Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"LA-ICP-MS trace element geochemistry and sulfur isotopic compositions of sphalerite from Jiama deposit: Implications for its genesis and mineralization processes","authors":"Yan Xiong ,&nbsp;Juxing Tang ,&nbsp;Pan Tang ,&nbsp;Faqiao Li ,&nbsp;Mengdie Wang ,&nbsp;Jing Qi ,&nbsp;Zhichao Wang ,&nbsp;Shuhui Xu ,&nbsp;Yuanhui Fu ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Zhengkun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is a typical representative of the post-collision porphyry copper deposits in the eastern segment of the Gangdese metallogenic belt in China. Currently, the occurrence mechanism of the trace elements in sphalerite and the genesis of the distal lead–zinc mineralization are not clear in the Jiama deposit. Sphalerites, the primary ore minerals in the Jiama distal lead–zinc mineralization, have rich colors and are hosted in skarn (Sp1), hornfels (Sp2), and manto (Sp3) orebodies. In this study, we utilized laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and in-situ sulfur isotope analysis to investigate the genesis of sphalerite and reveal the distal lead–zinc mineralization processes. Sp1 had high Fe and Cd contents, Sp2 had low Mn and Ga contents, and Sp3 had high Cu and Co contents. The trace elements in sphalerite (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cd, Co, Ga, In, and Cu) primarily existed in the form of isomorphic substitution. The substitution mechanisms mainly included (Fe, Mn, Cd) ²⁺ ↔ Zn²⁺, (Cu⁺, Ag⁺) + Ga³⁺ ↔ 2Zn²⁺, and Cu⁺ + In³⁺ ↔ 2Zn²⁺. The sphalerite showed a diverse array of colors; based on these colors, the sphalerites were classified into three categories: brown with high contents of Fe, Cd, Mn, and Ga (Type 1); yellow with Ge and Cu enrichment (Type 2); and dark blue with high Ag concentrations (Type 3). The sulfur in the sphalerite in the Jiama deposit was derived from magma; this sphalerite generally formed under medium-to-high temperatures and moderate sulfur fugacity conditions. As the ore-forming fluids moved away from the hydrothermal center, the temperature and sulfur fugacity of the sphalerite formation gradually decreased, accompanied by a reduction in the Fe and Cd content of sphalerite. Thus, sphalerite can be utilized as one of the prospecting indicators for identifying the fluid source of porphyry mineralization systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106856"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145026429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and metal source of the Carboniferous Ortokarnash manganese deposit in the Western Kunlun Orogen, Northwest China","authors":"Bang-Lu Zhang,&nbsp;Ru-Ya Jia,&nbsp;Jian-Ling Xue,&nbsp;Zhi-Cheng Lv","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106845","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The formation mechanisms of Mn(II) carbonate mineralization and the precise sources of metals in ancient sedimentary Mn ore deposits remain subjects of debate. The Ortokarnash Mn ore deposit occurred within a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic sedimentary sequence of the Upper Carboniferous Kalaatehe Formation consisting of three lithological members. In this study, detailed component-specific solution analyses were performed on same sample powders from the Ortokarnash Mn(II) carbonate ores and wall rocks. The acetic acid-soluble fractions (i.e., leachates) in Mn(II) carbonate ores show a distinct PAAS-normalized positive Ce anomalies (3.73 ± 0.21), negative Y anomalies (0.90 ± 0.03), and low Y/Ho ratios (22.42–24.84). These are typical features of modern marine hydrogenetic Mn(III/IV) oxide precipitates, indicating that the Mn(II) carbonate mineralization likely the diagenetic product of precursor Mn(III/IV) oxide reduction. The remarkable positive δ&lt;sup&gt;53&lt;/sup&gt;Cr values (1.04 ± 0.11 ‰) in leachates of the Mn ores further confirm that Mn(II) carbonates formed during diagenesis through the reduction of Mn(III/IV) oxides originally deposited from an oxygenated water column. Moreover, the PAAS-normalized REE + Y patterns for leachates in associated wall rocks from the 3rd Member are characterized by no meaningful or a slight positive Ce anomalies (1.03–1.49, mean = 1.17), which is indicative of an active Mn(III/IV) oxide shuttle across a redox-stratified basin water column.