Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Detecting mineralization via white mica spectral footprints: From field-based sampling to satellite hyperspectral remote sensing","authors":"Changjiang Yuan ,&nbsp;Jie Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhibo Liu ,&nbsp;Xuefei Liu ,&nbsp;Jie Tang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106588","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106588","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy serves as a potent technique in mineral identification and hydrothermal alteration mapping, and spectral characteristics of some altered minerals have been indicators for targeting porphyry-epithermal deposits. Its application relies on acquiring ground/lab spectral data from surface and/or drill hole samples, with potential satellite remote sensing applications remaining more effort. In this study, the Duolong mineral district served as the test area for alteration mapping, spectral characterization, and mineral exploration. A spectral feature parameterization method and an exploration indication model were proposed based on the SWIR spectra and Gaofen-5 (GF-5) hyperspectral images. The results showed that the hydrothermally altered minerals in the Duolong mineral district are mainly composed of white mica, kaolinite, and chlorite, with minor amounts of sulphate and carbonate. The minerals exhibited characteristic alteration zoning patterns commonly observed in porphyry Cu systems, and there is a clear overlap between the zones. SWIR analysis conducted in the Gaerqin deposit, specifically revealed the spatial variation of both the position (Pos2200) and depth (Dep2200) of the Al-OH absorption feature in white mica surrounding the granodiorite porphyry. That is, the shorter Pos2200 (&lt; 2203 nm) and higher Dep2200 (&gt; 0.32) of white mica in the surface ring zone, the closer to the center. Meanwhile, the support vector regression (SVR) method was used to construct a deposit-scale spectral feature-based exploration indication model for white mica, incorporating the Pos2200 and Dep2200 parameters. Based on the spatial distribution of white mica derived from GF-5 imagery, this model facilitated the prediction of potential hydrothermal and/or mineralization centers, showing good correspondence with the known locations of magmatic rocks and ore deposits in the Duolong mineral district. This study demonstrates that integrating satellite remote sensing and mineral spectral measurement not only reveals the significance of white mica spectral footprints but also enhances the accuracy and convenience of remote sensing mineral exploration prospecting, thereby providing novel insights for future mineral exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106588"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143799945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mississippi valley-type Pb–Zn deposits formed by episodic fluid migration in the fold-and-thrust belts of the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Chang Liu,&nbsp;Jinbao Su","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106597","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106597","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb–Zn deposits are typically found in the foreland basins and fold-and-thrust belts of orogens, and they form under low–moderate temperatures and high salinities. Deposits in thrust belts typically form in folded strata during strike–slip or extensional stages following early collision, indicating different hydrologic and tectonic controls from deposits in foreland basins. On the basis of the Tanggula thrust belt and the Duocaima deposit, we established a 2D simplified model and employed the finite element method (FEM) to investigate how topographic gradient and faults control fluid migration and temperature changes. We further discuss the implication and prediction of simulation results for MVT mineralization in thrust belts, such as the duration of mineralization, the source–transport–convergence processes of ore-forming fluid, and the factors controlling the metallogenic location and scale. The results indicate that the fluid that migrates from the orogen toward the basin is driven by topographic gradient. Throughout this process, the fluid migrates along the detachment fault and central faults to the surface. The fluid does not stabilize in the central belt but migrates toward the front belt. When the ore-forming fluid reaches the front belt, it ascends rapidly along faults, enters the shallow structure and mineralizes. The temperature variations at the monitoring points indicate episodic upwelling of the fluid. The simulated temperatures correspond to the metallogenetic temperatures. Assuming that structural conditions remain constant, mineralization may be completed within 240–550 kyr, and the calculated fluid volumes are 1.4 × 10⁶–2.8 × 10⁶ m³. High-permeability faults gather high-temperature and high-velocity fluid, acting as conduits that provide the necessary heat and flow for mineralization, thus limiting the metallogenic range and time of MVT deposits. This simulation study provides a good indication for the prediction of the distribution and scale of mineralization