Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Exploration with loop-source Semi-Airborne transient electromagnetic method (LSATEM) in the shallow coverage area of East Tianshan, Xinjiang, Northwest China","authors":"Junjie Wu ,&nbsp;Du Xiao ,&nbsp;Qingquan Zhi ,&nbsp;Xingchun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaohong Deng ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Chen ,&nbsp;Yi Zhao ,&nbsp;Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Yi Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The East Tianshan region in Xinjiang harbors substantial mineralization potential in its shallowly covered areas. However, the Gobi desert terrain and the presence of shallow salt-alkali crusts pose significant challenges for conventional ground electromagnetic methods. In response, the loop-source semi-airborne transient electromagnetic method (LSATEM) offers a superior alternative. This advanced technique leverages a loop configuration for ground transmission and aerial reception, boasting advantages such as independence from grounding conditions, a substantial magnetic moment, and rapid measurement capabilities. For this study, a representative experimental area within the Huangshan-Jingerquan mineralization belt was selected to conduct an exploration experiment utilizing a rotor-based unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with the loop-source semi-airborne transient electromagnetic system (DK-100). The aim was to ascertain the efficacy of this method in probing the shallowly covered areas of the East Tianshan region. The exploration results clearly reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of the electrical properties in the survey area. Two new anomalies were discovered in the Loop2 and Loop4 survey areas during this survey, both located at the intersection of NE-oriented and nearly NS-oriented faults. It is indicate that The magmatic copper-nickel sulfide ores in Eastern Tianshan are associated with basic and ultrabasic rocks and are closely related to fault structures. These findings indicate good potential for mineralization and warrant further exploration to verify this potential. The exploration experiment underscores the robustness of the LSATEM, highlighting its strong ground transmission magnetic moment, extensive exploration depth, efficient data acquisition, cost-effectiveness, and robust exploration outcomes. This method is well-suited to address the contemporary needs of metal mineral exploration in the shallow coverage areas of East Tianshan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106853"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LA-ICP-MS analysis of sulfides from the Sinongduo Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, Tibet: Insights into element incorporation mechanisms and ore genesis","authors":"Zhuang Li ,&nbsp;Xinghai Lang ,&nbsp;Wenlei Song ,&nbsp;Haifeng Li ,&nbsp;Chen Li ,&nbsp;Xingchun Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106858","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106858","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As one of the most significant Ag-Pb-Zn deposits in the northern Gangdese polymetallic belt, the Sinongduo has been widely concerned since its discovery and hosts proven reserves of 148,136 t Pb (1.95 %), 205,722 t Zn (2.70 %), and 400 t Ag (52.33 g/t). Despite its economic importance, the mechanisms of Ag incorporation in sulfides and deposit genetic type remain debated. This study mainly employs in <em>sit</em>u LA-ICP-MS trace element analysis of sulfides (sphalerite, pyrite, and galena) to address the above issues. Three mineralization stages are identified: (Ⅰ) pre-ore pyrite + quartz stage, (Ⅱ) sphalerite + galena + pyrite + minor chalcopyrite + Ag-bearing minerals main stage, and (Ⅲ) post-ore calcite + quartz stage. LA-ICP-MS depth profiles and multivariate statistical analysis reveal trace elements are primarily hosted as lattice-bound solid solutions and nanoscale inclusions, with limited micro-inclusion formation. In the Sinongduo deposit, where silver is the most critical element, its substitution mechanisms exhibit significant differences among sphalerite, pyrite, and galena. In sphalerite, silver incorporates into the crystal lattice via coupled substitutions involving the replacement of Zn by Fe, Cu, Sb, Ga, and Sn. In pyrite, silver enters the lattice through coupled substitutions where Fe is replaced by As, Sb, and Co. In galena, silver is incorporated into the lattice through