Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Origin and evolution of the ore-forming fluids in the giant Dongping wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China: fluid inclusions and H–O isotopic constraints","authors":"Jie Tan ,&nbsp;Shi-Wen Yang ,&nbsp;Chang Xu ,&nbsp;Jian-Jun Lu ,&nbsp;Xi-Hui Cheng ,&nbsp;Ruo-Yan Kong ,&nbsp;Bin Yu ,&nbsp;Fa-Sheng Lou","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107104","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107104","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten (W) is an indispensable strategic resource, and the wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit is an important W deposit type. However, the origin and delicate evolutionary process of the ore-forming fluids and the decisive mechanism of the wolframite precipitation for wolframite–quartz vein–type deposits still lack precise constraints. The Dongping W deposit is the sole giant wolframite–quartz vein–type deposit in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China, with 214,000 tons of WO₃. Based on the cross-cutting relationships and petrographic observations, four alteration and ore-forming stages and corresponding quartz were identified: (Ⅰ) pre-ore alteration (e.g., biotitization, silicification, greisenization, and tourmalinization) (Qtz_Ⅰ), (Ⅱ) wolframite–quartz (Qtz_Ⅱ), (Ⅲ) quartz–sulfide (Qtz_Ⅲ), and (Ⅳ) fluorite–carbonate (Qtz_Ⅳ) stages. Three types of fluid inclusions can be identified: liquid–rich two–phase (Type Ⅰ), vapor–rich two–phase (Type Ⅱ), and liquid inclusions (Type Ⅲ). Minor CH₄ can be detected in the inclusions from Qtz_Ⅰ and Qtz_Ⅱ, indicating that the initial fluids are probably relatively reduced. The fluids responsible for the pre-ore alteration and wolframite–quartz stages are both medium–higher temperature and salinity, and then evolve into ones with medium–lower temperature and salinity during the post-ore two stages. The δD_v-SMOW and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values of Qtz_Ⅰ and Qtz_Ⅱ range from –80.4‰ to –62.0‰ and 10.22‰ to 13.44‰, respectively, suggesting dominantly magma-derived fluids. The δD_v-SMOW and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values in the post-ore Qtz_Ⅲ and Qtz_Ⅳ vary from –76.3‰ to –69.4‰ and 7.63‰ to 13.92‰, respectively, and δ¹⁸O_v-SMOW values are lower than those in the foregoing two stages, implying the addition of meteoric water. Together, these data indicate that at least two pulsed fluids exsolution events occurred in the Dongping deposit: one during the pre-ore alteration stage and another during the wolframite–quartz stage. The fluid evolution displays a complex process: the initially exsolved reduced fluids from the Yanshanian hidden S-type granite produced pre-ore alteration; subsequently, cooling of second-pulsed exsolved magmatic fluids caused wolframite precipitation followed by quartz; with the evolution of the fluids and increasing involvement of meteoric water, the evolved fluids ultimately form the quartz–sulfide and fluorite–carbonate mineral assemblages. Our study shows that fluid cooling is decisive for the wolframite precipitation in the Dongping deposit. This contribution elucidates the delicate fluid evolution process of the Dongping deposit, providing new insights into the origin of giant wolframite–quartz vein–type deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The sources and melting mechanism of granites control large-scale indium mineralization in the southwestern Yangtze Block, China","authors":"Xiaohu He ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Liu ,&nbsp;Taiping Zhao ,&nbsp;Xia Yuan ,&nbsp;Lin Gong ,&nbsp;Hui Chen ,&nbsp;Yan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107123","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107123","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Many studies have focused on the models of indium occurrence, its enrichment and substitution mechanisms in sulfide minerals, and its transport and concentration in ore-forming fluids. However, the influence of magma sources, melting mechanisms, and magmatic evolution on the pre-enrichment of indium in granitic melts has received comparatively little attention. This study evaluates the sources, melting mechanisms, and magmatic evolution of granites associated with indium mineralization, with the objective of identifying the key controls on the indium mineralization. To achieve this, we synthesize petrological, geochemical, and Sr-Nd-Hf-O isotopic characteristics of granites related to indium mineralization in the Gejiu, Bainiuchang, Dulong, and Dachang Sn-polymetallic