of MVT deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106597"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molybdenite Re-Os geochronology, pyrite in-situ trace element and sulfur isotope analysis of the Haigou gold deposit, Northeast China: Implications for the genesis of an intrusion-related lode gold deposit","authors":"Chenghao Ren ,&nbsp;Lujun Lin ,&nbsp;Hongxiang Jia ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Zhenshan Pang ,&nbsp;Yi Cao ,&nbsp;Yanwen Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106592","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106592","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Haigou gold deposit (&gt;40 tons Au), situated in eastern Jilin Province within the northeastern segment of the North China Craton (NCC), is one of the largest gold deposits in Northeast China. Hosted within a Paleozoic granitoid stock, the deposit undergoes four successive hydrothermal stages: (1) the pre-ore quartz-K-feldspar stage, (2) the early <em>syn</em>-ore quartz-pyrite stage, (3) the late <em>syn</em>-ore quartz-polymetallic sulfide-gold stage (the main ore-forming stage), and (4) the post-ore carbonate-quartz stage. To constrain the genesis of gold mineralization at Haigou, we conducted molybdenite Re-Os dating and in situ trace element and sulfur isotope analyses using laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Three generations of pyrite are identified based on their textural and geochemical characteristics. Py1 (Stage I) occurs as euhedral grains with low trace element concentrations. Py2 (Stage II) displays dissolution textures and fragmented grains with distinct Co and Ni zoning patterns. Py3 (Stage III), co-precipitated with galena, chalcopyrite, and visible gold, is enriched in Au, Ag, Cu, Pb and Te, indicating crystallization from a metal-rich ore fluid. The geochemical trends observed provide valuable insights into the oxygen fugacity (<em>f</em>_O2) changes that controlled metal precipitation and pyrite formation throughout the evolution of the Haigou deposit. Sulfur isotope analyses show that the three pyrite generations have δ³⁴S values varying between <strong>−</strong>13.32 ‰ and 0.86 ‰, suggesting a primarily magmatic sulfur source with possible modification in an oxidizing environment. Combined LA-ICP-MS trace element data and sulfur isotope signatures indicate that the Haigou granitoid stock was the primary source of gold in the hydrothermal system. A molybdenite Re-Os age of 309.5 ± 4.1 Ma (weighted mean) constrains gold mineralization to late Paleozoic magmatism, coinciding with the subduction of the Paleo-Asian Ocean beneath the North China Block. Integrating geological, geochemical, and geochronological evidence, we classify the Haigou deposit as an intrusion-related lode gold system, representing a significant episode of late Paleozoic gold mineralization along the eastern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) and NCC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106592"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A DFT study on mechanisms of indium absorption in sphalerite (100), (110), and (111) surfaces: Implications for critical metal mineralization","authors":"Fan Xiao ,&nbsp;Zongcong He ,&nbsp;Yi Zheng ,&nbsp;Suofei Xiong ,&nbsp;Qiuming Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106572","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106572","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As an important critical metal, indium (In) enters sphalerite through isomorphous substitution of Zn. Regarding crystallography and chemical kinetics, In adsorption in sphalerite surfaces is a key factor controlling its occurrence in sphalerite, because this is a prerequisite for triggering the substitution process. Nevertheless, mechanisms of In absorption in sphalerite surfaces remain ambiguous, which hinders our understanding of the physicochemical conditions for forming In-bearing sphalerite. Thus, we employed the first-principles calculations method based on density functional theory to investigate the structural characteristics of the three primary sphalerite surfaces, namely (100), (110), and (111), under In adsorption. As an illustrating purpose, we addressed the substitution process of In³⁺ + Cu⁺ → 2Zn²⁺, one of the most common and important substitution mechanisms for forming In-bearing sphalerite in natural mineralization. We calculated the adsorption energy and electronic structure of In³⁺ and In³⁺–Cu⁺ adsorption in the sphalerite (100), (110), and (111) surfaces, respectively. The results suggest that the (111) surface is notably the most conducive to In entering sphalerite, attributed to the low adsorption energy for both In³⁺ and In³⁺–Cu⁺ onto it. Cu⁺ enhances In³⁺ adsorption in the sphalerite surfaces due to it significantly reduces the adsorption energy. The considerable differences in the electronic structures of the three sphalerite surfaces restrict the charge transfer between In³⁺ and other atoms present, ultimately controlling their In adsorption behaviors. This analysis sheds light on the variations in the In³⁺ adsorption processes on the sphalerite (100), (110), and (111) surfaces at an atomic level. It offers a deep