Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Late Triassic Li-bearing granitic pegmatites in the Altyn Tagh Orogen: implications for the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean","authors":"Yan Jing ,&nbsp;Chuan-lin Zhang ,&nbsp;Chen Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi-hao Song ,&nbsp;Masumeh Sargazi ,&nbsp;Yi-kang Quan ,&nbsp;Mi-yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Xian-tao Ye ,&nbsp;Hong-ran Wang ,&nbsp;Jun-wang Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106778","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106778","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Altyn Tagh Orogen is renowned for its extreme Li enrichment and mineralization, and it contains several moderate to super-large rare-metal deposits hosted by Early Paleozoic granites and pegmatites. However, newly recognized Li-bearing pegmatites in the Shaliang area have different features to those of Early Paleozoic Li-bearing pegmatites. In this study,<!--> <!-->field geological investigations and petrography, monazite, cassiterite, and columbite-tantalite group minerals (CGMs) U-Pb dating, whole-rock major and trace elements analyses, and <em>in situ</em> mineral geochemical analyses of CGMs and muscovite of the pegmatites in the Shaliang deposit are carried out to determine the metallogenetic stage, mineralization mechanism, and tectonic background. Monazite, cassiterite, and CGMs in four pegmatites yielded emplacement ages of 237–209 Ma, indicating that Li mineralization occurred in the Late Triassic. The Li-bearing pegmatites are peraluminous with high Al₂O₃/(CaO + Na₂O + K₂O) (A/CNK) molar ratios, which is consistent with the presence of muscovite. The pegmatites have low contents of rare earth elements (REEs) and consistent REE patterns. The degree of the tetrad effect (TE_1,3) is significant, with high TE_1,3 values (1.35–1.56) and negative Eu anomalies (0.02–0.21). They have low Nb/Ta (0.44–2.38) and Zr/Hf (5.46–10.65) ratios, and high Rb/Sr (31.22–406.40) and K/Rb (21.99–32.64) ratios, indicating a high degree of fractional crystallization and interactions between magma and hydrothermal fluids. The compositional variations of the CGMs further indicate that the pegmatites were formed from highly fractionated melts and potentially had parental granites. The presence of hydrothermal muscovite with low Nb/Ta ratios and high Li contents indicates that Li mineralization was also facilitated by hydrothermal alteration, in addition to magmatic differentiation. Given the results, and the fact that Late Triassic granites in the East Kunlun-Qaidam region were formed by the thinning of lower continental crust thinning, we infer that the Late Triassic Li mineralization was related to the far-field effects of the Paleo-Tethyan post-collisional event. These findings reveal one more potential rare-metal ore-concentrated area related to the evolution of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean in addition to the West Kunlun-Songpan-Garzê rare-metal belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106778"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold enrichment of the Guilaizhuang Au-Te deposit, the southeastern margin of the North China Craton: Constraints from petrography, composition and in-situ sulfur isotope of pyrite","authors":"Li Jiang ,&nbsp;Xuefeng Yu ,&nbsp;Shaocong Lai ,&nbsp;Zengsheng Li ,&nbsp;Dapeng Li ,&nbsp;Ke Geng ,&nbsp;Wei Xie ,&nbsp;Renchao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106779","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106779","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Guilaizhuang Au-Te deposit is the most representative alkaline igneous-rock-related epithermal Au deposit on the southeastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). Key aspects regarding the occurrence states and enrichment mechanisms of Au remain unclear. Pyrite, as a principal gold-hosting mineral, plays a crucial role in deciphering the ore-forming process; however, detailed data on its textural characterization and <em>in</em>-<em>situ</em> geochemistry are scarce. In this study, the ore-forming process is divided into three stages, (1) quartz-pyrite (stage I), (2) Au-polymetallic sulfide-telluride (stage II), and (3) carbonate (stage III). Two types of pyrite are identified, including euhedral disseminated pyrite (Py1) from the early stage (stage I) and coarse-grained anhedral pyrite (Py2) from the main mineralization stage (stage II). In addition, LA(-MC)-ICP-MS is employed for the first time to conduct <em>in-situ</em> trace element spot/mapping and S isotope analyses on these two types of pyrite. Through comprehensive petrography, EPMA, and LA-ICP-MS analyses, four main occurrence states of Au are determined, including auriferous telluride, native Au, “invisible gold” and electrum. “Invisible gold” occurs as both solid solution (Au⁺) within the crystal lattice of pyrite and micro-scale mineral inclusions enclosed within pyrite. Py2 shows higher concentrations of As, Au, Ag, and Te compared to Py1. In As-pyrite, As substitutes for S⁻ as As⁻ rather than for Fe²⁺ as As^2+/3+ and is incorporated into the pyrite. The coupled distribution and positive correlation between Au and