deposits, situated on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze Block, China. Our results indicate that indium pre-enrichment in granitic melts is jointly controlled by source composition, melting mechanisms, and magmatic evolution. Clay-rich protoliths containing biotite or amphibole appear to be a prerequisite, whereas the absence of biotite- and amphibole-dominated fractional crystallization during magmatic evolution is a critical factor in producing magmas associated with indium-enriched deposits. Besides, biotite-dehydration partial melting is identified as the principal mechanism facilitating indium incorporation into granitic melts. Combined with previous studies on the regional tectonic setting, we propose that the indium mineralization in the southwestern Yangtze Block, China, developed within an extensional tectonic regime, probably influenced by the far-field effects of the Paleo-Pacific plate subduction beneath the South China Block.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107123"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology, fluid inclusion and fluorite geochemistry constraints on the genesis of the large-scale Guancun fluorite deposit, Zhejiang Province, Southeast China","authors":"Wen-Gang Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhao-Hui Li ,&nbsp;Ming-Sen Fan ,&nbsp;Jun-Yi Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107122","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107122","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The large-scale Guancun fluorite deposit is situated within the Yangtze Block in northwestern Zhejiang Province. Mineralization occurs predominantly along an unconformity between the Cretaceous Laocun Formation and the Permian Qixia Formation and is intimately associated with silicified alteration zones, with minor stockwork and breccia type mineralization hosted in the Permian Qixia Formation. Based on detailed field and petrographic observations, the mineralization at Guancun can be divided into at least five stages: Stage I is characterized by the formation of early fluorite (Fl-1) in vein and breccia cement in both unconformity and limestone-hosted orebodies; Stage II is marked by the precipitation of barite (Brt-1); Stage III is characterized by quartz (Qz-1) crystallization, which rims the earlier barite; Stage IV represents the deposition of rhythmically banded fluorite (Fl-2) and stage V signifies the termination of mineralization with the formation of crustified quartz and minor pyrite. Fluid inclusion studies in fluorite and quartz reveal the evolutionary history of the ore-forming fluids and precipitation mechanisms. Liquid-rich two-phase inclusions are the dominant fluid inclusion type across all stages. Fluid inclusions in Fl-1 exhibit homogenization temperatures of 164–375 °C and salinities of 0.18–7.59 wt% NaCl equiv., with the broad ranges interpreted to reflect mixing between magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and meteoric water. Subsequently, type L inclusions in stage III quartz (140–250 °C and 1.57–3.87 wt% NaCl equiv.) show features inherited from the final mixed fluid in stage I fluorite, implying declined meteoric water mixing during quartz precipitation. Fluid inclusions in Fl-2 (130–227 °C and 0.18–0.70 wt% NaCl equiv.) record further decreases in temperature and salinity, indicating further fluid mixing and second episode of ore formation. The geochemical signatures of fluorite, particularly its rare earth element (REE) patterns, provide critical insights into elemental behavior, fluid evolution, and mineralization conditions. LA-ICP-MS data of fluorite indicate a genetic relationship between the Guancun fluorite deposit and concealed granites in the region. Trace elements, especially REEs, exert a significant control on the color zonation of fluorite. Higher REE contents in colored varieties, with specific Ce and U correlations for green and purple respectively, alongside elevated Fe in late-stage zones, identify these elements as key determinant governing both the initiation and intensity of coloration. Variations in elemental concentrations, along with Eu and Ce anomalies, suggest mineralization under fluctuating temperature and redox conditions consistent with microthermometric results. Taken together, mixing between ascending deep F-bearing magmatic fluid and calcium-rich meteoric or underground water is proposed as the principal mechanism for fluorite mineralization. Additionally, water–rock interaction between","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107122"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fluid