coupled substitutions where Pb is replaced by Sb and As. Trace element thermometry (GGIMFis geothermometer) yields ore-stage temperatures of 226.0–288.0 °C (mean = 256.8 °C), consistent with fluid inclusion data. The trace element distributions in the Sinongduo sulfides, such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ag, Sn, and Pb enrichment and Ga, Ge, In, and Co depletion in sphalerite, together with the supports from the host rock, alteration, texture and mineral assemblages, suggest that the Sinongduo deposit is a typical epithermal deposit. This study establishes the Sinongduo deposit as a typical epithermal system and demonstrates that in <em>situ</em> LA-ICP-MS analysis of sulfide trace elements provides robust constraints on deposit genesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106858"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New insight into the genesis of giant Maoling arsenopyrite-type gold deposit, Liaodong Peninsula, NE China","authors":"Yongbin Wang ,&nbsp;Song Lin ,&nbsp;Lingli Zhou ,&nbsp;Zhihong Kang ,&nbsp;Jiwen Wu ,&nbsp;Qingdong Zeng ,&nbsp;Jinhui Yang ,&nbsp;Hartwig E. Frimmel ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Duan ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Bing Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genesis of the giant Maoling gold deposit in the Liaodong Peninsula of the North China Craton remains enigmatic due to the intricate gold distribution patterns and unresolved Au incorporation mechanism into arsenopyrite. The ore bodies are hosted by Proterozoic metamorphic rocks. Arsenopyrite is notably depleted in As and Fe but enriched in S. Gold contents in arsenopyrite, determined by the LA–ICP–MS spot analysis, range from 0.25 to 17.23 ppm. They are negatively correlated with Ag, Pb, and Bi, but positively correlated with Cu, Zn, Ni, Te and Se contents. Elemental concentration maps reveal Au-rich core, Mo-rich rim and Ag-rich microfracture within arsenopyrite. Our results, together with ionic radius and stoichiometric arsenopyrite, support the hypothesis that gold substitutes for Fe and As within the arsenopyrite crystal structure. New δ³⁴S ratios determined on sulfides range from 6.9 ‰ to 10.9 ‰, closely matching sulfur isotope compositions of complex magmatic origin. Additionally, much low and linear distribution along the upper-crust trend, with values of 35.411 to 36.297 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.430 to 15.486 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 15.800 to 16.477 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, respectively, thus pointing to a Proterozoic magmatic origin, with contributions from late-stage magmatic activity. Collectively, the available data support a three-stage hydrothermal history for Maoling gold deposit: Proterozoic intrusion-related gold event, a Jurassic intrusion-related molybdenum event, and Cretaceous structure-controlled silver hydrothermal event.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106852"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144921488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"LA-ICP-MS trace element geochemistry and sulfur isotopic compositions of sphalerite from Jiama deposit: Implications for its genesis and mineralization processes","authors":"Yan Xiong ,&nbsp;Juxing Tang ,&nbsp;Pan Tang ,&nbsp;Faqiao Li ,&nbsp;Mengdie Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Qi ,&nbsp;Zhichao Wang ,&nbsp;Shuhui Xu ,&nbsp;Yuanhui Fu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengkun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is a typical representative of the post-collision porphyry copper deposits in the eastern segment of the Gangdese metallogenic belt in China. Currently, the occurrence mechanism of the trace elements in sphalerite and the genesis of the distal lead–zinc mineralization are not clear in the Jiama deposit. Sphalerites, the primary ore minerals in the Jiama distal lead–zinc mineralization, have rich colors and are hosted in skarn (Sp1), hornfels (Sp2), and manto (Sp3) orebodies. In this study, we utilized laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and in-situ sulfur isotope analysis to investigate the genesis of sphalerite and reveal the distal lead–zinc mineralization processes. Sp1 had high Fe and Cd contents, Sp2 had low Mn and Ga contents, and Sp3 had high Cu and Co contents. The trace elements in sphalerite (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Ga, In, and Cu) primarily existed