As indicate that As facilitates the incorporation of Au into the pyrite lattice. Tellurium mainly occurs as solid solution within pyrite, whereas Pb exists as galena and minor altaite inclusions within pyrite. Py1 exhibits δ³⁴S values ranging from −2.60 to +3.1 ‰ (mean = −1.1 ‰), whereas Py2 yields values from −10.6 to +2.0 ‰ (mean = −4.5 ‰), indicating that the S in pyrite is of magmatic origin. The lower δ³⁴S values in Py2 result from isotopic fractionation during fluid boiling, where ³⁴S is preferentially partitioned into sulfate while ³²S enriches in sulfide phases. Furthermore, the concentric zoning of Co-Ni and As-Au-Te within the pyrite provides additional evidence for fluid boiling. Based on the comprehensive analyses above, this study proposes that the gold enrichment at Guilaizhuang is not only influenced by the changes of physicochemical conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) but also facilitated by Te-rich metallic melts that enhance Au scavenging and deposition during the ore-forming process. These findings are of considerable significance for understanding trace element incorporation into pyrite, and for revealing the mechanism of Au enrichment and hydrothermal evolution processes in alkaline igneous-rock-related epithermal Au deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106779"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-accuracy mineralization evaluation of VMS deposits using machine learning and basalt geochemistry","authors":"Jiachen Li ,&nbsp;Xiang Sun ,&nbsp;Ke Xiao ,&nbsp;Qiuyun Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaoya Liang ,&nbsp;Limeng Cui","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Basalt is a common volcanic rock in volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits, and its geochemical composition provides critical insights into magmatic source characteristics, thereby serving as an essential proxy for evaluating the mineralization potential of VMS deposits. However, traditional assessment approaches often suffer from low efficiency due to the lack of clearly defined geochemical indicators and an overreliance on empirical interpretations. To address these limitations, we compiled a comprehensive global database of geochemical data for both mineralized and unmineralized basalts, and applied three machine learning algorithms—Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), and Random Forest (RF)—to develop predictive models for VMS mineralization potential. All three models yielded high prediction performance, with both accuracy and F1-scores exceeding 99.63 %. Among them, the AdaBoost model achieved the best results, with an accuracy and F1-score of 99.79 %. Despite the strong predictive capabilities of these models, their “black-box” nature often limits the interpretability of feature importance. To enhance model transparency, we employed SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to quantify the contribution of each geochemical variable and to construct geochemically meaningful discrimination diagrams. The effectiveness of these indicators was further validated through logistic regression analysis. Our results indicate that Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, and Co are among the most influential elements for distinguishing barren from fertile basalts. We developed classification diagrams based on key element ratios, notably Co/Fe₂O₃ vs. V/Tm and Fe₂O₃ vs. TiO₂, which yielded classification accuracies of 95.51 % and 84.90 %, respectively. These diagrams offer intuitive and effective tools for rapid assessment of VMS mineralization potential. Overall, this study establishes a novel framework for objective, data-driven mineralization evaluation in VMS exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144632403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generation and metallogenetic potentiality of cenozoic highly fractionated cuonadong leucogranite in the Tethyan Himalaya: evidence from U-Pb dating and in-situ B-Nd isotopes of accessory minerals","authors":"Meng Liu ,&nbsp;Da Wang ,&nbsp;Zian Liu ,&nbsp;Huchao Ma ,&nbsp;Adama Berte ,&nbsp;Kegang Dai ,&nbsp;Shoucai Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Leucogranite as a window to understanding crustal evolution and associated metallogeny. The Cuonadong Sn-W-Be polymetallic deposit, located in the Tethyan Himalayan metallogenic belt, is the first newly discovered deposit with significant metallogenic potential in this region. This study aims to provide new insights into the origin and evolution of Himalayan leucogranites, addressing ongoing debates regarding their formation and the implications for regional metallogeny. We conducted U-Pb dating, Nd and B isotopic analyses, and elemental geochemistry on leucogranite and pegmatite from the Cuonadong gneiss dome to better understand the magmatic evolution and potential sources of the deposit. U-Pb dating of monazite from leucogranite and pegmatite yielded ages of 22.0 Ma and 28.9 Ma, respectively, while titanite from leucogranites provided ages of 40.6 Ma and 30.9 Ma. Notably, this is the first discovery of Late Eocene magmatism in the Cuonadong gneiss dome, significantly predating the previously recognized magmatic activity in