Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Age and genesis of the ji’an Pb-Zn deposit in the east of Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, NE China","authors":"Yanpeng Liu ,&nbsp;Jinggui Sun ,&nbsp;Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Chuntao Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaolei Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106613","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106613","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (JLJB) is located in the northeast of the North China Craton, which is a gathering place for polymetallic deposits dominated by magmatism. The Ji’an Pb-Zn deposit is situated in the eastern region of the JLJB, where ore bodies were hosted in the Cambrian brecciated limestone. Four mineralization stages have been identified here: the retrograde skarn (Pre-ore), early quartz-sulfide (I), late quartz-sulfide (II) and quartz-carbonate (III) stages. Fluid inclusions (FIs) include three types which are gas-dominated (W₁-type), liquid- dominated (W₂-type) and pure-liquid (PL-type) FIs. During the Pre-ore and I Stages, the hydrothermal fluids are characterized by a H₂O–NaCl ± CO₂ composition, with temperature variations spanning 271–474°C and salinity levels ranging from 4.32–13.30 wt% NaCl eqv. The latter stages, however, are characterized by a simpler H₂O–NaCl system, with temperatures and salinity levels measured at 131–283 °C and 2.39–9.6 wt% NaCl eqv, respectively. Isotopic analysis of hydrogen and oxygen suggests that these hydrothermal fluids predominantly originate from magmatic source, with subsequent admixture with meteoric waters. Furthermore, in-situ sulfur isotope studies indicate the magmatic genesis of the Pb-Zn sulfides in the Stage II, whereas the Stage III sulfides are deduced to derive from both magmatic and sedimentary sources. in-situ lead isotopic data further infer that the origins of the Pb-Zn minerals are linked to the crust and orogenic belts. Hydrothermal apatite has a U-Pb age of 119 ± 3.4 Ma, which constrain the formation of the deposit to the Early Cretaceous. According to comparative assessments with typical deposits, the Ji’an Pb-Zn deposit is a skarn type formed by metasomatic interactions between subsurface granitic magmas and the limestone of the Zhangxia Formation during the Early Cretaceous. Immiscibility and mixing of hydrothermal fluids play an important role in metal deposition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106613"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical constraints on the genesis of Au mineralization at the Wangzhuang deposit, South Qinling, China: Insights from fluid inclusion, trace elements, and H–O–S–Fe–Pb isotopic studies","authors":"Wuyi Meng ,&nbsp;Jiajun Liu ,&nbsp;Emmanuel John M. Carranza ,&nbsp;Faqiao Li ,&nbsp;Yongbao Gao ,&nbsp;Liyong Wei ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Huanhuan Wu ,&nbsp;Bin Jia ,&nbsp;Xin Zheng ,&nbsp;Ningbo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106593","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106593","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Zhen’an–Xunyang Basin, a rifted basin in the South Qinling orogenic belt, hosts significant Hg–Sb–Au deposits, including Gongguan, Qingtonggou, and recently discovered Carlin-type gold deposits like the Wang Zhuang deposit. The Wang Zhuang gold deposit, characterized by bedding-parallel fault zone control, providing the setting to study the genetic mechanisms of Au deposits. Current assessments indicate a potential Au resource of 2.57 tons within the Wangzhuang gold deposit, highlighting promising prospects. The alteration and mineralization processes of the Wangzhuang deposit are divided into three stages: (Ⅰ) arsenopyrite–quartz vein stage, (Ⅱ) quartz veins with arsenian pyrite stage, and (Ⅲ) quartz-carbonate stage. The initial two stages, reflecting the principal phase of ore formation, are closely interconnected, while Stage III encompasses a subsequent phase of mineralization characterized by relatively weaker alteration and mineralization. This study reveals magmatic involvement in ore formation through H–O–S–Fe–Pb isotope analyses. Fluid inclusion analyses of quartz reveal that the Au mineralization is associated with medium– to low–temperature (112–330 °C) and medium– to low–salinity (1.3–11.4 wt% NaCl equivalent) fluids enriched with organic components. The H–O isotopes of quartz show δD_V-SMOW values ranging from −83.8 ‰ to −75.4 ‰, decreasing from early to late mineralization stages. S isotopic analyses of pyrite and arsenopyrite reveal δ³⁴S values of 8.4 ‰ to 10.9 ‰ in arsenopyrite, significantly lower than the δ³⁴S values of 35.6 ‰ to 60.4 ‰ in the surrounding strata, indicating a non-stratigraphic sulfur source. Fe isotopes suggest that δ⁵⁶Fe values range from 0.2 ‰ to 2.1 ‰ before mineralization and 0.6 ‰ to 2.0 ‰ during mineralization, indicating Fe was primarily derived from adjacent strata. Pb isotopic ratios of pyrite and arsenopyrite exhibit the following ranges: ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 39.700 to 40.368, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.977 to 16.073, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 18.543 to 18.811. When integrated with Pb isotopic data from the Jinlongshan and Gongguan deposits in the same region, the isotopic evolution trend aligns with that of Late Jurassic granites, indicating that Pb originated from a mixture of magmatic and stratigraphic sources. In summary, magmatic fluids mobilized metals from Cambrian strata, serving as the primary ore-forming source. Fluid mixing and changes in physical and chemical conditions likely facilitated gold precipitation. The Au–Hg–Sb deposits in this region may share a common ore-forming process, with host rock characteristics and the distinct properties of Au, Hg, and Sb determining their segregation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143859618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology and Cu mineralization in the Jiangbian deposit of the Yangla polymetallic orefield, SW China: In situ trace element constraints and s-pb sulfide isotopic compositions","authors":"Xinfu Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Shucheng Tan ,&nbsp;Cheng Xu ,&nbsp;Changfen He ,&nbsp;Yuhuan Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiangbian deposit is an important component of the Yangla Cu–polymetallic orefield in the central area of the Jinsahjiang suture zone (JSZ), Sanjiang region, southwestern China, comprising 0.53 Mt Cu, 0.70 t Au, and 39 t Ag at 0.94 %, 0.13 g/t, and 14.28 g/t, respectively. The layered and veined Cu orebodies within the contact or fracture zone between the Triassic granitoid plutons (granodiorite) and Devonian wall rocks (<em>meta</em>-quartz arenite, sandy slate and marble). Three ore stages: Pre-ore (andradite and diopside), <em>syn</em>-ore (sulfides, quartz, and calcite), and supergene have been preliminarily identified in the Jiangbian Cu mineralization. In this study, in-situ trace element and S-Pb isotopic compositions of ore-related sulfides were systematically determined and used to precisely constrain metals source, ore genesis and ore-forming processes. Trace elemental geochemistry of sulfides from the Jiangbian deposit indicate that various trace elements are predominantly present in sulfides as solid solutions and nano-inclusions, with less micro-inclusions.</div><div>The calculated ore deposition temperature mainly ranged from 281 to 371 ℃ (avg. 319 ℃) based on the trace element geochemistry of sulfides, suggesting that the Cu ore-related sulfides formed at medium–high temperature conditions. Arsenopyrite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite from the Jiangbian deposit show uniform δ³⁴S values ranging from –7.29 to + 3.18 ‰ (avg. –2.18 ‰; <em>n</em> = 40) and highly similar to the sulfides (δ³⁴S ≈ 0 ± 3.0 ‰) from the Linong and Lunong Cu deposits, a typical magmatic-derived S. The in-situ Pb isotopes of galena exhibited narrow ranges (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.305–18.317, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.675–15.682, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.626–38.647; <em>n</em> = 10) and highly similar to that of typical skarn Cu-Pb-Zn ores from Linong-Luong Cu deposit, indicating that the metals originated from a mixed source of upper-lower crustal materials. Considering the new elemental and S-Pb isotopic data of these sulfides combined with the Cu orebodies are spatially and genetically related to Triassic granodiorite and skarn, we preliminarily propose that the Jiangbian deposit is a typical intrusion-related skarn Cu deposit. Studying the genesis of the Jianbian deposit provides a better understanding of the Cu mineralization potential of the Yangla Cu–polymetallic orefield.