understanding of the mechanisms driving the formation of In-bearing sphalerite, especially in the context of critical metal mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106572"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143792501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining role of organic matter in P-U mineralization: A case study of the Bahuang uranium-rich phosphorus deposit in eastern Guizhou, China","authors":"Zhi Li ,&nbsp;Hong Xie ,&nbsp;Chenglong Yang ,&nbsp;Man Wang ,&nbsp;Changjian Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106589","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106589","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Phosphorus and uranium are both critical strategic mineral resources, and the potential for developing uranium-rich phosphorus ore deposits is considerable. However, research in this area remains relatively underexplored. The Lower Cambrian black rock series in Bahuang, eastern Guizhou, China, stands out due to its high concentrations of phosphorus, uranium, and organic matter, making it a representative phosphorus-rich deposit. This study investigates the role of microbial organic matter in the mineralization processes of phosphorus and uranium within uranium-rich phosphorite deposits, using the Bahuang deposit as a case study. A comprehensive geological survey was conducted, integrating petrographic analysis, major and trace element testing, rare earth element analysis, total organic carbon (TOC) content analysis, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to systematically examine the geological characteristics, elemental geochemical properties, and biomarker compounds in the organic matter of the ore-bearing rock series. The results indicate that the primary ore minerals in the Bahuang uranium-rich phosphorite deposit are collophane, pitchblende, and uraninite. Pitchblende is absorbed by organic matter, while uraninite is predominantly found along quartz edges and fractures, suggesting a hydrothermal origin. Organic matter is mainly distributed in zones where collophane is concentrated, closely aligning with the spatial distribution of phosphorus and uranium. This organic matter primarily derives from low-grade eukaryotic aquatic organisms, such as algae, and is at a mature to highly mature stage, exhibiting significant degradation. As a result, the TOC content of the ore is reduced, and its correlation with phosphorus and uranium content is weak. The enrichment of phosphorus and uranium is not solely influenced by organic matter content but also by factors such as depositional environment, hydrothermal activity, and the maturity of the organic matter. The ore-bearing rock series formed under sub-reducing to reducing conditions, with significant influence from hydrothermal processes. The ore-forming materials primarily originated from the extraction of continental rift basalt (alkaline basalt and tholeiitic basalt) by hydrothermal fluids, followed by contributions from normal seawater. The phosphorus and uranium mineralization process unfolded in three stages: submarine exhalative activity, which served as the source of phosphorus and uranium; a rise in sea level, which facilitated the upwelling of these elements; and environmental hypoxia, which enabled the precipitation of phosphorus and uranium. During these stages, organic matter influenced the migration and precipitation of phosphorus and uranium in several ways: phosphorus was absorbed by low-grade marine organisms, such as algae, and migrated as phosphate colloids, which precipitated upon reduction by sulfur bacteria; UO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; was adsorbed and transpo","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106589"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143776943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smectite as the lithium-rich mineral precursor: Key to lithium enrichment in claystone from Central Yunnan, Southwest China","authors":"Qin Ye ,&nbsp;Chongguang Luo ,&nbsp;Hanjie Wen ,&nbsp;Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Wenxiu Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106586","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106586","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Investigating Li-rich claystone associated with bauxite series holds significant potential for establishing a new type of sedimentary Li resource. Recent advancements in mineralogical and geochemical studies have provided foundational findings, yet the specific Li-bearing mineral remains controversial, impeding a comprehensive understanding of the Li enrichment processes. In this study, Li-rich claystone from the Early Permian Daoshitou Formation in the Xiaoshiqiao area in Central Yunnan, Southwest China, is examined to explore the mineralogical composition, Li distribution, and formation mechanism of Li-rich mineral. In-situ analyses reveal that cookeite (chlorite group) is the primary Li-rich mineral, characterized by an Al/Si atomic ratio in the range of 1.3 to 2 and the interplanar spacing (<em>d</em>₀₀₂) of approximately 14 Å. Other Li-bearing clay minerals, including kaolinite, Al-rich chlorite, and chamosite, have significantly