Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Multi-stage cobalt mineralization in the Meta-sedimentary rock-hosted stratabound Dahenglu Cu–Co Deposit, northeast China","authors":"Huining Wang ,&nbsp;Fulai Liu ,&nbsp;Liangliang Zhuang ,&nbsp;Zhonghua Tian ,&nbsp;Chaohui Liu ,&nbsp;Fang Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiyong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106829","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106829","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Co is an essential metal for various emerging industries. (Meta-) sediment-hosted stratabound Cu–Co deposits (SSCC) account for over 60 % of global Co production. The role of sedimentation in Co mineralization in SSCC has been reported; however, the effects of metamorphism and associated hydrothermal fluids remain unclear. Herein, we developed an orogenic-type metallogenic model for the graphitic micaschist-hosted stratabound Dahenglu Cu–Co deposit (DCCD) in the northeast Jiao–Liao–Ji orogenic belt, China. The drill holes and stratum samples revealed that the DCCD underwent diagenesis, Paleoproterozoic metamorphism, and hydrothermal overprinting. No sediment-derived sulfides were observed in the DCCD. The graphitic micaschists geochemically resemble shale, with highly negative δ¹³C values (−25.9 ‰ to −22.2 ‰), consistent with organic matter transformed into graphite in a semi-enclosed restricted lagoon. The Co in the Dalizi Formation (DF) originated from the weathering of 2.18–2.15 Ga Fe–Co sulfide deposits in the Lieryu Formation. Co was captured by clastic minerals and organic matter during sedimentation. The metamorphic transformation involved Co-poor pyrite decomposition and pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, linnaeite, and cobaltite formation. CO₂- and Cl-rich fluids mobilized metals during foliation under greenschist–amphibolite facies metamorphism. Hydrothermal overprinting formed sulfide-rich stockwork and veins. They were mainly represented by Co-rich pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, siegenite, and cobalt pentlandite. Analysis of the compositions and proportions of silicates, sulfides, and sulfoarsenides from 189 drill holes revealed that metamorphism-derived linnaeite and cobaltite account for over half of the Co content in the DCCD, followed by hydrothermally derived Co-rich pyrite. In summary, the sedimentary precursors of DF provided critical metallogenetic materials for Co pre-enrichment. The Paleoproterozoic metamorphism and hydrothermal fluids induced Co mineralization and re-enrichment in DCCD. These results show that DCCD is an orogenic Cu–Co deposit broadly similar to the Central African Copperbelt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106829"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sedimentary environment controls on critical metals enrichment in late Permian coal measures in western Guizhou, China","authors":"Xiao Bian ,&nbsp;Minfang Yang ,&nbsp;Jing Lu ,&nbsp;Lusheng Yin ,&nbsp;Longyi Shao ,&nbsp;Jason Hilton ,&nbsp;David P.G. Bond ,&nbsp;Shifeng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106824","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106824","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Critical metals are, as the name suggests, critical to modern society and understanding how and where they form is essential for targeted exploration for new resources. In the late Permian, the input of alkaline volcanic ash from the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP) led to the formation of multiple Nb–Zr–REY (rare earth elements and Y)–Ga-enriched coal seams (called metalliferous coals) within the coal measures (middle-lower Longtan Formation) in western Guizhou, which exhibiting exceptionally high natural gamma-ray log (GR) positive anomalies. Ore beds are characterized by GR values &gt; 2.0 pA/kg in rock layers and &gt; 1.6 pA/kg in adjacent coal seams. The sedimentary environment of deposition controls both the formation of ore beds and the enrichment of critical metals within them. Ore beds are distributed across four facies: floodplain paleosols, freshwater peat mires, marine-influenced peat mires, and lagoons, with four corresponding lithological associations: tonstein–coal, paleosol–coal, coal, and carbonaceous mudstone. The highest concentrations of critical metals are found in tonstein–coals that formed in marine–influenced peat mire environments. Leaching by acid rain and meteoric water, adsorption effects of peat and clay minerals, the presence of acidic and reducing environments, seawater incursion, and the effects of plant growth all play a role in enhancing critical metals enrichment. The coal ash from metalliferous coals contains average concentrations of Nb, Zr, REY, and Ga of 813.80 μg/g, 5,178.58 μg/g, 1,255.21 μg/g, and 117.01 μg/g, respectively. The number of minable seams is one or two, with an average thickness of 1.98 m. The critical metals reserves in minable metalliferous coal ash are estimated at 7.81 × 10⁵ t (Nb), 4.97 × 10⁶ t (Zr), 1.21 × 10⁶ t (REY), and 1.12 × 10⁵ t (Ga). However, the coal ash is enriched not only with critical metals but also with elements harmful to health such as Pb, Cr, Th, and U, along with abundant nano–scale quartz particles, posing substantial threats to human health. Our findings represent a valuable contribution to exploration for critical metals in sedimentary