Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Study of the fractal characteristics of sediment element geochemistry in the Qiongdongnan Basin and its implications for gas hydrates","authors":"Yan Zhang ,&nbsp;Junxi Feng ,&nbsp;Qing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The offshore slope of Qiongdongnan Basin represent a highly prospective zone for gas-hydrate prospecting in the northern South China Sea. The geochemical characteristics of sediment elements in this area provide significant insights into deep methane migration and hydrate formation. Traditional methods for hydrate identification, such as bottom simulating reflectors and gas geochemistry, often suffer from limited accuracy and non-unique responses. This study introduces multifractal theory and local singularity analysis to systematically investigate the fractal characteristics of sediment element distribution from an element geochemical perspective, as well as their implications for in the exploration of gas hydrates. Based on data from major, trace, and rare earth elements in surface sediment samples in an area for gas hydrate investigation in the Qiongdongnan Basin, and considering the regional geological context, we find that the distribution of sediment elements exhibits pronounced multifractal characteristics. The multifractal spectrum (<em>f</em>(α)) parameters effectively characterize the complexity of element spatial distribution, revealing the evolution of sediment sources and depositional environments. Specifically, the upper layer is dominated by authigenic marine sediments, reflecting a stable depositional environment; the middle layer represents a transition from authigenic marine sediments to terrigenous clastic deposits; while the lower layer indicates a mixture of both, suggesting the influence of multi-phase sedimentation and fluid activity. Local singularity analysis further identified regions with low singularity indices (α) that are highly coupled with enrichment zones of elements such as Ca and Sr. These regions may be associated with redox interfaces related to methane leakage and exhibit a high spatial overlap with known hydrate sampling locations, indicating that fractal parameters can serve as effective geochemical indicators for identifying hydrate accumulation zones. This research combines fractal theory with element geochemistry of sediments, providing a new quantitative approach and methodological support for gas hydrate exploration in the Qiongdongnan Basin, and significantly enhances our understanding of the mechanisms of hydrate formation in the northern South China Sea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107087"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Delineation of new mineral prospects using ZY1-02D data in the Chitral Region, Hindukush, NW Pakistan","authors":"Nazir Ul Islam ,&nbsp;Lei Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenhua Guo ,&nbsp;Yasir Shaheen Khalil ,&nbsp;Said Mukhtar Ahmad","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107096","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107096","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancements in hyperspectral remote sensing have revolutionized mineral detection and enhanced the precision of lithological mapping. The Chitral region, situated in the northwest of Pakistan’s collisional belt, is characterized by the Hindukush mountainous terrain and emerges as a prominent metallogenic zone. The regional structural trend of the region hosts a diverse array of significant mineral potentials, i.e., iron ore bodies, orogenic gold occurrences, polymetallic veins, and copper mineralization, which offers an exciting opportunity to explore these economic mineral. To assess these potentials, this research utilizes ZY1-02D hyperspectral data to delineate mineral information for identifying prospective alteration zones in the Chitral area. We applied False Color Composite (FCC), Mixture Tuned Matched Filtering (MTMF), Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM), and Spectral Index (SI) techniques to ZY1-02D data to detect alteration minerals and delineate prospective zones. The analysis of ZY1-02D data enabled the identification of muscovite/sericite, kaolinite, epidote, chlorite, and calcite, highlighting significant mineralogical changes linked to alteration events. The alteration mineral maps generated from ZY1-02D data align well with established deposits and field assessments, which reveal copper and iron oxide mineralization at four specific spots, i.e., Sewakhth, Chitral City along Jughur Gol, Drosh, and Maroi area. This study highlights the efficacy of ZY1-02D data in enhancing mineral exploration and lithological mapping, providing significant insights for the geoscientific community and advancing the development of remote sensing applications in geological research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107096"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraints of scheelite and wolframite on multiple