lower Li contents compared to cookeite. HRTEM analysis identifies ∼24 Å layers and interstratified 14–10 Å layers within cookeite grains, indicating that cookeite transformed from primary smectite, and corrensite acting as an intermediate product during burial diagenesis. Notably, this study initially investigates the Li distribution in ooids within oolitic claystone, showing that Li is enriched in cookeite within ooids, whereas Al-rich chlorite in the surrounding matrix is Li-poor. This suggests that Li in cookeite is primarily inherited from the smectite precursor, rather than introduced through subsequent hydrothermal activity. This study concludes that Li-rich smectite precursors controlled the pre-enrichment of Li, and the transformation of smectite to cookeite during burial diagenesis stabilized the initially exchangeable Li.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106586"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of copper–gold mineralization in the Xiahe-Hezuo area of the western Qinling orogenic belt: Significance for prospecting and factors influencing similarities and differences in favorable mineralization areas","authors":"Yuang Wang ,&nbsp;Baozhu Li ,&nbsp;Aibing Chen ,&nbsp;Xu Duan ,&nbsp;Wenqiang Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The West Qinling Orogenic Belt in central China is home to numerous world-class gold deposits with abundant metal resources and significant economic values. However, the complex origin of these deposits has hindered a comprehensive understanding of their formation mechanisms, impeding thorough exploration of their economic potential. This study has developed a comprehensive simplified model of a copper–gold deposit in the West Qinling Cooperation-Xiahe area, using numerical simulation methods to quantitatively depict the mineralization process and anticipating the future direction of numerical simulation in mineralization geological research. The integrated numerical modelling considers heat transfer, pressure, fluid flow, and mineral migration. Analysis reveals that temperature, pressure anomalies, and mineral enrichment play crucial roles in governing mineralization in the Xiahe-Hezuo area of the West Qinling Mountains. The variations in copper–gold mineralization between the southwest and northeast regions are attributed to the similarities and differences in the enriched areas of mineralization chemical ions. These findings lay the groundwork for a more detailed exploration of gold deposit formation in the West Qinling Cooperation-Xiahe area and provide valuable insights into future exploration efforts. While the current numerical simulation methods have limitations, such as undefined chemical reaction processes, uncertain pre-mineralization conditions, and the constraints of a two-dimensional model, the research outcomes of this project aim to enhance the effectiveness of mineralization models in comprehending the mineralization process and offering quantitative insights to tackle a wider array of geological challenges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106598"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143891589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymetallic mineralization in early Cambrian black shale: Insights from Guizhou, South China","authors":"Zhen Yang ,&nbsp;Jingwen Zhang ,&nbsp;Yong Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106595","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106595","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>During the Early Cambrian period, black shale series were widely developed across the globe, with their distribution in China primarily concentrated in the South China. This region has revealed significant deposits of Ni-Mo, V, and barite associated with black shale, alongside varying concentrations of PGE, REE, and U. The Ni-Mo deposits are primarily located in the Hunan-Guizhou region, whereas V and barite deposits are mainly found in eastern Guizhou. Guizhou stands out as the most comprehensive area for the development of polymetallic deposits within Early Cambrian black shale. To enhance the understanding of sedimentation and mineralization processes in the Early Cambrian paleo-marine environment of South China, a systematic review of the metallogenic system related to Early Cambrian black shale in Guizhou has been conducted, based on existing geological surveys and theoretical research. Key findings include: (1) The types of minerals are closely linked to paleo-sedimentary facies, with Ni-Mo, V (Mo), and barite deposits corresponding to shelf, slope, and basin sedimentary environments, respectively. (2) The cores of anticlines and their adjacent wings are crucial for the enrichment of polymetallic elements. The Ni-Mo and V polymetallic layers are enriched within black shale, whereas the barite deposits are encased in siliceous rock or siliceous shale. (3) Volcanic activity has played a significant role in both sedimentary and metallogenic processes. It affects the formation of Ni-Mo, V and barite deposits in different degrees. This indicates that the formation of polymetallic deposits results from the combined effects of continental weathering, submarine hydrothermal activities, and