successions and furthermore demonstrate potential for efficient and clean utilization of coal ash as a metal resource in an increasingly circular economy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106824"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144858465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meso–Cenozoic exhumation and preservation of rare metal deposits in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, Southwest China: Insights from fission track thermochronology","authors":"Shuangfeng Zhao,&nbsp;Wen Chen,&nbsp;Jingbo Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The eastern part of the Songpan–Garze–Tianshuihai orogenic belt (E-SGTOB) is a significant source of pegmatitic rare metal resources. Serving as a critical stress release zone and tectonic transfer corridor in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, the E-SGTOB has experienced multiple periods of thrust nappe formation, uplift, and exhumation, accompanied by extensive strike-slip and thrust fault development during the Meso–Cenozoic era. These complex geological processes have profoundly influenced the formation, evolution, and spatial distribution of mineral resources in the region. However, research on the exhumation history and preservation conditions of rare metal deposits in this area remains limited. To clarify the impact mechanisms of the tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau on the formation and preservation of rare metal deposits, this study reconstructs the cooling history of the Jiajika and Ke’eryin deposits via apatite fission track (AFT) dating and examines the uplift–exhumation processes of the E-SGTOB. The main research findings are as mentioned. (i) The AFT ages of Jiajika and Ke’eryin samples range from 84.12 Ma to 61.27 Ma and from 23.27 Ma to 9.29 Ma, respectively. (ii) Thermal modeling reveals two notable stages of rapid exhumation in the E-SGTOB during the Meso–Cenozoic era. The first stage, during the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90–60 Ma), involved significant exhumation in the Jiajika area, with an average cooling rate of ∼ 3.3 °C Ma⁻¹. However, AFT data from the Ke’eryin deposit show no evidence of this thermal event, suggesting that Late Cretaceous exhumation was spatially restricted. The second stage, from the Neogene to the present (&lt;25 Ma), was characterized by intense tectonic activity in the eastern Tibetan Plateau due to the far-field effects of the India–Eurasia continental collision. During this period, the pegmatite-type rare metal deposits of the E-SGTOB were extensively exhumed to surface levels. The cooling rate in the Ke’eryin area exceeded 4.6 °C Ma⁻¹, considerably higher than the 2.2 °C Ma⁻¹ observed in the Jiajika area. (iii) The preservation of deposits in the E-SGTOB was jointly constrained by the regional tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau and local tectonic patterns of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. After the completion of the Indosinian orogeny and before the Neogene period (∼25 Ma), the long-term tectonic stability in the Tibetan Plateau created a favorable condition for the preservation of deposits. After the Neogene (25–0 Ma) and during the late Himalayan orogeny, amidst intense tectonic activity, the rare metal deposits located in the regions of weak deformation with a low exhumation rate or in highly hidden geological settings exhibited favorable preservation conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106826"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144841972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical evolution of ore-forming fluids and key controlling factors in super-large gold deposits: A case study of the North Sanshandao gold deposit, Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China","authors":"Jian Li ,&nbsp;Ming-chun Song ,&nbsp;Da-peng Li ,&nbsp;Zeng-sheng Li ,&nbsp;Wen-yan Cai ,&nbsp;Xue-feng Yu ,&nbsp;Zhong-hua Tian ,&nbsp;Nai-jie Chi ,&nbsp;Qing-yi Cui ,&nbsp;Ming Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106831","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106831","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Precise characterization of ore-forming fluid evolution is crucial for understanding the mineralization mechanisms of large-scale gold deposits. The North Sanshandao gold deposit, China’s first offshore super-large gold resource (&gt;562 t Au @ 4.35 g/t), serves as an exemplary case study for deciphering the formation processes of both super-large and Jiaodong-type gold deposits. Petrographic observations and crosscutting relationships define four distinct mineralization stages. Fluid inclusion (FI) studies reveal four FI types in quartz across these stages: (i) liquid (H₂O)-dominated two-phase (type 1), (ii) vapor (H₂O)-dominated two-phase (type 2), and (iii) CO₂-bearing (liquid and vapor) inclusions (types 3a and 3b). Stage I (254–375 °C, 3.53–10.74 wt% NaCl eq.) contains all four FI types, whereas stage II (195–313 °C, 2.06–10.37 wt% NaCl eq.) is marked by types 1, 2, and 3a. Stage III (196–336 °C, 5.05–9.47 wt% NaCl eq.) exhibits only types 1 and 3a. Notably, stages I–III display clear evidence of fluid immiscibility, indicative of a low-salinity, medium-temperature NaCl–H₂O–CO₂ hydrothermal system. In contrast, stage IV (134–184 °C, 3.53–9.34 wt% NaCl eq.) transitions to a simpler NaCl–H₂O system, with only type 1 inclusions present.