Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Thermal-tectonic history of the İspir-Ulutaş porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, Eastern Pontides: Implications for regional tectonics and exploration of porphyry systems","authors":"Nilay Gülyüz","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study employs multiple low-temperature thermochronology techniques—Apatite Fission Track (AFT), Apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe), and Zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe)—to reveal the cooling, exhumation, and preservation history of the İspir-Ulutaş porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, the oldest known porphyry deposit in the Eastern Pontides (∼131 Ma), and to investigate the relative scarcity of the porphyry systems in the Eastern Pontides.</div><div>The inverse thermal history model reveals a complex multi-stage cooling/exhumation history of the İspir-Ulutaş deposit. The ZHe data and thermal model indicate that the deposit was emplaced at a paleodepth of over 5 km at ∼ 131 Ma. The deposit experienced two major exhumation stages. The first, occurring during the Middle Eocene (∼43–38 Ma), was triggered by anomalous regional compressional forces likely due to the subduction of a mid-ocean ridge along the Bitlis-Zagros suture zone. During this phase, the porphyry system was exhumed to near-surface levels, but only its uppermost parts were eroded. Shortly after, post-collisional volcanic and sedimentary sequences buried the deposit, temporarily protecting it from further erosion. The second major exhumation phase, recorded by AHe data, began around 18 Ma and continues to the present, resulting in approximately 2.5 km of erosion. This phase aligns with the timing of the Arabia-Eurasia collision, which caused gradual uplift and exhumation across the region.</div><div>In summary, the deep emplacement of the İspir-Ulutaş deposit (&gt;5 km), combined with the post-mineralization burial by Eocene sequences, extended slow exhumation, and drier/continental climatic conditions, played key roles in the preservation of the porphyry system. Lastly, the study proposes that areas in the southern Eastern Pontides, particularly those covered by Eocene sequences, may offer promising exploration targets for new porphyry deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106532"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Petrogenesis, magmatic and metamorphic evolution of Salem granite: Implications for the Damara Orogeny","authors":"Yi-Zi Zou ,&nbsp;Shan-Shan Li ,&nbsp;Huai-Feng Zhang ,&nbsp;Murat Taner Tamer ,&nbsp;Germain Kaningu Bishikwabo ,&nbsp;Espine Tuyakula Shivute ,&nbsp;Wen-Ming Dong ,&nbsp;Absai Vatuva ,&nbsp;Chuan-Heng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106512","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106512","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Pan-African Orogeny induced extensive magmatic activity in the Central Zone of the Damara Orogenic Belt in Southwest Africa. However, the genesis of these granitoid complexes remains a subject of considerable uncertainty. The Salem granite, situated within the Central Zone of the Damara Orogenic Belt, serves as a prime subject for the investigation of the tectonic evolution of this belt. This paper utilizes a multidisciplinary approach encompassing petrography, whole rock geochemistry, U-Pb geochronology on zircon and monazite from quartz-monzonites and granodiorites collected from the Salem granitic complex. It discusses the petrogenesis, magmatic and metamorphic evolution, as well as its implication for the Damara Orogeny. The analysis of whole rock geochemical data suggests that the Salem granite are primarily peraluminous, ferroan, and alkali-calcic to alkalic in nature. These rocks exhibit elevated concentrations of high field strength elements (e.g., Th, U, Nb, Zr) and demonstrate light rare earth elements (LREE) enrichment relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREE). These geochemical characteristics bear a resemblance to those observed in A-type peraluminous granites. The magma may have undergone fractionation of plagioclase, biotite, and garnet during its evolution. Zircon and monazite U-Pb data reveal a magma crystallization age of 539–538 Ma, which overlaps with the extensive 540–490 Ma magmatic activity in the Damara Orogenic Belt. Their metamorphic age of 528–526 Ma is consistent with the 530–520 Ma regional peak granulite facies metamorphism. The metamorphic age of 501–484 Ma these granites coincides with the timing of the post-orogenic magmatism and uranium mineralization age of 500–480 Ma. Their Nb/Ta (19.0–71.2) and Zr/Hf ratios (83.5–146.0) are significantly higher than those of the depleted mantle (Nb/Ta = 17.5, Zr/Hf = 36.3) and crust (Nb/Ta = 12.4, Zr/Hf = 35.5), suggesting that the magma may source from an enriched mantle. The presence of large ion lithophile elements such as Pb, Rb and K indicates that the mantle-derived magmas interacted with the crustal material during their ascent. We propose that the magma source of Salem granite was primarily derived from the mantle and was subsequently contaminated by crustal materials during the continental collision of Congo Craton and Kalahari Craton.