biological processes, influenced by temporal and spatial variations. This comprehensive analysis not only sheds light on the complex interplay of geological factors leading to mineralization but also underscores the importance of regional geological settings in the formation of economically significant mineral deposits. This would not only contribute to a more holistic understanding of the region’s mineralization processes and their broader implications, but also holds a insightful significance for the study of the genetic mechanisms of global polymetallic deposits in black shales and the research on paleoclimate during the Early Cambrian period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106595"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143769008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallic Mineral Resources: The Critical Components for a Sustainable Earth","authors":"Douglas J. Kirwin (Consultant Geologist)","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106578","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106578"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melt fluid evolution and ore-forming mechanism of the Murong superlarge single-vein pegmatite-type lithium deposit in western Sichuan, China","authors":"Qing Lei ,&nbsp;Guozhi Wang ,&nbsp;Fufeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Dabin Yue ,&nbsp;Na Li ,&nbsp;Yuzhen Fu ,&nbsp;yuanliang Yang ,&nbsp;Gang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhaoliang Hou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106594","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Murong superlarge pegmatite-type lithium deposit is located in the Songpan–Ganze orogenic belt in western Sichuan, China, and is now the largest single-vein pegmatite-type lithium deposit in Asia. This paper analyzes the melt fluid evolution process, lithium enrichment, and mineralization mechanism of lithium-rich pegmatite by studying the types of inclusion assemblages, estimated capture temperatures and pressures, and inclusion compositions of spodumene and associated minerals in different zones of the pegmatite. The Murong pegmatite can be laterally divided into three zones: the felsic shell zone (Zone Ⅰ), the coarse-grained spodumene zone (Zone Ⅱ), and the felsic core zone (Zone Ⅲ). Spodumene mainly develops in Zone Ⅱ. This study reveals six types of inclusions in the Murong pegmatite: melt inclusions (T&lt;sub&gt;1-1&lt;/sub&gt;), melt–fluid inclusions (T&lt;sub&gt;1-2&lt;/sub&gt;), crystal–rich inclusions (T&lt;sub&gt;1-3&lt;/sub&gt;), CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–NaCl–H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O system inclusions (T&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), NaCl–H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O system inclusions (T&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;), and monophase CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; inclusions (T&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). There are significant differences in the melt/fluid inclusion assemblages and the formation temperatures of inclusions in different zones. The overall trend is from melt inclusions + melt–fluid inclusions to crystal–rich inclusions to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;–NaCl–H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O system inclusions and then to NaCl–H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O system inclusions, which records the complete process of pegmatite magma evolution from melt fluids to hydrothermal fluids, indicating a high degree of evolution of the pegmatite magma. During evolution from melt fluids to hydrothermal fluids, the composition system evolves from a high temperature (&gt;450 °C) lithium-rich phosphate-lithium-rich carbonate silicate system enriched with volatile components (F&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, B) to a medium to high temperature (240–350 °C) lithium-rich phosphate–lithium-containing carbonate silicate system enriched with volatile components (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, B) and then to a medium to low temperature (&lt;300 °C) hydrothermal fluid system enriched with volatile components (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;). The ore-forming process mainly occurred during decompression and cooling as melt fluids evolved into hydrothermal fluids, with pressures ranging from approximately 5 kbar to 1.5 kbar during mineralization. The ore-forming fluids evolved from a weakly alkaline environment in the early stage to an acidic environment in the late stage. Immiscibility is an important mechanism for promoting the precipitation of spodumene during the evolution of Murong pegmatite magma fluid. Compared with other pegmatite-type lithium deposits in the same tectonic belt, the extremely thin Zone Ⅰ (magmatic crystallization zone) and the absence of planar zoning in the study area suggest that the original magma, from which the pegmatite-type lithium deposits in the study area formed, may have been highly differentiated. The full-vein mine","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106594"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}