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143878943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical and mineralogical investigation of germanium-rich chalcopyrite veins from the Cu-Ag Kupferschiefer deposit, Poland","authors":"Krzysztof Foltyn ,&nbsp;Dariusz Węgrzynek ,&nbsp;Viktor Bertrandsson Erlandsson ,&nbsp;Eligiusz Gugała ,&nbsp;Gabriela A. Kozub-Budzyń ,&nbsp;Frank Melcher ,&nbsp;Magdalena Szczerbowska-Boruchowska ,&nbsp;Adam Piestrzyński","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The underlying geological processes responsible for germanium enrichment across various mineralization types remain elusive, posing a significant obstacle to the development of a comprehensive genetic models. The investigation of germanium-rich epigenetic sulfide-calcite veins from the Cu-Ag Kupferschiefer deposit in Lubin-Sieroszowice ore district in Poland provides new insights into the mechanisms of germanium concentration in sulfide ores. Petrographic observations at macro- and microscale levels suggest that this mineralization style is consistent with single or multiple brecciation episodes likely related to natural hydraulic fracturing by overpressured fluids. Electron microprobe microanalysis (EPMA), TESCAN Integrated Mineral Analyzer (TIMA), and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) reveal that chalcopyrite, a predominant mineral in the veins, is also the primary host of germanium, containing up to 5 016 mg/kg of Ge. Typical associations include calcite, bornite, sphalerite, galena, and tennantite, with less common occurrences of luzonite, gersdorffite, betekhtinite, and anhydrite. Micro X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) mapping of massive chalcopyrite demonstrates that germanium distribution is inhomogeneous exhibiting two distinct spatial distribution patterns: dendrite-like and apparent oscillatory zoning. It is hypothesized that a rapid fluid pressure drop could be an important factor in formation of germanium-enriched sulphide ores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143850552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potassium isotope constraints on brine sources and evolution in Qaidam Basin, Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Mao-Yong He ,&nbsp;Yuan Yuan Cheng ,&nbsp;Jianzhou Chen ,&nbsp;Zheng Yan Li ,&nbsp;Li Deng ,&nbsp;Tong Xiang Ren ,&nbsp;Jia Xin Luo ,&nbsp;Hui Hui Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genesis and evolutionary pathways of potassium resources in salt lakes form the scientific foundation for sustainable exploration and utilization of these critical mineral reserves. Potassium isotope system (δ⁴¹K), characterized by significant mass-dependent fractionation, has emerged as an effective tracer for investigating geological processes and material sources. This study presents a comprehensive geochemical investigation of brine salts, intercrystalline brines, and river waters collected from the Qaidam Basin on the northern Tibetan Plateau, China. The ion compositions, hydrochemical characteristics, and potassium isotopic compositions of the samples were analyzed. Analytical results reveal substantial spatial heterogeneity in potassium concentrations ([K⁺]) across different sample types, ranging from less than 0.01 × 10³ mg L⁻¹ to ∼21.12 × 10³ mg L⁻¹. A distinct [K⁺] hierarchy emerges: river samples &lt; freshwater lakes &lt; semi saline lakes &lt; brine lakes &lt; intercrystalline brines. Concurrent δ⁴¹K values exhibit significant variability (−0.77 ‰ to + 1.31 ‰), demonstrating systematic correlations with both [K⁺] concentrations and basin-scale structural features, as evidenced by comparative analysis with published δ⁷Li and δ¹¹B datasets. Multivariate isotopic analysis (δ⁴¹K-δ⁷Li-δ¹¹B) coupled with hydrochemical fingerprinting reveals a polygenetic potassium origin for Qaidam’s brine systems, involving: multiple mixture of rivers, deep groundwater via fractures (oil field brines, hot springs, etc.), and low-temperature weathering processes of K-rich rock. Notably, δ⁴¹K signatures show systematic differentiation between two major brine types. The δ⁴¹K values of chloride type salt lakes is relatively small (−0.57 ‰ to 0.22 ‰), whereas those in sulfate type salt lakes is much larger (−0.77 ‰ to 1.31 ‰). The results suggest that δ⁴¹K is a powerful tracer not only for indicating changes in sources but also for reflecting the evolutionary processes of brine.