sources and genetic mechanism of the Zhaishang gold deposit, West Qinling Orogen: Constraints from textures, trace elements, and in-situ S-Pb isotopes of pyrite","authors":"Yiwei Song ,&nbsp;Ke Yang ,&nbsp;Yongbao Gao ,&nbsp;Lin Yang ,&nbsp;Liyong Wei ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Ma ,&nbsp;Rongbao Shi ,&nbsp;Mingjie Li ,&nbsp;Yanping Xue ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Yuyin Huyan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fluid sources and genetic mechanisms of the giant Zhaishang gold deposit in the West Qinling Orogen remain debated. This study integrates geological observations with textural, trace element, and in-situ S–Pb isotopic analyses of pyrite to address this issue. Four distinct generations of pyrite (Py_I–Py_Ⅳ) are recognized. The Py_I occurs parallel to cleavage and displays porous textures associated with sericite and quartz alteration. The Py_I δ³⁴S values range from +21.0 ‰ to +25.9 ‰ in Devonian strata, and from +1.9 ‰ to +2.9 ‰ in Permian strata, both of which are interpreted to be of diagenetic origin. The Py_II is texturally characterized by porous cores and overgrowth rims, and is associated with calcite-ankerite alteration in Devonian strata (Py_II-D) and quartz alteration in Permian strata (Py_II-P). The primary gold enrichment is localized in the core of Py_II-D and the rim of Py_II-P. In the high-grade ores, the Py_III is associated with polymetallic sulfide mineralization and ankerite-siderite alteration, and exhibits distinct core-mantle-rim texture. The Py_III exhibits repeated Au-rich zones in both cores and rims. The Py_II-D has δ³⁴S values of +9.8 ‰ to +14.0 ‰ (average = +12.0 ‰), and Py_II-P ranges from –6.5 ‰ to –4.2 ‰ (average = –5.3 ‰). The S isotopic signatures of Py_II, which are similar to those of global sediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits, together with the Pb isotopic data, collectively support a metamorphic fluid origin. In contrast, the narrow variation of δ³⁴S values (–2.8 ‰ to +0.4 ‰), Pb isotopic signatures and high Co/Ni ratios, are indicative of magmatic fluids for high-grade gold mineralization. The Py_Ⅳ is associated with native gold and LMCE minerals (low-melting point chalcophile elements) in calcite veinlets. Combined with the LMCE-rich characteristics of Py_III, the dissolution-reprecipitation of pyrite driven by magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, which remobilized both LMCE elements and Au, is considered the primary mechanism for high-grade mineralization. We conclude that multistage mineralization involving metamorphic and subsequent magmatic fluid superimposition led to the formation of the Zhaishang deposit, a model that may also apply to other gold systems in the West Qinling Orogen.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal germanium mineralization at South Lakes Glacier in the Black Angel Zn-Pb district, West Greenland","authors":"Michael Eigler ,&nbsp;Benjamin F. Walter ,&nbsp;R. Johannes Giebel ,&nbsp;Jochen Kolb","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107117","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Metamorphosed Zn-Pb deposits can host significant amounts of critical metals, but their enrichment and source are often not well understood. The Black Angel district in central West Greenland hosts several marble-hosted Paleoproterozoic Zn-Pb occurrences, including the Black Angel mine. The sphalerite-pyrite-galena dominated massive sulfides in the district host briartite, a rare Cu-thiogermanate mineral. Detailed petrographic studies, electron microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and micro-XRF-mapping were applied to breccia-hosted massive sulfide from the South Lakes Glacier prospect in the Black Angel district to study the formation of briartite and the distribution of Ge in the ore. Whole rock analyses reveal Ge grades of 120 ppm in the ore. Briartite, occurring as clusters of µm-sized grains, as well as anhedral grains of up to three millimeters in diameter, formed by precipitation from Cu-Ge-bearing hydrothermal fluids coevally with Ge-rich chalcopyrite and is the main host for Ge. Unusually Ge-rich phengite and quartz post-dating briartite reflect a shift in Ge behaviour from sulfide-hosted to silicate-hosted. The epigenetic ore assemblage was overprinted by metamorphism leading to solid-state and dissolution-precipitation sulfide remobilization as well as the formation of a <em>syn</em>-metamorphic ore stage. Remobilization led to widespread sulfide breccia formation at South Lakes Glacier. Biotite and graphite geothermometry reveal peak metamorphic temperatures of ∼500°C.