in the form of isomorphic substitution. The substitution mechanisms mainly included (Fe, Mn, Cd) ²⁺ ↔ Zn²⁺, (Cu⁺, Ag⁺) + Ga³⁺ ↔ 2Zn²⁺, and Cu⁺ + In³⁺ ↔ 2Zn²⁺. The sphalerite showed a diverse array of colors; based on these colors, the sphalerites were classified into three categories: brown with high contents of Fe, Cd, Mn, and Ga (Type 1); yellow with Ge and Cu enrichment (Type 2); and dark blue with high Ag concentrations (Type 3). The sulfur in the sphalerite in the Jiama deposit was derived from magma; this sphalerite generally formed under medium-to-high temperatures and moderate sulfur fugacity conditions. As the ore-forming fluids moved away from the hydrothermal center, the temperature and sulfur fugacity of the sphalerite formation gradually decreased, accompanied by a reduction in the Fe and Cd content of sphalerite. Thus, sphalerite can be utilized as one of the prospecting indicators for identifying the fluid source of porphyry mineralization systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and metal source of the Carboniferous Ortokarnash manganese deposit in the Western Kunlun Orogen, Northwest China","authors":"Bang-Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Ru-Ya Jia,&nbsp;Jian-Ling Xue,&nbsp;Zhi-Cheng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106845","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The formation mechanisms of Mn(II) carbonate mineralization and the precise sources of metals in ancient sedimentary Mn ore deposits remain subjects of debate. The Ortokarnash Mn ore deposit occurred within a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentary sequence of the Upper Carboniferous Kalaatehe Formation consisting of three lithological members. In this study, detailed component-specific solution analyses were performed on same sample powders from the Ortokarnash Mn(II) carbonate ores and wall rocks. The acetic acid-soluble fractions (i.e., leachates) in Mn(II) carbonate ores show a distinct PAAS-normalized positive Ce anomalies (3.73 ± 0.21), negative Y anomalies (0.90 ± 0.03), and low Y/Ho ratios (22.42–24.84). These are typical features of modern marine hydrogenetic Mn(III/IV) oxide precipitates, indicating that the Mn(II) carbonate mineralization likely the diagenetic product of precursor Mn(III/IV) oxide reduction. The remarkable positive δ&lt;sup&gt;53&lt;/sup&gt;Cr values (1.04 ± 0.11 ‰) in leachates of the Mn ores further confirm that Mn(II) carbonates formed during diagenesis through the reduction of Mn(III/IV) oxides originally deposited from an oxygenated water column. Moreover, the PAAS-normalized REE + Y patterns for leachates in associated wall rocks from the 3rd Member are characterized by no meaningful or a slight positive Ce anomalies (1.03–1.49, mean = 1.17), which is indicative of an active Mn(III/IV) oxide shuttle across a redox-stratified basin water column.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The δ&lt;sup&gt;53&lt;/sup&gt;Cr values (−0.17 to 0.04 ‰) in leachates of the associated wall rocks from the 3rd Member lie within or close to the Bulk Silicate Earth, and thus likely indicate discharge of Cr(III) of submarine hydrothermal origin in the local basin. The acetic acid-insoluble fractions (i.e., residues) in wall rocks are characterized by low Th/Sc (0.02–0.24) ratios, slight chondrite-normalized light REE enrichment (Nd/Yb&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; = 2.08 ± 0.77), primitive mantle-normalized LILEs enrichment, positive U-Pb and negative Nb-Ta-Ti anomalies, and high radiogenic Nd (–3.63 ≤ εNd(t) ≤ 3.94) and low radiogenic Sr (0.704854 ≤ (&lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr)&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ 0.707710) isotope compositions, indicating that siliciclastic debris in wall rocks were likely derived from a depleted mantle source (e.g., WKO mafic volcanic rocks). By contrast, the residues in Mn(II) carbonate ores display low Al/Ti (13.63–21.85) and high Th/Sc (1.04–2.43) ratios, marked chondrite-normalized light REE enrichment (Nd/Yb&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; = 7.52 ± 2.23), primitive mantle-normalized LILEs enrichment, positive U-Th-Pb and negative Ta-Ti anomalies, and low radiogenic Nd (εNd(t) = –6.07 ± 0.40) and high radiogenic Sr ((&lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr)&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.708064 ± 0.000612) isotope compositions. These element and isotope geochemical features are consistent with that of