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106512"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold mineralization of the Huangjindong gold deposit in the Jiangnan Orogen, South China: Constraints from fluid inclusions and LA-ICP-MS analysis of pyrite and arsenopyrite","authors":"Hangfei Ge ,&nbsp;Yi Liang ,&nbsp;Guogang Wang ,&nbsp;Chunbo Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiuming Pei ,&nbsp;Xingyu Jiao ,&nbsp;Haonan Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Huangjindong gold deposit (∼80 t Au @ 5 g/t) is located in the middle segment of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt, South China. Mineralization of the deposit is mainly controlled by the NE-trending faults and a series of EW-NWW-trending inverted folds, which are dominated by auriferous quartz veins, altered slates and breccias. As the gold-bearing minerals, pyrite and arsenopyrite are both classified into two generations (Py1, Py2, Apy-a and Apy-b). The mineralization comprises three stages, Py1 + quartz + sericite (stage I), Py2 + arsenopyrite + gold + galena + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + tetrahedrite + quartz (stage II), and quartz + chlorite + calcite (stage III). To understand the characteristics of gold mineralization and the ore-forming conditions, we conducted comprehensive studies of the fluid inclusions, EPMA, LA-ICP-MS and thermodynamic analyses. The microthermometric results reveal that the ore-forming fluids may have two temperature peaks at ∼180 °C and ∼280 °C. The EPMA results show that the fineness of the native gold ranges from 978 to 1000 (mean 995.9). The LA-ICP-MS analyses of fluid inclusions, pyrite and arsenopyrite formed at different stages reveal the distinct distributions of trace elements. Since the processed data from the LA-ICP-MS mapping analyses reveals that the Au/Ag values of Py2 (10–1000) and arsenopyrite (10–10,000) are higher than that of Py1 (0.1–100), we conducted thermodynamic calculations and plotted the 3D isopleth models for the gold solubility and the Au/Ag ratio. The results of this study suggest that gold mineralization mainly occurs in stage II with higher Au/Ag ratios and higher temperatures, and the decreased sulfur concentration might have caused large-scale gold precipitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106540"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143562482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrothermal muscovite geochemistry unravelling the ore-forming process of the Jinduicheng porphyry Mo deposit, East Qinling, China","authors":"Xiaoyu Ge ,&nbsp;Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Qin ,&nbsp;Leon Bagas ,&nbsp;Hongying Li ,&nbsp;Weidong Ren ,&nbsp;Feifan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106538","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106538","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molybdenum (Mo) is an energy metal that plays a crucial role in numerous sectors of the national economy. China has been the world’s largest supplier of Mo, with most hosted by porphyry deposits. The Jinduicheng deposit is an important porphyry Mo deposit in the East Qinling Orogen of central China, with a proven reserve of 1.03 Mt Mo. Although early studies related to the genesis of the deposit, the details of the hydrothermal ore-forming processes remain unclear. Muscovite, a typical rock-forming mineral, has been widely used to trace ore-forming physio-chemical conditions and hydrothermal evolution. With this in mind, we carried out <em>in-situ</em> major and trace element analysis of muscovite from the mineralised granite porphyry and andesite porphyry in the Jinduicheng Mo deposit to reveal the changes in ore-forming physico-chemical conditions and hydrothermal mineralising processes. The studied muscovite samples are hydrothermal (or secondary) type with crystallisation temperatures of ∼ 152–364 °C for the altered granite porphyry and of ∼ 182–246 °C for the altered andesite porphyry, in response to the ore-forming temperature (150–360 °C) of the Jinduicheng deposit. The IV(F), IV(Cl), and IV(F/Cl) values of hydrothermal muscovite at the deposit range from 1.73 to 2.24, −4.02 to −2.12, and 3.67 to 5.88 for the altered granite porphyry, and from 