the area. The B isotopic compositions of tourmaline in leucogranite and pegmatite range from –12.48 ‰ to –8.05 ‰, with an average of –9.88 ‰, similar to the mean δ¹¹B values of continental crust, indicating a dominant crustal source. Additionally, the εNd(t) values of monazite range from –13.16 to –11.95, with old two-stage Nd model ages (T_DM2) of 1.75–2.24 Ga, suggesting a source of partial melting from metamorphic sedimentary rocks. The discovery of Late Eocene magmatism (40.6 Ma) in the Cuonadong gneiss dome is a significant finding that revises the previously established magmatic timeline for the region. This finding implies greater mineralization potential not only for the Cuonadong gneiss dome but across the entire Tethyan Himalayan Belt, providing a new reference for the search exploration of rare metal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106740"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Cu–Au mineral potential (IOCG and Cu–Au polymetallic) in the Northern Copper Belt, Carajás Mineral Province: A data-driven, mineral systems-based approach","authors":"Junny Kyley Mastop de Oliveira ,&nbsp;Adalene Moreira Silva ,&nbsp;Felipe Mattos Tavares ,&nbsp;Iago Sousa Lima Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advances in exploration targeting and artificial intelligence have substantially improved mineral potential mapping, but few regional-scale studies have evaluated on the Carajás Mineral Province despite its global metallogenic importance. Hence, we conducted a district-scale study in the Northern Copper Belt, which hosts Brazil’s largest iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposit, Salobo. Using a mineral systems-based approach, we developed prospectivity models for additional and concealed IOCG deposits. Two copper systems were delineated: (i) an IOCG-type system with multiple mineralizing pulses at 2.72 Ga and 2.55 Ga, and (ii) a granite-related system associated with Paleoproterozoic A-type granites (∼1.88 Ga), linked to smaller-scale Cu–Au polymetallic mineralization in brittle structures. Mapping was performed using GIS-based spatial modeling and Random Forest classification. Key geological criteria and evidential maps were based on geological, geophysical, and mineral resource datasets. The resulting maps delineated high-potential Cu–Au zones, several overlapping known deposits. Structural frameworks and airborne magnetic data were the most significant predictive factors. Statistical validations using stratified k-fold cross-validation confirmed high model accuracies. The final integrated model reached 0.875 (±0.20) training accuracy and 0.866 in testing. Spatial validation using the improved Prediction–Area plot further supported the model’s robustness, with all known occurrences captured within 3,7% of the study area. Field validation corroborated model predictions, reinforcing its reliability. Several new high-potential zones without known deposits were identified, and five key targets were prioritized based on scale, continuity, and favorability. These results reinforce the effectiveness of a data-driven mineral systems approach for district-scale exploration in Carajás.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106770"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144722054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crust-scale migration ways of fluids for giant Au mineralization: Implications from spatial variation of δ18O at the Sanshandao goldfield, Jiaodong Peninsula","authors":"Yang Xu ,&nbsp;Huan-Long Hu ,&nbsp;Ting-Guang Lan ,&nbsp;Hong-Rui Fan ,&nbsp;Hong Wang ,&nbsp;Lei Shu ,&nbsp;Cai-Jie Liu ,&nbsp;Jin-Hui Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The migration ways of fluids in the crust are important for metal transport and precipitation, which can affect the mineralization depth, type, scale and ore grade. Unlocking the migration processes of fluids is thus significant for understanding the mineralization mechanism, which, however, is difficult due to the lack of suitable geologic sections. In this study, benefitting from the “deep drilling” projects in the giant Sanshaodao goldfield, Jiaodong gold province, gold-bearing quartz + pyrite samples were systematically collected from the drillholes and mining tunnels with a wide depth range of −3554 m to −390 m (in altitude). Using SIMS analytical method, the oxygen isotopic compositions of the above quartz (δ¹⁸O_quartz) were in-situ analyzed. The results show that the δ¹⁸O_quartz values from different depths vary from 9.4 ‰ to 14.9 ‰, which increase with shallowing. This trend is considered to be mainly induced by decreasing temperature. After temperature correction, the δ¹⁸O values of the ore-forming fluids (δ¹⁸O_fluid) in equilibrated with quartz are 3.9–7.6 ‰, showing a consistent range of 5.5–6.5 ‰ at different depths. The consistent δ¹⁸O_fluid values might represent the original δ¹⁸O features of the ore-forming fluids and thus indicate a uniform fluid origin probably from mantle-related magmas/rocks. The narrowly varied δ¹⁸O_fluid values also imply a channelized migration way, which facilitated fluids fast transportation from the deep to the shallow depth in a crustal scale. The variations of δ¹⁸O_fluid indicate some