felsic/intermediate rocks, suggesting that siliciclastic component in Mn(II) carbonate ores were likely source","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbially-mediated supergene dissolution and oxidization of solid manganese carbonate in the Malkantu manganese ore deposit in West Kunlun, Northwest China","authors":"Ling-Nan Zhao ,&nbsp;Qin Huang ,&nbsp;Dao-Hui Pi ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Da-Qing Ding ,&nbsp;Sasmaz Ahmet","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supergenic manganese (Mn) oxide ores with high Mn concentrations, which are oxidized from sedimentary Mn carbonate ores, represent critical Mn resources and primary targets for industrial exploitation. Previous studies have suggested that most supergene Mn oxides are formed under warm and humid climatic conditions. However, the contribution of microbes to the formation of supergene Mn oxide deposits may have been significantly underestimated. In particular, under arid and cold conditions, where chemical weathering rates are extremely low, microbial processes may dominate, leading to Mn mineral alteration. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive morphological and mineralogical analysis of supergene Mn oxides in the Malkantu Mn deposit using advanced analytical methodologies, including X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results revealed a range of microbially induced structures, including tubular borings, biofilm-like coatings, hyphae-like filaments, and nano-spherulite aggregations. These features provide compelling evidence for biologically mediated dissolution of Mn carbonates and the subsequent precipitation of secondary Mn oxides. The Mn carbonates, initially formed during the Late Carboniferous, were subsequently buried beneath the Permian volcanic-sedimentary sequences. The Cenozoic tectonic uplift exposed the Mn-rich layers to surface conditions characterized by arid climates, intense solar radiation, and minimal vegetation cover. Despite the seemingly inhospitable environment, microbial activity persisted, thus significantly influencing the alteration of Mn-bearing minerals. Our findings suggest a novel model for supergene Mn enrichment dominated by microbial processes rather than solely by climatic factors, offering new insights into supergene Mn ore genesis in arid, cold, and high-altitude settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore genesis of the Jinchanggouliang Au deposit in the northern North China Craton: Constraints from vein quartz and fluid inclusions","authors":"Shi-Yue Yao ,&nbsp;Yong-Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xue-Xiang Gu ,&nbsp;Jia-Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jinchanggouliang gold deposit, containing exceeding 40 tons Au, is a quintessential large-scale deposit formed during the Yanshanian mineralization period in the northern margin of the North China Craton. However, previous studies have been highly controversial regarding the properties and evolution of ore-forming fluids, as well as the ore-forming conditions. This study employs H-O isotope analysis, fluid inclusion petrographic observation and microthermometry, in-situ LA-ICP-MS analysis of quartz and individual fluid inclusions to constrain the origin and properties of the ore-forming fluid, the fluid evolution process, and the Au precipitation mechanism. The mineralization process at Jinchanggouliang is divided into three stages: milky quartz (Q₁, stage I), quartz (Q₂) + pyrite (stage II), quartz (Q₃) + polymetallic sulfides (stage III). Stage III represents the principal mineralizing phase within the paragenetic sequence of the hydrothermal system. The primary fluid inclusion types are divided into three categories: two-phase aqueous inclusions (type I), two-phase CO₂-bearing aqueous inclusions (type II), and three-phase solid-bearing inclusions (type III). Microthermometry results indicate that the homogenization temperature progressively decreases from stage I to stage III, with significant salinity fluctuations. The ore-forming fluid is categorized within the H₂O-NaCl system, displaying features indicative of high-temperature conditions and a variable salinity range (1.7–37.8 wt% NaCl equiv.). Fluid boiling occurs at stage III. In-situ LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions, combined with stable H-O isotope studies of quartz, delineates that the fluid is primarily sourced from magmatic water, with a contribution of meteoric water during the main