magmatic fluid generations and W mineralization of the Lijia Sn deposit, South China","authors":"Qiang Zhang,&nbsp;Shi-Tao Zhang,&nbsp;Jian-Feng Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multistage W mineralization often raises the question of whether ore-forming fluids originate from a single magmatic pulse or multiple distinct pulses. The Lijia Sn deposit (South China) hosts greisen- and quartz vein-type W mineralization primarily within porphyritic biotite granite, and to a lesser extent, in later biotite granite and aplitic dikes. Two W mineralization stages are identified: stage-I, characterized by sparse scheelite disseminated in the biotite granite, and stage-II, comprising scheelite-bearing greisen and wolframite-scheelite-bearing quartz-tourmaline veins that crosscut both the biotite granite and aplitic dikes. Here, we present in-situ U-Pb ages and trace element data of wolframite and scheelite from both mineralization stages. Wolframite and scheelite from stage-II veins yield U-Pb ages of ca. 427 Ma, consistent with the emplacement ages of the host granitic intrusions. Given that the aplitic dikes are more differentiated than the biotite granite, we infer that stage-I fluids were sourced from the granitic magmas, whereas stage-II fluids were derived from the aplitic magmas. Increasing Mg, FeO and Ti contents of wolframite from deep to shallow levels are attributed to biotite breakdown, whereas high and upward-increasing Sr contents of stage-II scheelite reflect feldspar decomposition. These trends indicate that both wolframite and scheelite deposition were related to greisenization. Although stage-II scheelite has higher Nb and Ta but lower Nb/Ta, La/Yb and Mo than stage-I scheelite, mass balance calculation demonstrates that these differences do not represent initial fluid compositions. Instead, they result from fluid-rock interaction and co-precipitation of hydrothermal minerals rich in these elements. Therefore, previously proposed geochemical indicators of scheelite (Nb, Ta, Nb/Ta, La/Yb and Mo) are unreliable for tracing multiple fluid exsolution events from evolved magmas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107033"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145682969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magmatic evolution and late hydrothermal activity in the Yashan rare-metal granites, South China: Insights from apatite geochronology and geochemistry","authors":"Bei-Er Guo ,&nbsp;Kui-Dong Zhao ,&nbsp;Guo-Qi Liu ,&nbsp;Qian Li ,&nbsp;Wei Chen ,&nbsp;Shao-Yong Jiang ,&nbsp;Gregory M. Yaxley","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yashan granitic complex, a multiphase, highly evolved granitic system, hosts one of the largest Ta-Nb-Li deposits in South China. Spatially, it comprises a composite pluton intruded by multiple albitite dikes (AD). The pluton exhibits a vertically zoned sequence of granitic rocks, progressing from two-mica granite (TMG) at the base through Li-mica granite (LG) and topaz lepidolite granite (TLG) to lepidolite quartz rock (LQR) at the top. Apatite is widespread in the Yashan complex and displays distinct morphologic and chemical variations. Three genetically distinct types have been identified: magmatic (Ap1), magmatic-hydrothermal overprinted (Ap2), and later hydrothermal (Ap3) apatite. Ap1 yields concordant U-Pb ages of 152.5 ± 0.6 Ma and exhibits geochemical characteristics similar to those of typical S-type granites. Fractional crystallization of plagioclase, monazite, and garnet controls the distribution of Sr, REE, and trace-elements. Ap2 displays porous textures, elevated Sr contents (up to 15,705 ppm), and high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotopic ratios, along with scattered U-Pb ages. The spatial association of Ap2 with hydrothermal Li-rich mica, as well as its enrichment in Nb and Ta, suggests fluid-mediated remobilization of rare metals. These features reflect metasomatic overprinting by hydrothermal fluids exsolved from the evolved magma. Ap3 records a discrete hydrothermal event with a late Cretaceous age of 87.2 ± 2.9 Ma. Collectively, these findings indicate that although hydrothermal alteration significantly modified mineral chemistry, magmatic differentiation remained the dominant control on rare-metal enrichment. Furthermore, the study highlights that Sr-rich apatite with low Th/U ratios (&lt;1) in highly evolved granites can serve as a valuable indicator for constraining the timing of hydrothermal alteration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107023"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Duobaoshan carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit in the Karakorum Range, NW China","authors":"Guoxiong Ma ,&nbsp;Qigui Mao ,&nbsp;Wenjiao Xiao ,&nbsp;Jun Hu ,&nbsp;He Yang ,&nbsp;Zhiheng Ren ,&nbsp;Yin Liu ,&nbsp;Jianling Wan ,&nbsp;Xijun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106998","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106998","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Duoshaoshan