. With the continuous publication of massive research and literature, studies on PCDs have entered a big data era. Therefore, in this study, we try to use the KG and the following KD to develop a robust workflow for knowledge graph construction and discovery, which facilitates the identification of some indispensable and previously overlooked porphyry mineral system components from published articles, preparing for linking with spatial data and exploration budgets. We provide not only a detailed roadmap for KG construction and KD of PCDs, but also a typical example of the construction and application of KG in geosciences.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106875"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}