metallogenic stage. The Rb/Cs ratio of fluid inclusions remains relatively stable across all stages, with values oscillating within a narrow range of 1–10, indicating a single source for the fluid system. As the progression from the stage I to III, the Ti content in quartz gradually decreases, while the Al and Sb contents increase. The correlation between Al and Li, as well as between Al and the sum of Li, Na and K, gradually increases, indicating a transition from single substitution to compensated substitution in quartz from the pre-ore to the main-ore stage. The formation conditions of quartz in each stage, calculated using TitaniQ, and fluid inclusion P-T formulas, are approximately 1.43 kbar at 548 °C for stage I, 0.73 kbar at 441 °C for stage II, and 0.14 kbar at 341 °C for stage III. As the fluid progressed towards the main mineralization stage, the lithostatic pressure transitioned to hydrostatic pressure. Fluid boiling in stage III is attributed to rapid pressure reduction. The escape of acidic volatiles and the addition of meteoric water gradually increase the pH. These physicochemical perturbations triggered extensive m","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106854"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable isotope, fluid inclusion, and petrological-mineralogical features of epithermal deposits in the structural zones of Iran: A review","authors":"Narges Yasami,&nbsp;Seyed Hedayatalah Mousavi Motlagh,&nbsp;Majid Ghaderi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural zones of Iran and their various subtypes of epithermal deposits are: Urumieh-Dokhtar (LS-IS-HS), Arasbaran (LS-IS-HS), Alborz [Tarom (LS-IS-HS), Torud-Chah Shirin (LS-IS-HS), Binalood (LS) subzones], Sabzevar-Taknar (LS), Sanandaj-Sirjan (IS-HS), Makran (LS), Lut (LS-IS-HS), and Central Iran (LS-IS). One hundred and sixteen epithermal deposits in Iran are reviewed in this article. There are two or three subtypes in all zones except Sabzevar-Taknar and Makran. The majority of the host rocks consist of Eocene-Oligocene volcanic, pyroclastic, and intrusive rocks with calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline, and shoshonitic affinities in the continental magmatic arc in a subduction zone. The Central Iran host rocks are the most different. Based on isotope studies, the O and H sources are mostly magmatic and then meteoric water, but in some LS deposits, formation waters played a role. In the LS deposits, C sources are magmatic, meteoric, marine carbonate, and sedimentary. Sulfur sources are mostly magmatic, but sedimentary, volcanic-sedimentary series, igneous, marine evaporate sulfate, evaporate, and sedimentary-metamorphic basement. In the IS deposits, S sources are sedimentary, igneous, magmatic, and volcanic H₂S. In the HS deposits, S sources are sedimentary, volcanic-sedimentary series, igneous, magmatic, magmatic vapors, and volcanic H₂S. There are L + V, L₁ + L₂ + V, V + L, L, V, L + V + S, and L + V + CO₂ fluid inclusion types, and precipitation mechanisms in order of importance are boiling, mixing, cooling, and dilution. Makran and then Sabzevar-Taknar deposits exhibit the lowest temperature and salinity. According to all the pieces of evidence, the structural setting of the zones determines the characteristics of the deposits, like host rocks, ore-bearing fluid conditions, ore mineral assemblage, alteration, S, O, H, and C sources, and finally, deposit subtypes. In some deposits, shreds of evidence like higher fluid inclusion maximum homogenization temperature, and salinity relative to epithermal range, potassic alteration (biotite-rich), and adakite magma affinity indicate that other types of mineralization (probably porphyry) are associated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep magma evolution and gold mineralization in Wulong area, Liaodong Peninsula: Evidence from the Wulong 3000 m scientific drilling","authors":"Chenggui Lin ,&nbsp;Tingjie Yan ,&nbsp;Zhizhong Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Yao ,&nbsp;Jingwen Mao ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Lü ,&nbsp;Fuxing Liu ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Wulong area is located in the Liaodong gold-polymetallic mineralization belt on the northeastern margin of the North China Craton. The area is characterized by intense tectonic-magmatic activity and the widespread distribution of Yanshanian intrusive rocks. The intrusive dikes are spatially, temporally, and genetically related to gold mineralization. A 