1.58 to 1.78, −3.49 to −2.41, and 4.13 to 5.03 for the altered andesite porphyry, which indicates high F fugacity. During ore-forming processes, high oxygen and halogen fugacities promoted the formation and transportation of stable Cl^- and hexavalent Mo complexes, which result in the enrichment of Mo. The Mo precipitation processes at Jinduicheng involve the progressive enrichment of Mo as magmatic and hydrothermal fluid differentiated. Higher oxygen and halogen fugacity favors the hexavalent state of Mo (H₂MoO₄, HMoO₄^-, or MoO₄^2-), which facilitated the formation of stable complexes with hexavalent Mo. Medium to high-temperature fluids, enriched in CO₂, also contributed to Mo transport through complex anions such as CO₃^2– and HCO₃^-. Subsequently, fluid-rock interactions resulted in the formation of K-feldspar-quartz-sulfide and quartz-sulfide veins, with tectonic changes affecting fluid equilibrium and promoting Mo-sulfide precipitation. The late stage of Mo mineralisation, the mixing of hydrothermal fluids with meteoric water were added to the deposit, which significantly altered the mineralising system’s physicochemical conditions, destabilized the fluids, and facilitated Mo precipitation. This study also indicates that hydrothermal muscovite geochemistry is useful in clarifying the ore-forming process within hydrothermal systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106538"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological setting, mineralogy, and isotopic characterization of the Jbel N’Zourk copper deposit, central Anti-Atlas, Morocco","authors":"Ismail Bouskri ,&nbsp;Saïd Ilmen ,&nbsp;Mustapha Souhassou ,&nbsp;Moha Ikenne ,&nbsp;Basem Zoheir ,&nbsp;Zaineb Hajjar ,&nbsp;Lhou Maacha ,&nbsp;Brahim Benzougagh ,&nbsp;Shuraik Kader ,&nbsp;Marieme Jabbour ,&nbsp;Abdel-Ali Kharis","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Jbel N’Zourk copper deposit in the central Anti-Atlas preserves textural and mineralogical features reflecting a complex formation history. High-grade copper mineralization is predominantly confined to the carbonate, siltstone, and evaporite layers within the lower members of the Early Cambrian Adoudou Formation. The mineralization is spatially associated with a prominent NNW-SSE-trending fault, which likely played a crucial role in the localization and concentration of copper mineralization across the region.</div><div>The mineralization is manifested by massive, disseminated, and stockwork occurrences of Cu-sulfides such as bornite, chalcopyrite, and digenite. Stable isotope analyses of the ore-associated calcite yield δ¹³C values ranging from −9 to + 2.9 ‰ and δ¹⁸O values from + 19.5 to + 22 ‰. These isotopic signatures suggest a mixed origin of carbon, likely encompasing organic matter dehydroxylation and marine carbonate dissolution. Oxygen isotope signatures indicate significant diagenetic processes affected mineralization, while sulfur isotope data of bornite (δ³⁴S: 13.3–21.6 ‰) suggest marine sulfate as the primary sulfur source. The δ³⁴S data, along with the evaporitic and carbonate sequences in the marine Adoudounian Formation, demonstrate that thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) was the dominant process, converting sulfate into sulfide and facilitating Cu deposition.</div><div>The evolution of ore fluids progressed through deep-seated hydrothermal fluid migration, sulfate interaction driving TSR-driven sulfide precipitation, and subsequent fluid remobilization. This dynamic system, influenced by episodic fluid pulses, resulted in stockwork and open-space filling textures within karstic cavities at shallow crustal levels. These features support a model of Cu-rich hydrothermal mineralization, where faults and folded structures, formed or reactivated during the Variscan tectonic events, were the main controls on ore deposition at Jbel N’Zourk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106533"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of mantle material in the formation of Sn mineralization – Noble gas constraints from the giant Jiepailing Sn-Be-F deposit, Nanling region, South China","authors":"Haijie Zhao ,&nbsp;Rolf L. Romer ,&nbsp;Panlao Zhao ,&nbsp;Min Liu ,&nbsp;Xudong Wang ,&nbsp;Shunda Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106539","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106539","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Nanling region hosts a major W-Sn ore belt with numerous Late Triassic and Late Jurassic W-Sn deposits that are the final product of crustal melting due to crustal extension and upwelling of mantle material. Less well-known are Late Cretaceous Sn-polymetallic deposits within the Nanling region and their sources. Here, we present U-Pb cassiterite ages and