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis of Early-Cambrian barite deposits in the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Platform","authors":"Xinzheng Li ,&nbsp;Ruidong Yang ,&nbsp;Yanbing Ji ,&nbsp;Lei Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaorui Wang ,&nbsp;Xingyou Xie ,&nbsp;Yonggang Li ,&nbsp;Yuexin Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Tianzhu barite deposit in Guizhou, South China, is the world’s largest barite deposit, hosted within the chert of the Lower Cambrian Liuchapo Formation. Its genesis has long been debated, with proposed models suggesting either submarine hydrothermal or cold-seep origins. To clarify its formation process, comprehensive mineralogical, sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical analyses were conducted. The deposit exhibits distinct vertical zoning, including columnar and pie-like barite at the base, massive and granophyric barite in the middle, laminar and banded barite at the top, associated with barite nodules, hyalophane and small-shell fossils. Trace element data, along with sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and silicon isotope compositions, suggest that the Tianzhu barite deposit is unlikely to have formed through submarine hydrothermal processes. Instead, it primarily precipitated in confined basins in a shallow-water, oxidizing environment. Ba-rich fluids erupted along faults near ancient islands and accumulated in these basins. During transgressions, deep-sea sulfate ions mixed with Ba-rich fluids, triggering extensive barite precipitation. In later stages, sulfate depletion in seawater facilitated hyalophane formation at the uppermost layers. These findings provide new insights into the genesis of the Tianzhu barite deposit and suggest that large-scale barite precipitation played a significant role in reducing toxic Ba concentrations in Cambrian oceans, potentially contributing to the Cambrian explosion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trace element geochemistry and genetic implications of sphalerite and pyrite from the Lower Cambrian Dahebian stratiform barite deposit and its associated deep-seated sulfide mineralization, South China","authors":"Yu Zhu ,&nbsp;Zhengbing Zhou ,&nbsp;Hanjie Wen ,&nbsp;Ling Liu ,&nbsp;Dongguang Yang ,&nbsp;Lin Xu ,&nbsp;Tiantian Liu ,&nbsp;Shuang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106621","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106621","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block hosts significant stratiform barite deposits within the early Cambrian black shales. Various models, including submarine exhalative hydrothermal activity, cold seep, and biological enrichment, have been proposed to explain their genetic types. Recently, substantial Zn-Pb-Fe sulfide ores mainly hosted by the Doushantuo Formation were discovered beneath the early Cambrian stratiform barite ores. The sulfide and barite ores along this belt demonstrated a common characteristic of close spatial relationship; however, it remains unclear whether a genetic relationship also exists. Nevertheless, this shed newly light on to decoding the genetic mechanism of massive barite deposition during this period. The mineralogy and trace element concentrations of sphalerite and pyrite in both deep-seated sulfide ores and stratiform barite ores at the Dahebian region were determined in this study. Hyalophane intergrown with apatite was frequently observed in both types of ores. This association contrasts with the Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) zinc-lead mineralization hosted in the Qinxudong Formation within this region, where apatite is predominantly surrounded by hydrothermal calcite. Furthermore, a covariant trend of minor concentrations of sphalerite and/or pyrite has been observed between sulfide ores and barite ores, indicating their precipitation within evolving hydrothermal fluids. This observation is corroborated by the decreasing temperatures of sphalerite during precipitation: the early-stage sulfide mineralization, late-stage mineralization, and stratiform barite deposit have recorded hydrothermal fluid temperatures in the ranges of 109 °C to 235 °C, 99 °C to 231 °C, and 38 °C to 199 °C, respectively. Furthermore, a comparable decreasing trend in sulfur fugacities was observed during the transition from sulfide to barite ore mineralization. The elevated concentrations of Ni, Cu, Se, and V in the late-stage pyrite of deep-seated sulfide deposits suggest that anoxic-euxinic bottom seawater infiltration along extensional faults likely facilitated mineralization. The enhanced influx of infiltrating seawater into mineralization