fluid-rock interaction, showing oxygen isotopic exchange with mafic rocks in the deep but with late Archean metamorphic rocks in the shallow depths. It is recognized that elevated fluid-rock interaction occurred at the shallow depths, which was probably induced by the transformation of channelized to pervasive migration and led to enhanced gold mineralization. Considering the above effects, strong fluid-rock interaction at the depth range of −1000 m to −2000 m along the channelized pathways is favorable for gold mineralization and exploration beneath the study region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106772"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-H2O zircons record fluid saturation-exsolution and formation of fertile porphyries in the Yulong mineralization Belt, southeast Tibet","authors":"Ying Luo ,&nbsp;Xiao-Ping Xia ,&nbsp;Ze-Xian Cui ,&nbsp;Chuan-Mao Yang ,&nbsp;Xue-Ping Yang ,&nbsp;Jian-Lin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The exsolution of aqueous fluids during the medium- to high-temperature stages of magmatism is required for porphyry ore mineralization, but the occurrence and nature of this process remain unclear. Zircon, crystallizes at high temperatures (&gt;550 °C) in granitic magmas and, is a reliable indicator of the magmatic evolution and volatile saturation due to its low hydrogen diffusion rates and resistance to alteration. The Machangqing porphyry Cu–Mo–(Au) (MCQ) deposit in the Yulong mineralization belt, southeast Tibet, is ideal for investigating fluid saturation and exsolution, and its role in mineralization. This study compared the geochemical compositions and H₂O contents of zircons from the MCQ deposit with those from the fertile Yulong and Gangdese porphyry Cu belt porphyries, and barren granites. Although the fertile porphyries have whole-rock Sr/Y and 10,000 × (Eu/Eu*)/Y ratios indicative of H₂O-rich melts, their zircon H₂O contents (MCQ = 480 ppm; Yulong = 473 ppm) are lower than those of the Gangdese batholith (699 ppm). Zircons from MCQ and Yulong porphyries have negative correlations between 10,000 × (Eu/Eu*)/Yb_N and Ce/√(U × Ti) ratios, indicating fluid-saturated mineralizing magmas. In contrast, the barren granite shows no evidence of fluid saturation. These findings indicate that the low zircon H₂O contents in post-collisional porphyry deposits reflect fluid-saturation-induced exsolution, with fluid saturation being essential for mineralization. High zircon crystallization temperatures (550–800 °C) confirm that the magmas reached water saturation and initiated exsolution during medium- to high-temperature stages. Magmas rich in H₂O undergo shallow magma emplacement and degassing, leading to the formation of large porphyry deposits, whereas H₂O-poor systems are less favorable for significant mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144634147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multi-model decision system: An ensemble deep learning model to enhance predictive power in mineral prospectivity mapping","authors":"Zeinab Soltani ,&nbsp;Hossein Hassani ,&nbsp;Saeid Esmaeiloghli","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106768","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106768","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Deep learning (DL) models have emerged as cutting-edge technologies in the recent decade and have shown remarkable capabilities for metal exploration and mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM). The relevance of DL architectures for MPM applications is attributed to their robust competencies in auto-identifying non-linear features and handling big exploration data in complex Earth systems. However, depending on the use of different models, DL-based MPM procedures may result in diverse mineralization-related spatial patterns. This instability can introduce uncertainty into DL-derived MPM predictions, making it challenging to select the appropriate DL architecture. Here, we conceptualize and discuss an innovative ensemble system designed to create synergies between multiple DL-based predictions, thereby mitigating instabilities from mineralization-related spatial patterns derived from different DL models. The proposed methodology, a multi-model decision system (MMDS), entails a decision-making protocol to fuse MPM predictions from deep neural network, deep belief network, deep forest, and one-dimensional convolutional neural network-type DL models. A decision-making engine inspired by the MARCOS model was also implemented, whereby high-performance DL models are allowed to play a more significant role in generating final MPM predictions based on their corresponding generalizability (i.e., delivered F1-Score values). The relevance of MMDS in MPM was demonstrated through its application to the exploration targeting of IOCG-type mineralization within a brownfield terrain in NE Iran. Success-rate curves and corresponding areas under the curves indicated that the resulting MMDS-derived prospectivity map performed better with regards to vectoring toward mineral exploration targets than stand-alone prospectivity models. The findings of this study suggest that the newly developed ensemble-based decision system can give weight