systematic S-Pb-He-Ar isotope data of sulfides from the giant Jiepailing Sn-Be-F deposit. In situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of cassiterite yields an intercept age of 90.8 ± 0.9 Ma. The Pb isotopic compositions of pyrite (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.54–18.75; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.68–15.71; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.84–38.96) are typical for ancient upper crustal rocks. Pyrite and chalcopyrite have overlapping ranges of δ³⁴S values (2.9 ‰–6.2 ‰) that imply S was mainly derived from a magmatic fluid. Fluid inclusions in pyrite have ⁴He and ⁴⁰Ar concentrations of 0.6 to 3.1 (10^-7 cm³ STP/g) and 2.1 to 5.1 (10^-8 cm³ STP/g), respectively, with corresponding ³He/⁴He ratios of 4.0 to 5.7 Ra (where Ra is the ³He/⁴He ratio of air = 1.39 × 10^-6) and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of 359.6 to 530.2. The noble gases in the fluid inclusions have a mixed origin from the crust and the mantle, with c. 54 to 75 % He and less than 1 % Ar derived from the mantle. We interpret the mixed geochemical signature to imply that mantle melts provided heat and fluids (and noble gases) for melting of crustal sources that eventually formed the Jiepailing Sn-Be-F deposit. The higher apparent contribution of mantle He reflects that the crustal melt source had very little He, but considerable amounts of Ar. The regional distribution of c. 80–90 Ma old intrusions and Sn mineral deposits in a 1500 km long belt from the Ailao Shan Fault and the Youjiang Basin to the Nanling region implies that the heat source for crustal melting were made available by large scale tectonic processes, including the reactivation of old crustal-scale faults, during the collision of the Gangdese arc and the lithospheric extension above the Paleo-Pacific plate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106539"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fe, Mg, Sr-Nd-Pb, C-O isotopes and geochemical constraints on the genesis of Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, Northern China","authors":"Chenghao Ren ,&nbsp;Hongxiang Jia ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Wang ,&nbsp;Hongquan She ,&nbsp;Jinwen Li ,&nbsp;Hui Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106525","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106525","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bayan Obo is one of the largest iron ore deposits in China and holds the world’s largest resources of rare earth elements (REE). The enrichment mechanisms of ore-forming elements and the metallogenic model of the deposit have been the focus of extensive research. Various carbonatites in the deposit are complex in composition and contain a notable amount of REE-bearing minerals, making them among the most favorable hosts for REE-rich ores globally. The carbonatites at Bayan Obo follow an evolutionary sequence from iron-rich to magnesium-rich and finally to calcium-rich types, with iron-rare-earth ores primarily hosted in dolomitic and siderite carbonatites. In this study, we reveal the genesis of the Bayan Obo deposit by examining siderite carbonatites using Fe-Mg, Sr-Nd-Pb and C-O isotopes, as well as whole-rock major and trace geochemical analyses. The results show that the Fe isotopic variation in the siderite carbonatites is narrow, with δ⁵⁶Fe ranging from −0.33 ‰ to −0.08 ‰. The δ²⁶Mg values range from −1.31 ‰ to −0.09 ‰, indicating a mantle source. The ε_Nd(t) values and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the siderite carbonatites are concentrated between −0.72 to 1.65 and 0.702869 to 0.704619, respectively. The Pb isotopic compositions exhibit comparable ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (15.992 to 16.482 and 15.271 to 15.412, respectively), but variable ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios (36.701 to 51.566). The δ¹³C_V-PDB values range from −3.66 ‰ to −0.13 ‰, and δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW values range from 10.89 ‰ to 13.66 ‰. Major and trace elements composition show comparable geochemical properties to the dolomitic carbonatites but differ from sedimentary carbonate rocks. These isotopic characteristics are consistent with those of carbonatites originating from primitive mantle sources, confirming the magmatic origin of the siderite carbonatites. The Fe isotope fractionation between magnetite and siderite is small (with an average of 0.17 ‰), suggesting a high-temperature (&gt;1000 °C) formation environment. Based on field observations and analytical results, combined with the regional geological context, we propose a metallogenic model for the Bayan Obo deposit. In this model, ore-forming materials (e.g., Fe, REE) are