zones significantly reduced the temperature of hydrothermal fluids, leading to a decrease in the rates of thermochemical sulfate reduction. Therefore, it can be reasonably inferred that the sulfide ore underlying the stratiform barite ores likely originated from sedimentary exhalative hydrothermal fluids. The Zn-Pb-Fe sulfide ores, which are deeply seated, underwent mineralization within the feeder zone at depth. Conversely, the stratiform barite deposits represent the uppermost expression of sedimentary-exhalative mineralization. These findings collectively suggest intense venting of Zn-Pb-Fe-Ba-bearing hydrothermal fluids into the rift basin along the southeastern margin of the Yangtze Block during the early Cambrian period.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106621"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralogy and geochemistry of two stages of uranium mineralization in the Jiling albitite-hosted uranium deposit, northwest China","authors":"Chi-Da Yu ,&nbsp;Kai-Xing Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Dong Liu ,&nbsp;Gui Wang ,&nbsp;Wen-Heng Liu ,&nbsp;Li-Qiang Sun ,&nbsp;Gang Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106616","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106616","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiling Na-metasomatism uranium deposit in northwest China was initially regarded as a low-temperature mineralized system. Recent exploration has identified high-temperature mineralization at depth. However, the genesis of high-temperature U mineralization at Jiling remains unclear, resulting in the absence of a comprehensive genetic model for the Jiling deposit. This study integrates whole-rock geochemistry, mineral paragenesis and chemistry, and stable and radioactive isotope compositions from unaltered, altered, and ore-bearing samples to characterize five stages of magmatic and hydrothermal evolution at Jiling: (1) the first stage involved the emplacement of the Jiling high-K calc-alkaline granitoids, representing the primary uranium source for mineralization; (2) Na-metasomatism stage is characterized by the albitization accompanied by ductile deformation. The alteration assemblage includes albite, hematite, and chlorite. U–Pb dating of apatite from ore-barren albitite yielded an age of 433 ± 14 Ma. Stable isotopes of albite and chemical compositions of apatite indicate that the metasomatic fluids were high-temperature, Na-enriched, and alkaline, likely exsolved from the mafic dykes in the Jiling area; (3) Na-Ca-metasomatism followed immediately after Na metasomatism. This stage, characterized by weak brittle deformation of the albitite, is associated with high-temperature uranium mineralization. Alteration assemblage includes albite and calcite, with uraninite as the primary uranium mineral. Uranium was transported by a high-temperature, alkali-rich, alkaline, and reducing fluid, primarily as hydroxide complexes. The removal of Na and Ca from the fluids destabilized uranium complexes, leading to uraninite precipitation; (4) Ca-Fe-Mg-metasomatism, occurring during the Middle Devonian, is associated with the low-temperature uranium mineralization. Alteration minerals include calcite, chlorite, hematite, and barite. Pitchblende is the dominant uranium mineral. Metasomatic fluids were primarily meteoric water with a minor magmatic component. Uranium was likely transported as uranyl sulfide complexes; (5) the post-ore alteration stage contains calcite, chlorite, illite, and quartz. During this stage, uraninite and pitchblende were partially or totally altered into coffinite. By delineating these five stages, this study provides a comprehensive genetic model for the Jiling deposit, elucidating the processes and conditions leading to high- and low-temperature uranium mineralization. These findings highlight the crucial role of initial high-temperature, alkali-rich magmatic fluids in high-temperature uranium mineralization and subsequent meteoric water in low-temperature uranium mineralization of the Jiling deposit. This understanding will facilitate the development of precise ore-forming models for future exploration at the Jiling deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106616"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143864718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining the fluid sources of gold-bearing veins in orogenic belts using sulfur and lead isotopes: A case study from Loch Tay, Scotland (UK)","authors":"Shane