Pb-Zn deposit (0.25 Mt. @ 5.9 wt% Pb and 3.1 wt% Zn) is hosted in Upper Cretaceous limestone in the Karakorum Range, NW China. Pb-Zn mineralization is characterized by veinlet and stockworks ores that are cut by later vein ores. Four stages of mineralization are recognized: (I) galena stage, (II) galena-sphalerite-pyrite stage, (III) galena-smithsonite-cerussite stage, and (IV) quartz-calcite stage. Trace elements (Cd, As, Ge, TI, Zn) enriched in galena, (Ni, TI, Cd, As) enriched in sphalerite, and (Mn, Ni, As, Zn, Tl, Pb) enriched in pyrite, which are consistent with those of MVT deposits. Sphalerite GGIMFis geothermometers (56–127 °C; average 108 °C) indicate that the Pb-Zn mineralization under a low-temperature condition. In situ δ³⁴S values of galena (–17.3 to 3.6 ‰), sphalerite (–9.4 to 3.42 ‰), and pyrite (–27.3 to –4.7 ‰) suggest sulfur sources from the bacterial sulfate reduction in local sedimentary rocks. In situ Pb isotope ratios (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.751–18.768, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.715–15.728, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 39.140–39.183) of galena align with those for the regional MVT Pb-Zn deposits, indicating that the underlying Triassic strata supplied substantial metals for the studied Pb-Zn deposit, whereas the host Cretaceous carbonates did not contribute significant metals. The mineralization styles, sulfides geochemistry, and sulfur-metal sources suggest that the Duobaoshan deposit represents a Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn deposit. This study provides important insights into the geochemical features and metal sources of carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits in the Karakorum Range.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 106998"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145624113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The genesis of granite-related hydrothermal uranium deposit within the Caledonian granites in the Miao’ershan ore filed, South China","authors":"Shuang Gao ,&nbsp;Shuang Tan ,&nbsp;Kun Li ,&nbsp;Qi Chen ,&nbsp;Ping-Ning Ouyang ,&nbsp;Feng Chen ,&nbsp;Peng-Fei Fan ,&nbsp;Kai-Xing Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107019","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107019","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In South China, granite-type hydrothermal uranium deposits are typically associated with Indosinian-Yanshanian U-rich granitic rocks. However, the discovery of the Shangxiaodi uranium deposit within Caledonian granite necessitates a reassessment of the uranium mineralization potential of the Caledonian granite. This study aims to elucidate the genesis of the Shangxiaodi deposit.</div><div>The host rocks consist primarily of coarse-grained porphyritic biotite granite and medium-fine biotite granite, emplaced at 421 Ma and 422 Ma, respectively. The coarse-grained porphyritic biotite granite is classified as I-type, derived from the partial melting of greywackes and metavolcanic rocks, with significant subsequent differentiation. In contrast, the medium-fine biotite granite is S-type, originating from the partial melting of pelites. Notably, the highly differentiated coarse-grained porphyritic biotite granite exhibits characteristics similar to those of uranium-bearing granites. These include a higher uranium content and a lower Th/U ratio. This geochemical signature suggests enhanced uranium leachability and mineralization potential.</div><div>The genesis of the Shangxiaodi uranium deposit involved distinct stages. Initially, greisenization and uranium pre-enrichment occurred. This was followed by chloritization-pyritization, resulting in the formation of a reducing Fe²⁺-rich barrier. The final ore-forming stage encompassed hematitization, carbonatization, and fluoritization, leading to uranium reduction, precipitation from uranium-bearing hydrothermal fluids, and the formation of the observed mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107019"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Textures, fluid inclusions and trace elements of multistage quartz in the Chengba Cu-Zn skarn deposit, Tibet","authors":"Yuan Niu ,&nbsp;Guiqing Xie ,&nbsp;Junzeng Zuo ,&nbsp;Longjing Ma ,&nbsp;Hao He","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107063","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cu-Zn skarn deposit represents a distinct subtype of skarn systems, in which Cu mineralization occurs in the proximal zones, whereas Zn orebodies are hosted in locations closely associated with Cu mineralization. However, the evolution of ore-forming fluids and the mechanisms responsible for Cu and Zn precipitation remain poorly constrained. The Chengba Cu-Zn skarn deposit, containing more than 0.6 Mt of ore with average grades of 1.29 wt% Cu and 3.9 wt% Zn, represents the first large-scale Cu skarn deposit formed during the <em>syn</em>-collision stage