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The δ&lt;sup&gt;53&lt;/sup&gt;Cr values (−0.17 to 0.04 ‰) in leachates of the associated wall rocks from the 3rd Member lie within or close to the Bulk Silicate Earth, and thus likely indicate discharge of Cr(III) of submarine hydrothermal origin in the local basin. The acetic acid-insoluble fractions (i.e., residues) in wall rocks are characterized by low Th/Sc (0.02–0.24) ratios, slight chondrite-normalized light REE enrichment (Nd/Yb&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; = 2.08 ± 0.77), primitive mantle-normalized LILEs enrichment, positive U-Pb and negative Nb-Ta-Ti anomalies, and high radiogenic Nd (–3.63 ≤ εNd(t) ≤ 3.94) and low radiogenic Sr (0.704854 ≤ (&lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr)&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; ≤ 0.707710) isotope compositions, indicating that siliciclastic debris in wall rocks were likely derived from a depleted mantle source (e.g., WKO mafic volcanic rocks). By contrast, the residues in Mn(II) carbonate ores display low Al/Ti (13.63–21.85) and high Th/Sc (1.04–2.43) ratios, marked chondrite-normalized light REE enrichment (Nd/Yb&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; = 7.52 ± 2.23), primitive mantle-normalized LILEs enrichment, positive U-Th-Pb and negative Ta-Ti anomalies, and low radiogenic Nd (εNd(t) = –6.07 ± 0.40) and high radiogenic Sr ((&lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr)&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; = 0.708064 ± 0.000612) isotope compositions. These element and isotope geochemical features are consistent with that of felsic/intermediate rocks, suggesting that siliciclastic component in Mn(II) carbonate ores were likely source","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144926224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbially-mediated supergene dissolution and oxidization of solid manganese carbonate in the Malkantu manganese ore deposit in West Kunlun, Northwest China","authors":"Ling-Nan Zhao ,&nbsp;Qin Huang ,&nbsp;Dao-Hui Pi ,&nbsp;Yi Zhang ,&nbsp;Da-Qing Ding ,&nbsp;Sasmaz Ahmet","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supergenic manganese (Mn) oxide ores with high Mn concentrations, which are oxidized from sedimentary Mn carbonate ores, represent critical Mn resources and primary targets for industrial exploitation. Previous studies have suggested that most supergene Mn oxides are formed under warm and humid climatic conditions. However, the contribution of microbes to the formation of supergene Mn oxide deposits may have been significantly underestimated. In particular, under arid and cold conditions, where chemical weathering rates are extremely low, microbial processes may dominate, leading to Mn mineral alteration. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive morphological and mineralogical analysis of supergene Mn oxides in the Malkantu Mn deposit using advanced analytical methodologies, including X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results revealed a range of microbially induced structures, including tubular borings, biofilm-like coatings, hyphae-like filaments, and nano-spherulite aggregations. These features provide compelling evidence for biologically mediated dissolution of Mn carbonates and the subsequent precipitation of secondary Mn oxides. The Mn carbonates, initially formed during the Late Carboniferous, were subsequently buried beneath the Permian volcanic-sedimentary sequences. The Cenozoic tectonic uplift exposed the Mn-rich layers to surface conditions characterized by arid climates, intense solar radiation, and minimal vegetation cover. Despite the seemingly inhospitable environment, microbial activity persisted, thus significantly influencing the alteration of Mn-bearing minerals. Our findings suggest a novel model for supergene Mn enrichment dominated by microbial processes rather than solely by climatic factors, offering new insights into supergene Mn ore genesis in arid, cold, and high-altitude settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144912808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore genesis of the Jinchanggouliang Au deposit in the northern North China Craton: Constraints from vein quartz and fluid inclusions","authors":"Shi-Yue Yao ,&nbsp;Yong-Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;Xue-Xiang Gu ,&nbsp;Jia-Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106854","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106854","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jinchanggouliang gold deposit, containing exceeding 40 tons Au, is a quintessential large-scale deposit formed during the Yanshanian mineralization period in the northern margin of the North China Craton. However, previous studies have been highly controversial regarding the properties and evolution of ore-forming fluids, as well as the ore-forming conditions. This study employs H-O isotope analysis, fluid inclusion petrographic observation and microthermometry, in-situ LA-ICP-MS analysis of quartz and individual fluid inclusions to constrain the origin and properties of the ore-forming fluid, the fluid evolution process, and the Au precipitation mechanism. The mineralization process at Jinchanggouliang is divided into three stages: milky quartz (Q₁, stage I), quartz (Q₂) + pyrite (stage II), quartz (Q₃) + polymetallic sulfides (stage III). Stage III represents the principal mineralizing phase within the paragenetic sequence of the hydrothermal system. The primary fluid inclusion types are divided into three categories: two-phase aqueous inclusions (type I), two-phase CO₂-bearing aqueous inclusions (type II), and three-phase solid-bearing inclusions (type III). Microthermometry results indicate that the homogenization temperature progressively decreases from stage I to stage III, with significant salinity fluctuations. The ore-forming fluid is categorized within the H₂O-NaCl system, displaying features indicative of high-temperature conditions and a variable salinity range (1.7–37.8 wt% NaCl equiv.). Fluid boiling occurs at stage III. In-situ LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions, combined with stable H-O isotope studies of quartz, delineates that the fluid is primarily sourced from magmatic water, with a contribution of meteoric water during the main metallogenic stage. The Rb/Cs ratio of fluid inclusions remains relatively stable across all stages, with values oscillating within a narrow range of 1–10, indicating a single source for the fluid system. As the progression from the stage I to III, the Ti content in quartz gradually decreases, while the Al and Sb contents increase. The correlation between Al and Li, as well as between Al and the sum of Li, Na and K, gradually increases, indicating a transition from single substitution to compensated substitution in quartz from the pre-ore to the main-ore stage. The formation conditions of quartz in each stage, calculated using TitaniQ, and fluid inclusion P-T formulas, are approximately 1.43 kbar at 548 °C for stage I, 0.73 kbar at 441 °C for stage II, and 0.14 kbar at 341 °C for stage III. As the fluid progressed towards the main mineralization stage, the lithostatic pressure transitioned to hydrostatic pressure. Fluid boiling in stage III is attributed to rapid pressure reduction. The escape of acidic volatiles and the addition of meteoric water gradually increase the pH. These physicochemical perturbations triggered extensive m","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106854"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144932665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stable isotope, fluid inclusion, and petrological-mineralogical features of epithermal deposits in the structural zones of Iran: A review","authors":"Narges Yasami,&nbsp;Seyed Hedayatalah Mousavi Motlagh,&nbsp;Majid Ghaderi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106851","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106851","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The structural zones of Iran and their various subtypes of epithermal deposits are: Urumieh-Dokhtar (LS-IS-HS), Arasbaran (LS-IS-HS), Alborz [Tarom (LS-IS-HS), Torud-Chah Shirin (LS-IS-HS), Binalood (LS) subzones], Sabzevar-Taknar (LS), Sanandaj-Sirjan (IS-HS), Makran (LS), Lut (LS-IS-HS), and Central Iran (LS-IS). One hundred and sixteen epithermal deposits in Iran are reviewed in this article. There are two or three subtypes in all zones except Sabzevar-Taknar and Makran. The majority of the host rocks consist of Eocene-Oligocene volcanic, pyroclastic, and intrusive rocks with calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline, and shoshonitic affinities in the continental magmatic arc in a subduction zone. The Central Iran host rocks are the most different. Based on isotope studies, the O and H sources are mostly magmatic and then meteoric water, but in some LS deposits, formation waters played a role. In the LS deposits, C sources are magmatic, meteoric, marine carbonate, and sedimentary. Sulfur sources are mostly magmatic, but sedimentary, volcanic-sedimentary series, igneous, marine evaporate sulfate, evaporate, and sedimentary-metamorphic basement. In the IS deposits, S sources are sedimentary, igneous, magmatic, and volcanic H₂S. In the HS deposits, S sources are sedimentary, volcanic-sedimentary series, igneous, magmatic, magmatic vapors, and volcanic H₂S. There are L + V, L₁ + L₂ + V, V + L, L, V, L + V + S, and L + V + CO₂ fluid inclusion types, and precipitation mechanisms in order of importance are boiling, mixing, cooling, and dilution. Makran and then Sabzevar-Taknar deposits exhibit the lowest temperature and salinity. According to all the pieces of evidence, the structural setting of the zones determines the characteristics of the deposits, like host rocks, ore-bearing fluid conditions, ore mineral assemblage, alteration, S, O, H, and C sources, and finally, deposit subtypes. In some deposits, shreds of evidence like higher fluid inclusion maximum homogenization temperature, and salinity relative to epithermal range, potassic alteration (biotite-rich), and adakite magma affinity indicate that other types of mineralization (probably porphyry) are associated.