Webb ,&nbsp;Taija Torvela ,&nbsp;Rob Chapman ,&nbsp;Lucia Savastano ,&nbsp;Robert Jamieson ,&nbsp;Adrian Boyce ,&nbsp;Andrew Tait ,&nbsp;Steven Hollis ,&nbsp;Vanessa Pashley","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106619","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106619","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Unpicking the fluid and metal sources, and the number of mineralizing events, can be challenging because fluids from different origins mix and can overprint existing mineralization. Crustal and/or basinal fluids may play a role in “diluting” magmatic or mantle fluids and can have a significant impact on the isotope composition of the precipitated phases in an ore deposit, which ultimately leads to difficulties in classifying the deposit style. We present a case study of this problem from the southern margin of Loch Tay (Scotland). The results from sulfur and lead isotope studies indicate that magmatic-hydrothermal processes were responsible for the establishment of the mineralizing system, but this signature gets progressively obscured in some localities due to mixing between magmatic-hydrothermal and crustal fluids. Indications of two separate mineralization events have been observed, but differentiating the first stage from the second one is challenging. Our study demonstrates the need to understand the characteristics of the mineral system and the geological setting to support robust interpretation. The results also have implications for regional exploration models: we suggest that the majority of the auriferous vein occurrences at Loch Tay are probably of a magmatic origin, rather than of an “orogenic gold” type. Furthermore, the veins around Loch Tay provide a case study of how vein-hosted gold mineralization with some orogenic characteristics may be related to magmatism, suggesting that isotope data from other auriferous veins globally may be misinterpreted due to fluid mixing, particularly if the regional context is poorly understood.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106619"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hyperparameter optimization in unsupervised anomaly detection for mineral prospectivity mapping","authors":"Seyyed Ataollah Agha Seyyed Mirzabozorg ,&nbsp;Mobin Saremi ,&nbsp;Ramin DehghanNiri ,&nbsp;Maysam Abedi ,&nbsp;Mahyar Yousefi ,&nbsp;Amin Beiranvand Pour ,&nbsp;Ardeshir Hezarkhani ,&nbsp;Abbas Maghsoudi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mineral potential mapping (MPM) can recognise irregular patterns of mineralization-related indicator features and proxies. It serves as an anomaly detection technique, given that mineralization itself is a rare geological event. In this regard, unsupervised anomaly detection (UAD) algorithms could be effective in identifying high potential zones of mineralization accounting for irregular pattern recognition. The main advantage of these algorithms lies in their ability toexploit geo-datasets without requiring any form of annotation. In this study, eight evidence layers were first created based on the conceptual model of mineral deposits to build a model of Fe prospectivity in the Esfordi region of Yazd province, located in east-central Iran. Then, three unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms, namely deep autoencoder (DAE), one-class support vector machine (OC-SVM), and isolation forest (IForest) were employed to assess Fe prospectivity in the area. The prediction-area (P-A) plot was subsequently used to evaluate the efficacy of the three prospectivity models. Finding indicate that the deep autoencoder outperforms the other adopted machine learning methods in identifying high potential areas of Fe mineralization. Considering the significance of hyperparameters in the implementation of these algorithms, we also investigate the application of the P-A plot to identify optimal hyperparameter values, thereby enhancing the performance of the Fe prospectivity model. The results demonstrate that in IForest and DAE, and to some extent OC-SVM, experts can adjust hyperparameters without relying on labelled data, achieving a commendable level of detection performance. This innovative approach and workflow are broadly applicable to regional-scale mineral exploration across diverse metallogenic provinces globally.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 106627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143844956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}