sourced from an enriched lithospheric mantle, undergoing partial melting to form initial carbonatite magma. As the magma ascends, it undergoes differentiation and evolution. The differentiated carbonatite magma carries ore-forming materials along fractures to the shallow crust. During the decline phase of the magmatic-hydrothermal events, the ore-forming materials finally precipitate within pre-existing faults or fractures in the Bayan Obo Group, forming the major ore bodies in the deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106525"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143632166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The emplacement model of the Qitianling pluton in southern Hunan, China: New insights from 3-D magnetotelluric imaging","authors":"Keke Zhou ,&nbsp;Jianxin Liu ,&nbsp;Rongwen Guo ,&nbsp;Matthew J. Comeau ,&nbsp;Rong Liu ,&nbsp;Chuanghua Cao ,&nbsp;Guangjun Zou ,&nbsp;Jian Li ,&nbsp;Yongfei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Qitianling pluton in southern Hunan, China, has spatially and genetically influenced the formation and distribution of a series of polymetallic deposits, including Xintianling, Baoshan, Huangshaping, and Furong. These deposits host a variety of tungsten- and tin-related deposits, often regarded as strategic and critical rare metals, and comprise one of the most prominent reserves globally. A thorough understanding of the structure of the Qitianling pluton is essential for insights into the development and evolution of the metallogenic system in southern Hunan. Working towards the goal of investigating regional structural features and magma emplacements model, we have generated three-dimensional (3-D) electrical resistivity models of the Qitianling pluton and its surrounding areas to upper-crustal depth using magnetotelluric (MT) data that range from 1000 Hz to 0.001 Hz. The results reveal that the upper-crust of southern Hunan is mainly characterized by high resistivity with multiple unique conductive zones. The high-resistivity anomalies (&gt; 1000 Ω·m) are interpreted to represent the Qitianling pluton. In addition, they correspond very well to a negative residual Bouguer gravity anomaly. Moreover, the morphology of the feature aligns with low-velocity obtained by modelling reflected seismic waves. Conductive anomalies (&lt; 30 Ω·m) near the sides of the pluton that extend through the upper crust likely indicate the presence of the Chenzhou-Linwu deep-seated fault system, which may have served as a pathway for the upward migration and emplacement of magma/hydrothermal fluids. Conductive features (&lt; 30 Ω·m) beneath the Qitianling pluton are inferred to represent ancient magma reservoirs where assimilation and mixing processes occurred before magma emplacement. Based on the geophysical models and the available geological data, a multi-stage magma emplacement model of the Qitianling pluton is proposed, which provides new insights into the W-Sn polymetallic mineralization system and the regional magmatic evolution within southern Hunan.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"180 ","pages":"Article 106511"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore fluid pathways at the giant Lannigou Carlin-type gold deposit, SW Guizhou, China","authors":"Kelin Zhou ,&nbsp;Qinping Tan ,&nbsp;Zhuojun Xie ,&nbsp;Yong Xia ,&nbsp;Lujing Zheng ,&nbsp;Yumin Lu ,&nbsp;Tingxian Ren ,&nbsp;Jingdan Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106523","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106523","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ore fluid pathways are essential for establishing metallogenic models at both the district and deposit scales and for guiding prospecting. The ore fluid pathways in fault-controlled Carlin-type gold deposits are poorly understood. The Lannigou deposit is a typical fault-controlled Carlin-type gold deposit in the Youjiang Basin, China. It consists of five ore blocks, that is, Huangchanggou, Rongban, Lintan, Shizhu, and Anbao. The Huangchanggou and Rongban ore bodies are hosted in fault F₃, Lintan is located in fault F₁₄, and Shizhu and Anbao are located in fault F₇₀. Petrographic observations, statistical analyses, and trace element distribution patterns across these five sections of the Lannigou deposit were used to delineate geochemical anomalies and trace the deposit scale ore fluid pathways.