</div><div>Stable isotope analysis reveals that the δ¹⁸O_H2O (5.7–10.0 ‰) and δD (90.9–78.4 ‰) values indicate a predominantly magmatic fluid source. However, stage IV records a significant influx of meteoric water (δ¹⁸O_H2O =  − 9.4 ‰, δD =  − 100.5 ‰). Pressure estimates for stages I–III range from 54.2–81.0 MPa (avg. 69.3 MPa; ∼5.5–8.3 km depth), 42.8–90.9 MPa (avg. 63.1 MPa; ∼4.4–9.3 km depth), and 54.7–87.6 MPa (avg. 60.9 MPa; ∼5.6–8.9 km depth), respectively. Pyrite noble gas isotopes provide further insights: ³He/⁴He ratios in auriferous pyrite from stages II and III range from 1.37 to 1.44 Ra (25–26 % mantle-derived He) and 0.07–1.29 Ra (1–23 % mantle-derived He), respectively, highlighting the mantle-derived fluids contribution to mineralization. Combined H-O-He-Ar isotopic data strongly support a unified magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids across the Jiaodong gold deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106831"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructures and element geochemistry of anatase from the Laozuoshan gold skarn deposit, NE China","authors":"Jun Liu,&nbsp;Tie–Gang Li,&nbsp;Zhen–Yu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106823","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106823","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rutile, anatase, and brookite are polymorphs of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and occur as accessory minerals in various lithologies. They provide important information for revealing magmatic–hydrothermal ore formation, yet the mineralogical characteristics and genesis of hydrothermal anatase is not well established. In this study, we focus on the texture and geochemical composition of anatase from the auriferous ore (quartz–ankerite–pyrrhotite–arsenopyrite vein) and barren rock (quartz–ankerite vein) from the Laozuoshan deposit. Five types of anatase were discovered, including (1) type-AI and −BI anatase in auriferous ore and barren rock, characterized by being homogeneous and isolated without mineral inclusions; (2) type-AII and −BII anatase in auriferous ore and barren rock, usually contains some biotite, ankerite, zircon or apatite inclusions. Some type-AII anatase grains in the auriferous ore show patchy zoning; (3) type-AIII anatase (only in auriferous ore) is characterized by well-developed sector or normal zoning. High W content is distributed in the patches and sector zones of type-AII and −AIII anatase, which could be attributed to the W substitution for Ti in the anatase. We suggest that F-rich ore fluids could facilitate the W incorporation into the anatase crystal, and W-rich anatase can serve as an indicator mineral for gold skarn exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106823"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144851971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological, geochemical and geochronological characteristics of the Jiashi sandstone-hosted Cu deposit in the Kalpin fold-thrust belt in front of South Tianshan Orogen and their implications","authors":"Rongzhen Gao ,&nbsp;Chunji Xue ,&nbsp;Junfeng Dai ,&nbsp;Ronghao Man ,&nbsp;Mingjia Hou ,&nbsp;Yang Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106822","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106822","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fold-thrust belts in front of the South Tianshan Orogen host numerous sandstone-hosted copper deposits and occurrences within Meso-Cenozoic continental red beds. The Jiashi Cu deposit (&gt;2 Mt ore @ 1.2 % Cu in proven reserves) is particularly noteworthy among these sandstone-hosted Cu deposits, and orebodies are hosted in continental sandstone of the Paleogene sedimentary sequences. The copper mineralization at Jiashi is characterized by disseminated, veined, stripped and massive sulfides, which are predominantly composed of chalcocite with minor bornite and chalcopyrite. Chalcocite is inferred to have a hydrothermal origin based on its primary sulfide characteristics, similar compositions of major elements, and analogous δ³⁴S_v-CDT values (−33.34 ‰ ∼ −35.78 ‰) for chalcocite grains from core to rim, although the copper mineralization is superimposed by later supergene oxidation. Eight chalcocite samples were dated using Re-Os isotopic method, yielding an isochron age of 21.2 ± 3.6 Ma, which was regarded as the mineralization age. It is slightly younger than the ore-bearing sandstone of the Paleogene sequences (23.4 ∼ 38 Ma), indicating an epigenetic origin. Based on these geological characteristics and the new mineralization age, we propose that significant sandstone-hosted copper mineralization occurred during the Early Miocene at Jiashi, formed in an intracontinental orogenic environment with coupling of thrust activation and large-scale fluid migration. These findings indicate that the fold-thrust belts in front of the South Tianshan Orogen possess considerable potential for the discovery of additional large-scale sandstone-hosted copper deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106822"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144826810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal alteration and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy exploration of the Jinwozi gold deposit in the Beishan Orogenic Belt, NW China","authors":"Yaoxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Xiao ,&nbsp;Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Hao Wang ,&nbsp;Genshen Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jinwozi orogenic gold deposit, located in the western Beishan mineralization belt of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), comprises three mining areas: Jinwozi (biotite granite-hosted), Shuangxin (altered sandstone-hosted), and 210 (carbonaceous mylonite-hosted). The paragenesis sequence of mineralization and alteration in three mining areas can be broadly divided into the metamorphic deformation stage, hydrothermal mineralization stage and supergene stage. In the Jinwozi mining area, the hydrothermal stage is further divided into the early silicification-chloritization-pyritization, main mineralization with intensive silicification-pyritization-sericitization, and late carbonation. In contrast, the Shuangxin mining area is characterized by silicification and chloritization as the early phase, while the 210 mining area is dominated by silicification and pyritization. The main mineralization and late phase are similar across all three areas.</div><div>By combining petrography and shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy, alteration zonation in the Jinwozi gold deposit can be delineated as quartz-muscovite ± chlorite zone, quartz-muscovite-chlorite ± epidote zone, and quartz-muscovite-pyrite zone, with the latter being most closely related to mineralization. In all three mining areas, spectral analysis shows that the Al-OH absorption peak position (Pos2200) of white micas (muscovite, illite, phengite and paragonite) proximal to ore bodies are shorter (Pos2200 &lt; 2202.5 nm), whereas the spatial distribution of illite crystallinity (IC) values exhibits inconsistencies. Specifically, the Jinwozi (0.3–1.2) and Shuangxin (0.5–1.3) mining areas both exhibit lower IC values proximal to ore bodies, contrasting with the 210 mining area where higher values (1.3–2.1) occur within proximity. Meanwhile, the IC values show an increasing trend from the Jinwozi (0.3–1.2) to Shuangxin (0.5–1.3), and the 210 mining area (1.3–2.1), suggesting that the 210 mining area could be the hydrothermal center, and the 210 structural fracture zone may serve as the primary hydrothermal channels. Therefore, Pos2200 &lt; 2202.5 nm, Jinwozi mining area IC: 0.3–1.2, Shuangxin mining area IC: 0.5–1.3, 210 mining area IC: 1.3–2.1, can be considered as new exploration indicators for the Jinwozi gold deposit. This study provides practical support for the application of SWIR technology in orogenic gold exploration, offering new scientific evidence and technical guidance for the exploration of the Jinwozi gold deposit and similar deposits in the Beishan Orogenic Belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106820"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144827697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning uncovers provenance of source rocks for volcano-sedimentary lithium mineralization in South China","authors":"Rui Su ,&nbsp;Yongjie Lin ,&nbsp;Wenhui Huang ,&nbsp;Simon M. Jowitt ,&nbsp;Francesco Putzolu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106808","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106808","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Early to Middle Triassic sedimentary units in South China, belonging to the so-called “Green bean rock” (hereafter “GBR”), host significant volumes of potentially economic clay-type volcano-sedimentary lithium (Li) mineralization. However, the source material and the processes that led to the enrichment of Li in these clay deposits remain unclear. This is especially true of the uncertain provenance of the igneous material that eventually forms this Li mineralization. In this study we apply machine learning to geochemical data from igneous rocks and GBR samples to determine the nature of the source rock, the type and source of the magma associated with the GBR, and the initial Li contents of these protoliths. The results of this Random Forest (RF) modeling indicate that the GBR protolith was entirely derived from a dacitic magma, whereas the petrology of these samples indicate that the source magma for the GBR protolith was derived from an intermediate to acidic dacite-rhyolite magma. The RF modeling suggests the protolith volcanic ash was primarily derived from the Sanjiang Orogenic Belt and the Shiwandashan Belt in South China. The location and distribution of the GBR relative to the Sanjiang Orogenic Belt and the Shiwandashan Belt indicates that the GBR has a significant directionality with preferential NE-SW and N-S orientations, indicating the likely influence of paleomonsoon conditions during GBR formation. The Li content of the GBR protolith is &lt;50 ppm, with 68.75% of the data generated during this study having a Li concentration of &lt;20 ppm, indicating that the Li within the GBR was primarily derived from water–rock interactions during the deposition period. This study provides new insights into the process involved in the formation of the GBR and the associated Li enrichments in this region as well as outlining the value in integrating machine learning models with big data in mineral deposit research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106808"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metallogenic prediction based on multi-source remote sensing and machine learning: A