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107117"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ compositions and sulfur isotopes of the copper sulfides from the Jiama giant copper polymetallic deposit: implications for ore-forming material sources, gold enrichment mechanism and mineral exploration","authors":"Fenghua Gu ,&nbsp;Xiang Fang ,&nbsp;Juxing Tang ,&nbsp;Pan Tang ,&nbsp;Hongjin Chen ,&nbsp;Aorigele Zhou ,&nbsp;Miao Sun ,&nbsp;Zhengkun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiama giant copper polymetallic deposit is one of the most important deposits in the Gangdise metallogenic belt, which consists of hornfels-type Cu-Mo, skarn-type Cu-polymetallic, porphyry-type Mo-Cu, and distal vein-type Au orebodies with associated Ag, W, and Bi mineralizations. This deposit develops a large number of copper sulfides, such as bornite, juxingite and chalcopyrite. This study carried out LA-ICP-MS and EPMA analyses on the aforementioned copper sulfides to (1) assess the elements’ partitioning and distribution pattern in the mineral assemblage, (2) trace the ore-forming material source, (3) decipher the metallogenetic physicochemical environment, and (4) ascertain the gold enrichment mechanism. The study results show that both bornite and juxingite are enriched in Bi, in particular with the juxingite, whose Bi peak content reaches 80425 ppm. Besides, as the most important gold carrier in the Jiama deposit, bornite contains significantly more Au and Ag contents than those in other sulfides, and the content of Bi, Au and Ag in bornite shows a decreasing trend from the distal skarn to the proximal skarn. In contrast to bornite and juxingite, chalcopyrite possesses much lower Bi, Au and Ag contents. Elemental correlation analysis shows that the contents of Au and Ag in bornite and chalcopyrite are positively correlated with those of the elements, such as Bi, Te and Se, which could be indicative of the spatial location of mineralization. The δ³⁴S values of the most sulfide samples in Jiama deposit range from −3.42 to −0.9, which are similar to those in the porphyry of the Gangdise metallogenic belt, indicating an ore-forming material source of the neogenic lower crust with addition of the mantle-derived materials. Locally, some bornite samples possess much lower δ³⁴S values (−7.52 to −6.81), which implies that there maybe a mixing of the organic sulfur from the wall rocks of the Linbuzong Formation or sulfur isotope fractionation caused by cooling. The formation temperature of bornite-chalcopyrite assemblages ranges from 236℃ to 345℃, and the mineral assemblages reveal that the log <em>f</em>S₂ was greater than −12 during the main stage of skarn mineralization, while the <em>f</em>S₂ was less than −11 during the late mineralization of skarn. The gold enrichment in bornite and juxingite was closely relevant to existence of the Bi-Au melt. During the mineralization process, Bi melts scavenged Au from hydrothermal fluids, and the fluctuation of oxygen fugacity led to precipitation of the Bi-Au melts and enrichment of gold in bornite. With the temperature cooling, the juxingite exsolved from the bornite and captured the residual gold in the fluid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107095"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cu-Au vein-type mineralization in the Danyore Valley, Kohistan arc, northern Pakistan: Insights from geochemistry, geochronology, and sulfide alteration","authors":"Iqtidar Hussain ,&nbsp;Huan Li ,&nbsp;Mohamed Faisal ,&nbsp;Asad Khan ,&nbsp;Mohammad Naseer ,&nbsp;Jubril Izge Hassan ,&nbsp;Hasnain Ali","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Kohistan terrane of northern Pakistan, one of the largest Cretaceous island-arc complexes, is well documented in terms of tectono-magmatic evolution, yet its metallogenic framework remains poorly constrained. The Danyore Valley in Gilgit-Baltistan hosts Cu-Au-bearing quartz veins associated with Mesozoic gabbro-diorite intrusions of the Ladakh-Kohistan arc. The age, petrogenesis, and ore-forming processes of this system have not previously been established. Here, we integrate field observations, petrography, whole-rock geochemistry, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb geochronology, zircon and sulfide geochemistry, and S-Pb isotopic data to constrain the evolution of the host rocks and the origin of mineralization. Zircon U–Pb dating indicates Early Cretaceous crystallization ages (∼110 Ma) for the host rocks, while geochemical signatures reveal a calc-alkaline arc affinity, derived from a depleted mantle source metasomatized by slab-derived fluids and modified through fractional crystallization in a continental margin setting. The sulfide mineralization occurs in NW- and NE-trending quartz veins dominated by chalcopyrite, pyrite, and bornite with notable gold enrichment, accompanied by phyllic, propylitic, and carbonatization alteration. Sulfur and lead isotope compositions suggest mixed mantle and crustal sources, including contributions from granitoids of the Kohistan Batholith. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the Danyore Valley mineralization represents an Early Cretaceous, structurally controlled, arc-related Cu–Au vein system, thereby reducing metallogenic uncertainty within the Kohistan terrane and highlighting its exploration potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107091"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magmatic evolution and chromite mineralization in the Gayahe ultramafic Complex, East Kunlun orogenic Belt, western China","authors":"Wen-Qi Ren ,&nbsp;Shao-Yong Jiang ,&nbsp;Hailin Xie ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Hui-Min Su","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrating chromite–silicate geochemistry with apatite U–Pb geochronology, this study deciphers the magmatic evolution and chromite mineralization of the Gayahe ultramafic complex in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt. Newly identified massive chromitites occur within serpentinite, dunite, olivine pyroxenite, and pyroxenite. Apatite U–Pb dating yields an age of 430 ± 17 Ma, placing their formation in the Early Silurian during a major pulse of mantle-derived magmatism. Chromite from massive chromitite is characterized by high Cr# (70.2–80.6), low TiO₂, and trace-element patterns marked by relative Zn–Co–Mn enrichment and pronounced Sc depletion, indicating crystallization from a low-Ti parental melt consistent with forearc boninitic magmatism. Systematic contrasts among chromite types show that re-equilibration chiefly overprinted low-modal-abundance chromite in serpentinite and other ultramafic host rocks, whereas the multivalent-element chemistry of chromite from massive chromitite samples preserves near-primary melt signatures. Coexisting olivine shows high Mg# and Ni contents, consistent with crystallization from a depleted mantle-derived melt. Field, petrographic, and geochemical evidence collectively indicates that the Gayahe chromitite formed in an Early Silurian subduction-related arc setting, where chromite–silicate crystal-mush accumulation followed by gravitational settling generated the massive chromitite layers. These findings refine the petrogenesis of the Gayahe ultramafic complex and establish a geochemical framework for identifying high-Cr chromitite associated with boninite-series magmatism in comparable orogenic belts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107125"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In-situ geochronology and geochemistry of allanite, monazite and calcite in the Yushishan metasedimentary rock-hosted Nb-Ta-REE deposit (NW China)","authors":"Cheng-Lai Deng,&nbsp;Shao-Yong Jiang,&nbsp;Hui-Min Su,&nbsp;Wei Chen,&nbsp;Tao Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107128","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2026.107128","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The newly discovered Yushishan Nb-Ta-REE deposit is hosted by metasedimentary rocks (mainly leptynite) in the South Qilian orogen, northwestern China. However, key aspects of this deposit, including the precise timing of rare earth element (REE) mineralization, its metallogenic history, and the mechanisms driving REE enrichment, remain poorly constrained. This study integrates in-situ U-Pb geochronology of REE-rich minerals (allanite and monazite), in-situ geochemical and C-Sr isotopic analyses of calcite, and whole-rock Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions to elucidate the deposit’s genesis. In-situ U-Pb dating of monazite and allanite constrains the timing of REE mineralization to ∼490 Ma, indicating a genetic connection between REE mineralization and regional alkaline intrusions.<!--> <!