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106851"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep magma evolution and gold mineralization in Wulong area, Liaodong Peninsula: Evidence from the Wulong 3000 m scientific drilling","authors":"Chenggui Lin ,&nbsp;Tingjie Yan ,&nbsp;Zhizhong Cheng ,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Yao ,&nbsp;Jingwen Mao ,&nbsp;Zhicheng Lü ,&nbsp;Fuxing Liu ,&nbsp;Jinzhu Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106849","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106849","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Wulong area is located in the Liaodong gold-polymetallic mineralization belt on the northeastern margin of the North China Craton. The area is characterized by intense tectonic-magmatic activity and the widespread distribution of Yanshanian intrusive rocks. The intrusive dikes are spatially, temporally, and genetically related to gold mineralization. A 3000 m scientific drill core (project number WLSZ001) was recently obtained in the area under the auspices of the National Key Research and Development Program, providing valuable samples for investigating deep magmatic evolution and gold metallogeny in the Liaodong region. This study presents petrogeochemistry, zircon U-Pb geochronological, and Hf isotopic characteristics of intrusive rocks (including dikes) samples from WLSZ001. Field observations indicate that the drill core intersected substantial intrusive dikes of the Wulong pluton, predominantly comprising biotite monzonite granite, diorite, lamprophyre, and diabase. Simultaneously, multiple levels of gold polymetallic ore bodies (including mineralized zones) were identified, consisting of four gold ore bodies, three gold mineralized zones, two zinc ore bodies, and one zinc mineralized zone. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals two distinct intrusive episodes: the first spanning between 153.8 to 166.3 Ma (Middle to Late Jurassic), and the second between 123.9 and 136.1 Ma (Early Cretaceous), consistent with the regional pluton emplacement age. Geochemically, the deep intrusive rocks are characterized by high-Al, high-K, low-Mg and low-Ca contents, classifying them as calc-alkaline to high-K calc-alkaline. They display enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE; e.g., Ba, K, La, Pb) and depletion in heavy rare earth elements (HREE) and high field strength elements (HFSE; e.g., Nb, Ta, Pb, P, Ti). Notably, the granitic dikes exhibit features characteristic of peraluminous S-type granites. Zircon εHf(t) values for the deep intrusive rocks range from –32.0 to −2.3 (average –22.8), yielding two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2) averaging 2661 Ma (ranging from 1565 and 3176 Ma). These data suggest that the deep intrusive rocks originated from partial melting of Paleoproterozoic ancient crustal materials in a volcanic arc and co-collision environment related to the oblique subduction of the ancient Pacific Plate. Integrating field geological observations, geochronological and geochemical data, and previous research, it is considered that the two phases of intrusive rocks in the deep Wulong area represent pre-mineralization intrusions. While not directly involved in the genesis of the Wulong gold deposit, the pervasive vein network creates pathways for ore-forming hydrothermal fluids, and areas with dense vein development are prospective targets for gold exploration in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106849"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144902247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A generative neural network approach to uncertainty and risk-return analysis in mineral prospectivity modelling","authors":"Lahiru M.A. Nagasingha ,&nbsp;Charles L. Bérubé ,&nbsp;Reza Ghanati","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The industrial adoption of machine learning techniques for mineral prospectivity modelling (MPM) remains limited due to their inability to model uncertainties and a lack of systematic frameworks for evaluating risk and return in mineral predictions. A major challenge is that most existing methods fail to simultaneously capture both epistemic uncertainty, which arises from limitations in the predictive modelling process, and aleatoric uncertainty, which stems from the inherent randomness in geoscience data. To address this, we propose a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) approach incorporating decoder calibration and uncertainty estimation, which we apply to Canadian magmatic Ni (±Cu ±Co ±PGE) sulphide mineral systems. Aleatoric uncertainty is quantified from the CVAE’s posterior distribution, whereas epistemic uncertainty is assessed from 100 MPM realizations based