case of lithium ore in Jiajika, China","authors":"Li He ,&nbsp;Zhengwei He ,&nbsp;Xin Chen ,&nbsp;Linlong Li ,&nbsp;Wenxin Wu ,&nbsp;Guichuan Kang ,&nbsp;Jiansheng Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106813","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106813","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiajika Mine, once the largest lithium deposit in Asia, is targeted for further exploration to identify additional mineral resources in the region. In this study, we developed a comprehensive metallogenic prediction framework that integrates multi-source remote sensing data—including GF-5, ASTER, Landsat-8, and spectral data of terrestrial objects—with machine learning models: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP). The main results are as follows: (1) By combining the results of all three models, we identified 14 favorable mineralization zones, including three known ore sites. (2) Among the three models, the MLP achieved the highest performance, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) value of 0.788, while RF had the lowest at 0.742. (3) Iron anomalies, structural density, and tourmaline alteration were key factors influencing metallogenic prediction. These were followed by alteration features related to spodumene mineralization, muscovite alteration, silicification, andalusite and beryl-associated spectral signatures. In contrast, hydroxyl anomalies and cordierite alteration had the least impact on the identification of favorable metallogenic zones. This method demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating the multi-source remote sensing data with machine learning techniques in mineral exploration and provides valuable insights for metallogenic prediction in regions with complex geological structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106813"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144773102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical characterization of tourmaline in rare-metal pegmatites in the Mufushan area of central China and its metallogenic significance","authors":"Haibao Qin ,&nbsp;Peng Li ,&nbsp;Jiankang Li ,&nbsp;Liang Zhang ,&nbsp;Pengfei Jiang ,&nbsp;Liping Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiaoqiang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106810","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106810","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pegmatites, as significant sources of rare metals, have long attracted considerable scientific attention due to their complex magmatic–hydrothermal evolutionary histories. However, the processes governing pegmatite evolution and rare-metal mineralization remain controversial. The Mufushan area in central China is a significant concentration area of rare-metal deposits, where multiple phases of magmatic activity and multistage mineralization have given rise to extensive rare-metal pegmatite deposits. Previous studies have primarily focused on magmatic-stage ore forming processes and secondary rare-metal enrichment during the hydrothermal stage. However, systematic investigations into the complete magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and associated rare-metal mineralization remain debate. Tourmaline is widely developed in various types of pegmatites throughout the Mufushan area, recording the geochemical characteristics of magmatic evolution at different stages within the region. This study conducted in-situ major and trace element analyses of different tourmaline types to investigate their geochemical characteristics and implications for magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and rare-metal mineralization. The results indicate that black tourmaline is schorl, formed during the late magmatic stage; dark-green tourmaline is elbaite, formed during the magmatic-hydrothermal transition; and pink tourmaline is rossmanite, formed during the hydrothermal stage. The evolutionary sequence of tourmaline colors (black → dark green → pink) reflects the continuous differentiation process of volatile-rich (e.g., F-enriched) pegmatitic magma. This evolution corresponds to the increasing intensity of rare-metal mineralization. As magmatic evolution progresses, the Li, Be, Nb, and Ta contents in tourmaline continue to increase. Elemental composition variations in tourmaline are governed by the LiAlFe₋₂ and Fe³⁺Al_-1 substitution mechanism, which reflect a transition of the magmatic system from Fe-rich to Li- and Al-rich compositions. Fractional crystallization is the primary mechanism for rare-metal enrichment in the residual melt. Hydrothermal metasomatism during the fluid-rich stage further enhances rare-metal mineralization. Moreover, an F-enriched magmatic environment facilitates rare-metal concentration and mineralization. Compared to tourmaline from other pegmatite-hosted rare-metal deposits, the ones in Mufushan pegmatites, characterized by higher concentrations of rare-metal elements and lower Nb/Ta ratios, demonstrate a higher degree of magmatic evolution and greater metallogenic potential of regional pegmatites. These findings offer new insights for utilizing the geochemical tourmaline composition (e.g., Li + Be + Nb + Ta, Li/Sr, Nb/Ta) as an indicator of rare-metal mineralized pegmatites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"185 ","pages":"Article 106810"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}