3000 m scientific drill core (project number WLSZ001) was recently obtained in the area under the auspices of the National Key Research and Development Program, providing valuable samples for investigating deep magmatic evolution and gold metallogeny in the Liaodong region. This study presents petrogeochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronological, and Hf isotopic characteristics of intrusive rocks (including dikes) samples from WLSZ001. Field observations indicate that the drill core intersected substantial intrusive dikes of the Wulong pluton, predominantly comprising biotite monzonite granite, diorite, lamprophyre, and diabase. Simultaneously, multiple levels of gold polymetallic ore bodies (including mineralized zones) were identified, consisting of four gold ore bodies, three gold mineralized zones, two zinc ore bodies, and one zinc mineralized zone. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals two distinct intrusive episodes: the first spanning between 153.8 to 166.3 Ma (Middle to Late Jurassic), and the second between 123.9 and 136.1 Ma (Early Cretaceous), consistent with the regional pluton emplacement age. Geochemically, the deep intrusive rocks are characterized by high-Al, high-K, low-Mg and low-Ca contents, classifying them as calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline. They display enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE; e.g., Ba, K, La, Pb) and depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE; e.g., Nb, Ta, Pb, P, Ti). Notably, the granitic dikes exhibit features characteristic of peraluminous S-type granites. Zircon εHf(t) values for the deep intrusive rocks range from –32.0 to −2.3 (average –22.8), yielding two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2) averaging 2661 Ma (ranging from 1565 and 3176 Ma). These data suggest that the deep intrusive rocks originated from partial melting of Paleoproterozoic ancient crustal materials in a volcanic arc and co-collision environment related to the oblique subduction of the ancient Pacific Plate. Integrating field geological observations, geochronological and geochemical data, and previous research, it is considered that the two phases of intrusive rocks in the deep Wulong area represent pre-mineralization intrusions. While not directly involved in the genesis of the Wulong gold deposit, the pervasive vein network creates pathways for ore-forming hydrothermal fluids, and areas with dense vein development are prospective targets for gold exploration in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106849"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A generative neural network approach to uncertainty and risk-return analysis in mineral prospectivity modelling","authors":"Lahiru M.A. Nagasingha ,&nbsp;Charles L. Bérubé ,&nbsp;Reza Ghanati","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for mineral prospectivity modelling (MPM) remains limited due to their inability to model uncertainties and a lack of systematic frameworks for evaluating risk and return in mineral predictions. A major challenge is that most existing methods fail to simultaneously capture both epistemic uncertainty, which arises from limitations in the predictive modelling process, and aleatoric uncertainty, which stems from the inherent randomness in geoscience data. To address this, we propose a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) approach incorporating decoder calibration and uncertainty estimation, which we apply to Canadian magmatic Ni (±Cu ±Co ±PGE) sulphide mineral systems. Aleatoric uncertainty is quantified from the CVAE’s posterior distribution, whereas epistemic uncertainty is assessed from 100 MPM realizations based on datasets generated by the CVAE. We also introduce a novel risk-return framework which integrates relative uncertainty measures with the non-parametric Getis–Ord <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> statistics spatial clustering technique to categorize exploration targets into four distinct risk-return categories. Results from the spatial distribution and kernel density estimation analysis reveal that most known deposits are situated in low-uncertainty zones. Notably, high-return zones, which comprise approximately 4% of the total area, account for 94.7% of the known deposits. This research highlights the significance of incorporating uncertainty and risk-return analysis to improve decision-making in mineral prospecting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}