on datasets generated by the CVAE. We also introduce a novel risk-return framework which integrates relative uncertainty measures with the non-parametric Getis–Ord <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>G</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∗</mo></mrow></msup></math></span> statistics spatial clustering technique to categorize exploration targets into four distinct risk-return categories. Results from the spatial distribution and kernel density estimation analysis reveal that most known deposits are situated in low-uncertainty zones. Notably, high-return zones, which comprise approximately 4% of the total area, account for 94.7% of the known deposits. This research highlights the significance of incorporating uncertainty and risk-return analysis to improve decision-making in mineral prospecting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106844"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical behavior of gold and critical metals in the Goongarrie Ni-laterites, Western Australia","authors":"Walid Salama,&nbsp;Louise Schoneveld,&nbsp;Michael Verrall","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106850","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106850","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Goongarrie Ni–Co laterite deposit, developed on serpentinized komatiites of the Walter Williams Formation in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane in Western Australia, comprises a thick lateritic weathering profile marked by a lower Mg-silicate-rich saprolite and an upper ferruginous saprolite (Fe-oxide zone enriched in Ni and Co). Structural controls, particularly NW–SE and NNW–SSE shear zones, and paleochannels have influenced the profile thickness (up to 125 m) and the localization of metal enrichment. Mineralogical and geochemical data reveal that nickel and cobalt are hosted primarily in Fe- and Mn-oxides (goethite, asbolane), with scandium and REE enriched in Fe-rich zones and clay minerals. Heavy mineral concentrates show that primary and secondary Ni–Co–Cu–As sulfides, PGE-bearing phases, and Au-Ag electrum are variably preserved or remobilized, especially along redox boundaries such as the Mg-discontinuity.</div><div>Hydrothermal overprints have contributed to the formation of Ni–Co–As sulfides and PGE in chromite and chlorite-rich zones, particularly in the lower saprolite. Ruthenium content in chromite varies systematically, providing a proxy for sulfide saturation in different parts of the profile. Laser ablation ICP-MS and geochemical correlations indicate that Fe- and Mn-oxides play a central role in the enrichment and redistribution of trace and critical metals (e.g., Sc, REE, Au, Ag, PGE). Gold enrichment is associated with redox gradients, a change in pH near the Mg-discontinuity and structurally controlled pathways, with evidence for halide complex transport under acidic and oxidizing conditions, and precipitation in lateritic and paleochannel settings. The integration of stratigraphic, mineralogical, and geochemical data highlights the interplay between lithology, structure, weathering, and fluid flow in concentrating Ni, Co, Sc, REE, and Au in the Goongarrie laterite profile.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106850"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145045069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and rare metal mineralization in the Chamuhan W-Mo-Sn-Be deposit in the southern Great Xing’an Range, Northeastern China","authors":"Hao-Ran Wu ,&nbsp;Hao Yang ,&nbsp;Yu-Sheng Zhu ,&nbsp;Zheng Ji ,&nbsp;Zhen-Yu Chen ,&nbsp;Zhi-Chao Zhang ,&nbsp;Wen-Chun Ge","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding the processes involved in the formation of vein-type deposits associated with granites is crucial for comprehending the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution and enrichment processes of rare metals in granitic-hydrothermal systems. The primary focus of this study is to elucidate the mechanism controlling rare metal mineralization and the evolution of ore-forming fluids. We present zircon-monazite-cassiterite-wolframite U-Pb ages, whole-rock compositions, monazite Nd isotopic data, as well as mineralogical and chemical data for mica, beryl, and tourmaline from granites and quartz veins in the Chamuhan deposit in the southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR), northeastern (NE) China. Our objectives are to investigate the temporal and genetic relationships between magmatism and mineralization, assess the factors influencing the rare metal mineralization, and elucidate the properties and evolution of the ore-forming fluids. The U-Pb dating results for the Chamuhan monzogranite (144 ∼ 139 Ma) closely coincide with the mineralization period (142 ∼ 132 Ma), which, along with other Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous deposits, indicate a peak in rare metal mineralization in the SGXR. During this epoch, an extensional environment provided sufficient time for magma evolution and facilitated the formation of these rare metal deposits. The ore fluids likely separated from the underlying fine-grained monzogranites (G3), which exhibited the highest degree of evolution and strongest melt-fluid interaction, ultimately precipitating towards the top of the altered intrusion represented by the altered biotite monzogranites (G2), thereby forming the W-Be-Sn mineralization. The chemical data for hydrothermal mica, beryl, and tourmaline elucidate the evolution processes of the ore fluids. These fluids transition from high concentrations of Si, F, and rare metals, accompanied by low oxygen fugacities and Mg-Fe contents, to conditions characterized by high oxygen fugacities and B contents with low rare metals and low to medium salinities. Isotope geochemistry indicates that system self-cooling rather than addition of external fluids, led to the precipitation of ore minerals. Detailed comparisons of whole-rock geochemical and monazite Nd isotopic data among the coeval Chamuhan, Maodeng, and Weilasituo rare metal granites reveal that the source regions offer limited concentrations of rare metals. The abnormal enrichment of rare metals in the Chamuhan deposit is probably the result of a combination of high degrees of crystallization differentiation, fluid-melt interactions, and changes in melt structures. Overall, our study not only provides new insights into the refined magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the Chamuhan deposit, but also demonstrates that mica, beryl, and tourmaline can serve as valuable indicators for mineral prospecting, where elevated concentrations of rare metals and F suggest an increased likelihood of mineralization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106828"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore-forming fluid evolution and metal precipitation mechanism at Xierqu Fe–Cu deposit, East Tianshan (NW China): Integrated constraints from fluid inclusions and garnet geochemistry","authors":"Xihui Cheng ,&nbsp;Mingxing Ling ,&nbsp;Li Yun ,&nbsp;Pinghui Liu ,&nbsp;Jiao Zhao ,&nbsp;Fuquan Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106843","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106843","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The newly discovered Xierqu deposit signifies a Devonian Fe–Cu mineralization event, challenging the Carboniferous-dominated submarine volcanic-hosted Fe(Cu) metallogenic model in East Tianshan, NW China. Its ore-forming fluid evolution and metal precipitation mechanisms require clarification. Mineralization is spatially confined to skarn at the quartz diorite porphyry-Dananhu Formation limestone interface. Four ore-forming stages are identified. Fluid inclusion (FI) petrography reveals three assemblages: liquid-dominated (L-type), vapor-dominated (V-type), and multiphase with daughter minerals (S-type). The prograde skarn stage contains high-temperature (343–481°C), variable salinity L-type (6.3–14.2 wt% NaCl eqv.) and very high-salinity S-type (39.8–43.6 wt% NaCl eqv. at 449–491°C) FIs. The retrograde epidote stage shows L-type and V-type FIs with moderate temperatures (L-type: 304–351°C, 5.2–7.7 wt%; V-type: 285–353°C, 5.7–9.1 wt% NaCl eqv.). A significant cooling and dilution trend characterizes the quartz-sulfide stage, evidenced by primary L-type (Th 246–304°C; salinity 3.2–6.7 wt%) and V-type (Th 241–324°C; salinity 3.1–6.3 wt%) FIs in quartz. Calcite stage FIs (L-type: Th 132–201°C, salinity 1.1–2.6 wt%; V-type: Th 150–213°C, salinity 1.4–2.7 wt%) confirm substantial external fluid influx. Pronounced Fe/(Na + K) ratio variations from early high-salinity to retrograde medium–low-salinity fluids indicate significant Fe precipitation. The maximum Cu/(Na + K) ratio occurs near 470°C in prograde skarn; subsequent cooling to ∼ 250°C in the quartz-sulfide stage causes a dramatic ratio drop, triggering chalcopyrite precipitation. Combined microthermometry and Laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS) data reveal Fe precipitation resulted from destabilization of Fe-chloride complexes via hydrothermal cooling and boiling. Cu mineralization coincided with concurrent cooling and fluid mixing. High U contents and HREE-enriched patterns in Grt-1A/B dark zones indicate near-neutral pH and low <em>f</em>O₂ fluids. An expanded Y/Ho range and LREE enrichment in Grt-2 demonstrate mixing between evolved magmatic fluid and an external fluid with mildly acidic pH and elevated oxygen fugacity. This study advances understanding of Devonian Fe–Cu mineralization in the East Tianshan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106843"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}