to high-performance DL models more efficiently, thereby enhancing the definition of lower-risk target areas for further exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106768"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis of Mesozoic ore-related granites in the West 509-Daoban Li–Be rare metal deposit, West Kunlun orogenic belt, NW China: Implications for magmatic evolution and associated Li mineralization","authors":"Wukeyila Wutiepu ,&nbsp;Wenjiao Xiao ,&nbsp;Shanshan Wang ,&nbsp;Qigui Mao ,&nbsp;Junming Yao ,&nbsp;Shuguang Zhou ,&nbsp;Shaole An ,&nbsp;Jun Hu ,&nbsp;Weiguang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The West Kunlun orogenic belt (WKOB) is one of the largest economically rare metal metallogenic belts in NW China. The newly discovered West 509-Daoban Li–Be rare metal deposit is located in the eastern part of the WKOB. However, the genetic link between the petrogenesis of ore-related granites and associated Li mineralization has remained equivocal. We conducted a geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological study on the West 509-Daoban two-mica granites and metasedimentary rocks to determine their magma sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic setting and their implications for Li mineralization. Zircon and monazite U–Th–Pb dating revealed that the West 509-Daoban two-mica granites formed at 206–205 Ma. The 509-Daoban two-mica granites, characterized by high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonite series and strongly peraluminous affinity, are classified as S-type granites with initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (I_Sr) ratios of 0.71532 ∼ 0.71661, ε_Nd(t) values of −9.96 ∼ −9.52, ε_Hf(t) values of −9.73 ∼ −2.36, and δ⁷Li values of −0.7 ∼ +1.9 ‰, likely resulting from the partial melting of Triassic clay-rich pelitic metasedimentary rocks and subsequent extensive fractional crystallization. Given the regional geological setting, we propose that the 509-Daoban two-mica granites and corresponding Li mineralization formed in an extensional setting controlled by the consumption and closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean during the Late Triassic. A comprehensive discriminant analysis suggested that clay-rich pelitic metasediments, an external heat source, and a highly fractionated rare metal-enriched fertile granitic magma were favourable factors for Li mineralization in the WKOB.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106769"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144571726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogical and geochemical study of Nb mineralization in the giant Bayan Obo deposit","authors":"Qian Chen ,&nbsp;Wenlei Song ,&nbsp;Cheng Xu ,&nbsp;Shanna Xue ,&nbsp;Danni Xu ,&nbsp;Biao Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Bayan Obo deposit is the world’s largest rare earth (REE) and second-largest niobium (Nb) deposit. It contains more than 70 % of China’s present Nb resources. Most published papers deal with the origin of the H8 ore-hosting carbonatite and its REE mineralization of the deposit. However, few studies focus on the Nb mineralization. The nature and ore-forming process of Nb mineralization, as well as its relationship with REE mineralization, are still poorly constrained. This study conducted petrographic, mineralogical, and geochemical work on representative Nb ores (i.e., primary calcite and dolomite carbonatite, veined calcite and dolomite ores) in the Bayan Obo deposit. The carbonatites are calcite and dolomite carbonatites. Their carbonates and apatites were characterized by high Sr contents and mantle-derived depleted ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i (0.70272–0.70327) isotopes, confirming the carbonatitic origin. Pyrochlore and columbite are the main Nb minerals in carbonatites, and the former was marginally overgrown by the latter due to post-magmatic alterations. U-Pb dating suggests that the columbites were formed at 1321 ± 53 Ma, consistent with the reported carbonatite intrusion age. In veined calcite ores, aeschynite is the dominant Nb mineral, associated with bastnäsite, apatite, aegirine, and barite, and occurs as veinlets that infiltrate calcites. In veined dolomite ores, columbite aggregates occur along the edge of the monazite-fluorite veins. Various Nb (rutile-Nb, columbite, baotite, fersmite, etc.) and REE minerals intergrow with each other, occur as biotite-dominated veinlets or patches overprinted on the dolomites. These mineralogical textures of veined ores indicate the obvious hydrothermal origin of Nb mineralization. Based on the above results, we suggest that primary Nb mineralization at the Bayan Obo originated from the Mesoproterozoic carbonatite magmatism. Later, Nb was remobilized and transported via external F-bearing hydrothermal fluid alteration, and subsequently precipitated due to an ore-forming fluid-rock reaction, leading to the present complex Nb mineralization. The Nb mineralization was usually associated with REE mineralization, and the different nature of the metasomatic fluids could explain their decoupling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106771"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}