-->Petrological and geochemical characteristics identify four types of calcites (Cal-1 to Cal-4) from aegirine-augite syenite, syenite and mineralized leptynite. Cal-1 and Cal-3, characterized by higher (La/Lu)_N ratios, are inferred to derive from magmatic fluids, whereas Cal-2 and Cal-4 likely originate from metamorphic fluids. Additionally, petrological and geochemical evidence confirms a hydrothermal origin for monazite and allanite in mineralized leptynite, highlighting the critical role of hydrothermal fluids in mineralization. Calcite C-Sr isotopic compositions indicate that ore-forming fluids incorporated components from both host rock marble and ancient strata (e.g. Daken Daban Group). Whole-rock Sr-Nd isotopes reveal a shared magma source for alkaline intrusions and leptynite, pointing to a hybridized lithospheric mantle-derived reservoir as the primary source of ore-forming materials. The metallogenic history of the Yushishan deposit is divided into two key stages: (1) a Neoproterozoic pre-enrichment stage (∼830 Ma) involving REE-enriched alkaline volcanism, which laid the foundation for subsequent mineralization; and (2) an Early Paleozoic metallogenic event (∼490 Ma) triggered by the northward subduction of the North Qilian Block beneath the Central Qilian Block. This subduction event induced asthenospheric upwelling, promoting partial melting of the lithospheric mantle to generate Nb-Ta-REE-rich melts. These melts mixed with lower crustal melts and intruded into the Aoyougou Formation leptynites. Subsequent magmatic-hydrothermal fluids then remobilized pre-existing REE reservoirs in the leptynite, culminating in REE mineralization. This multistage model underscores the combined role of magmatic-hydrothermal and metamorphic-hydrothermal systems in the activation, transport, and deposition of REEs in the Yushishan deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indium distribution and substitution mechanisms in the skarn mineralization process of world-class Dulong Sn–Zn–In deposit, Yunnan Province (Southwest China)","authors":"Liang Li ,&nbsp;Shucheng Tan ,&nbsp;Zheng Liu ,&nbsp;Jingxian Meng ,&nbsp;Jianyu Yang ,&nbsp;Yuguo Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiaohu He ,&nbsp;Jiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Hailong He ,&nbsp;Qinghe Yan ,&nbsp;Hui Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107085","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.107085","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a representative deposit of indium (indium)-rich skarn mineralization systems, the Dulong world-class Sn-Zn-In deposit offers an ideal natural laboratory for investigating the occurrence patterns, spatial distribution, and substitution mechanisms of indium through systematic <em>in-situ</em> analysis using EPMA and LA-ICP-MS. Our analytical results reveal significant and selective enrichment of indium in minerals, governed by complex substitution mechanisms. Indium preferentially concentrates in sphalerite, cassiterite, and chalcopyrite, while other minerals (e.g., magnetite, arsenopyrite, and pyrrhotite) exhibit anomalously elevated indium contents. However, the predominance of sphalerite in the deposit inhibits the formation of discrete indium mineral phases. The incorporation of indium primarily occurs through isomorphic substitution involving multiple coupled mechanisms, including: (i) (Cu, Ag)⁺ + In³⁺ ↔ 2(Zn, Fe)²⁺ in sphalerite and chalcopyrite; (ii) In³⁺ ↔ Fe³⁺ in cassiterite and chalcopyrite; (iii) In³⁺ + Sn⁴⁺ ↔ Fe²⁺ + (Nb, Ta)⁵⁺ in cassiterite; (iv) Ag⁺ + Sn²⁺ + In³⁺ ↔ 3Zn²⁺ in chalcopyrite. During skarn mineralization processes, the distribution and enrichment of indium are principally controlled by four key factors: (i) crystallographic constraints of host minerals, (ii) physicochemical properties of ore-forming fluids, (iii) thermodynamic conditions, and (iv) specific substitution mechanisms. Indium preferentially partitions into minerals with tetrahedral coordination sites and those formed under high-temperature conditions. Furthermore, sulfur-rich hydrothermal systems with elevated sulfur fugacity demonstrate enhanced indium enrichment capacity. Temporally, indium enrichment exhibits distinct stage-specific characteristics, with principal concentration occurring in oxide-stage cassiterite and early sulfide-stage Fe-rich sphalerite and chalcopyrite developed under high sulfur fugacity conditions. We provide critical insights into the microscale occurrence states and atomic-scale substitution mechanisms of indium in the Dulong deposit. By systematically elucidating the geochemical behavior and enrichment processes of indium during skarn mineralization, our findings advance the understanding of critical metal enrichment mechanisms and expand the theoretical framework of skarn deposit formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"189 ","pages":"Article 107085"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146039407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}