of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. Here, we integrate scanning electron microscope–cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) imaging, quartz trace element analysis, and fluid inclusion microthermometry from multiple minerals to reconstruct the fluid evolution and sulfide precipitation processes of the Chengba Cu-Zn skarn deposit. Based on mineral assemblages and crosscutting relationships, four paragenetic stages are distinguished: (I) prograde skarn, (II) retrograde skarn, (III) quartz–sulfide, and (IV) carbonate. Quartz was further subdivided into three sub-stages with seven generations: brecciated quartz (Qz-B), quartz–chalcopyrite veins (Qz-C1, Qz-C2, Qz-C3), and quartz–sphalerite veins (Qz-S1, Qz-S2, Qz-S3). Among them, Qz-C2 and Qz-S3 represent the main fluid stages for Cu and Zn precipitation, respectively. Trace element data show a general decrease in Ti contents from Qz-B to Qz-S. Aluminum and Li exhibit strong coupling in most quartz generations, but in Qz-S3 their relationship differs from earlier generations, possibly indicating that H⁺ in the fluid substituted for Li⁺ in charge-balanced substitution with Al³⁺. Three types of fluid inclusions (S-, B-, and C-type) were identified, with homogenization temperatures progressively decreasing from 547 ± 43 °C (prograde skarn), to 313 ± 43 °C (quartz–sulfide), and 213 ± 42 °C (carbonate). Salinity variations indicate two major boiling events during the prograde skarn (7.0–44.2 wt% NaCl equiv) and quartz–sulfide (0.6–37.4 wt% NaCl equiv) stages. It is inferred that chalcopyrite precipitation was triggered by fluid boiling, whereas sphalerite precipitation was mainly controlled by elevated fluid pH, with progressive cooling acting as an additional factor. These results provide new insights into fluid evolution and metal precipitation mechanisms for the Cu-Zn skarn deposits in the Gangdese metallogenic belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107063"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial predictive mapping of lithium and rare earth element pegmatites using the non-structural fuzzy decision support system: Example from the Orange River Pegmatite Belt, South Africa","authors":"Andongma Wanduku Tende,&nbsp;Martin D. Clark","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107052","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107052","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Spatial predictive mapping is applied to lithium (Li) and rare earth element (REE) bearing pegmatites in the Orange River Pegmatite Belt of South Africa, through a multi-criteria predictive model utilizing five exploratory datasets for mineralized pegmatite occurrence. To assess data redundancy, the variance inflation factor (VIF) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) were applied to assess statistical relationships among exploratory input data. To examine the relationship between the exploratory data and known mineral occurrences, a prediction area (P-A) plot analysis was conducted. To generate mineral predictive maps for mineralized pegmatites, the non-structural fuzzy decision support system (NSFDSS) model was employed, where receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the curve (AUC) analyses were used to assess their accuracy. VIF and PCC indicated low correlation among predictive variables, while P-A plot analysis showed moderate to strong spatial associations between target and exploratory data, ranging from 0.52 for alteration data to 0.74 for distance to host rock. The NSFDSS model identified high-potential zones for Li and REE bearing pegmatites in the southeastern and central parts of the study area. Validation using ROC/AUC analysis demonstrated the model’s accuracy, with the various model types; semantic model, priority model, normalized model, and weighted normalized model achieving 81.7%, 82.0%, 81.8%, and 82.0%, respectively. The accuracy scores achieved by these models suggests that the NSFDSS approach using these exploratory datasets is effective to support regional scale exploration of Li and REE bearing pegmatites in the Orange River Pegmatite Belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107052"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145787267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gravity gliding controls gold mineralization at the Shiqiaopu deposit, Xuefengshan Orogen, South China: Insights from structural analysis","authors":"Hao Zeng ,&nbsp;Han Zheng ,&nbsp;Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Shibo Han ,&nbsp;Jia Liao ,&nbsp;Ling He ,&nbsp;Qian Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gravity gliding, a fundamental process in intracontinental orogens that governs strain localization and fluid migration, remains underexplored in its control on gold mineralization. This study elucidates its role at the Shiqiaopu deposit in South China’s Xuefengshan Orogen through integrated structural mapping, microtextural analysis, and crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) determined by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Late Triassic emplacement of the Baimashan pluton, superimposed on the earlier Indosinian orogeny, generated a paleotopographic gradient exceeding 700 m, initiating top-to-the-NE gravity gliding along a décollement in the Neoproterozoic metavolcaniclastic Shiqiaopu Formation. Paleostress inversions reveal three stress regimes consistent with this gravity-driven kinematics: (i) NW–SE Indosinian compression preserved in the basement (σ₁ ≈ 127°/12°); (ii) NE–SW extension in the proximal (up-dip) domain of the cover sequence (σ₃ ≈ 061°/21°); and (iii) NE–SW compression in the distal (down-dip) domain (σ₁ ≈ 056–068°/03–06°). This produced a coupled extensional-contractional framework, overprinting the regional NE–SW tectonic trend with deposit-scale NW-striking structures. Ductile shear zones within the décollement exhibit S-C fabrics, quartz dynamic recrystallization via bulging and subgrain rotation (∼250–450 °C), and <em>syn</em>-kinematic chlorite-sericite foliation, generating strong anisotropic permeability that channeled hydrothermal fluids. Periodic brittle ruptures formed oblique shear and extensional veins, trapping native gold in <em>syn</em>-kinematic pyrite along foliation and microfractures, reflecting a ductile–brittle regime analogous to fault-valve cycling. Bimodal grain orientation spread (GOS) distributions in quartz delineate low-GOS recrystallized (thresholds 0.80°–0.99°) and high-GOS relict populations, evidencing episodic nucleation and growth under cyclic pressure fluctuations. Contractional features, including thrust ramps and fold hinges, amplified fluid overpressure via basement-cover strain partitioning, concentrating ore at mechanical-chemical traps. This represents the first comprehensively documented field- and mine-scale case of gravity gliding controlling auriferous shear zones in the Xuefengshan Orogen. The mechanism drives mineralization by reactivating décollement conduits, modulating permeability through <em>syn</em>-kinematic recrystallization and transitions, and focusing ore at coupled interfaces. These insights refine genetic models for orogenic gold systems and offer a robust exploration strategy targeting rheological contrasts and down-dip contractional domains in analogous intracontinental settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107015"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The occurrence of Sn in the Shizhuyuan W-Sn polymetallic skarn-greisen deposit: Insights into the magmatic-hydrothermal Sn mineralization process","authors":"Mingjun Tian ,&nbsp;Yiwu Xiao ,&nbsp;Yanbo Shang ,&nbsp;Mingyan Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Ming Zhao ,&nbsp;Dongyan Kang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tin’s association with highly fractionated peraluminous granites and its subsequent concentration in skarn-type deposits highlight the interplay between magmatic-hydrothermal processes and economic geology. Therefore, understanding its occurrence is crucial for bridging genetic models of skarn systems and addressing practical mineral recovery challenges. This study investigates the tin occurrence in the Shizhuyuan skarn-greisen type W-Sn polymetallic deposit by integrating petrology, mineralogy, automated mineral analysis, and electron probe microanalysis, with aim to quantitatively evaluate its genetic mechanisms and economic potential. Tin incorporation follows two distinct substitution mechanisms: (1) Octahedral substitution in garnet and epidote: 2Fe³⁺_(oct) ↔ Fe²⁺_(oct) + Sn⁴⁺_(oct); (2) Tetrahedral substitution in pargasite: Sn_(tetr) ↔ Si_(tetr). The positive correlation between SnO₂ and Fe₂O₃ reflects primary, high-temperature tin enrichment in garnet, whereas their negative correlation in epidote indicates secondary tin redistribution. Quantitative analysis reveals that 62.75 % of tin is recoverable from cassiterite, while 37.25 % remains sequestered in non-recyclable silicate minerals, primarily garnet. Despite retrograde alteration (e.g., garnet → epidote), garnet retains most of its tin, indicating stability and minimal remobilization. Integrated with previous fluid inclusion studies, a temperature-centric mineralization model unifies fluid evolution, redox dynamics, and tin geochemistry within the Shizhuyuan deposit. Tin is initially trapped in garnet during the early, high-temperature oxidizing stage of skarn formation (via supercritical fluids), stabilized by fluoride as Sn⁴⁺. As the system cools, chloride-rich fluids transport tin, depositing it as cassiterite alongside sulfides (e.g., pyrrhotite, sphalerite). This study demonstrates that the economic viability of tin deposits is fundamentally governed by Sn occurrence, providing critical insights for refining exploration strategies and improving the efficient utilization of tin resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"188 ","pages":"Article 107026"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}