</div><div>The wall rocks and ores from the five ore blocks share a similar mineral composition, including quartz, illite, ankerite, pyrite, and muscovite. From the wall rocks to the ores, the quartz, pyrite, and arsenopyrite contents increased. Meanwhile, the ankerite content decreased. Gold, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl are mainly distributed along ore–controlling faults F₃, F_14, and F₇₀, suggesting that these faults are conduits for gold mineralisation. Fault F₃ is conduit for gold mineralisation for Huangchanggou and Rongban, F₁₄ for Lintan, and F₇₀ for Shizhu and Anbao. These ore-controlling faults converged at the Si-Ca interface. The distribution of trace element enrichment varies among the five ore blocks, with the highest concentrations of Au, As, Sb, Hg, and Tl observed in the Huangchanggou ore block.</div><div>Based on these results, a deposit scale metallogenic model of the Lannigou deposit was established. According to this model, deep-source ore fluids initially ascended along Lannigou–Weihuai fault to reach the Si-Ca interface. These fluids then migrated laterally along the interface and entered the connected secondary faults. As the ore fluids migrated into the secondary faults, they reacted with Fe-rich clastic rocks, causing the release of iron from the ankerite and the precipitation of Au-bearing pyrite and arsenopyrite, resulting in the formation of ore bodies. This model emphasises the Si-Ca interface and its linked thrust faults as the primary ore fluid channel framework. The intersection of multiple sets of faults plays a crucial role in the formation of thick ore bodies. Future exploration in the Lannigou district and surrounding areas should prioritise faults linked to the Si-Ca interface and areas in which multiple sets of faults intersect. This strategic focus will enhance the potential for discovering ore bodies similar to those found in the Lannigou deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106523"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143552389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of methane-rich fluids in mesothermal gold mineralization: Insights from the Chaihulanzi gold deposit, North China Craton","authors":"Qing–fei Sun ,&nbsp;Ke–yong Wang ,&nbsp;Chen–guang Zhao ,&nbsp;Nan Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi-bo Liu ,&nbsp;Ju-xing Tang ,&nbsp;Bao–ping Gan ,&nbsp;Qiu-ming Pei ,&nbsp;Dong Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106536","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106536","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lode gold deposits in low-grade greenschist belt account for an estimated 40–45 % of the global gold endowment. Au-migrating fluids are commonly metamorphic, low-salinity, and aqueous-carbonic in nature, and flow along high-permeability fault zones where methane-rich fluids may appear under special physicochemical conditions. The Chaihulanzi deposit located in the northern margin of the North China Craton is a large lode Au deposit characterized by abundant methane-rich inclusions. In this study, we examined the nature and isotopic composition of ore-forming fluids to identify their origins, evolution, and roles in Au mineralization. Based on their nature and phase transition patterns, three types of fluid inclusion (FI) were identified: H₂O–NaCl (type I), H₂O–NaCl–CH₄–CO₂ (type II), and CH₄–CO₂ (type III). The primary type I FIs in stage I indicate that the initial hydrothermal fluids were a mesothermal low salinity NaCl–H₂O–CO₂ system. Stage II fluids are characterized by coexisting assemblages of type I, IIa (carbon phase occupying 20–50 vol%), IIb (carbon phase occupying 50–80 vol%), IIIa (CO₂–rich), and IIIb (CH₄–rich) FIs, which display different homogenization modes at similar homogenization temperatures. The wide range of X_CH4 suggests the addition of a foreign methane-rich fluid, indicating that the ore-forming fluids evolved into a medium-to-low-temperature and low-salinity NaCl–H₂O–CH₄–CO₂ system. Abundant CH₄–rich FIs in stage III indicate that the fluid was transformed into a medium-to-low temperature and low-salinity NaCl–H₂O–CH₄ ± CO₂ system. The properties of stage IV FIs indicated a low-temperature and low-salinity NaCl–H₂O system. The H–O–C isotope data of stage I suggest that the primary fluids were derived from a dominant magmatic origin. The increasingly depleted H–O–C isotope data indicate the progressive involvement of a foreign methane-rich fluid in stage II. The fluids in stage III show an increased degree of fluid mixing. In conclusion, our data confirmed that the primary ore-forming fluids were oxidizing mesothermal low-salinity NaCl–H₂O–CO₂ systems. With the mixing process of wall-rock buffered fluids, the main metallogenic stage fluids evolved into a reductive medium-to-low temperature and low-salinity NaCl–H₂O–CH₄–CO₂ system. The precipitation of Au was attributed to the combined effects of phase separation, reducing methane agent, and sulfidation of iron-containing minerals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 106536"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}