Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Alteration characteristics and short wavelength infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy of the Huangtupo Cu-Zn VMS deposit, NW China: Implications for ore genesis and exploration","authors":"Jiaxuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Dianming Zhang ,&nbsp;Ligang Pu ,&nbsp;Juan Shen ,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Yu ,&nbsp;Yaoxuan Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106886","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Huangtupo Cu-Zn deposit is a typical Early-Paleozoic volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit situated in Eastern Tianshan, within the Central Asia Orogenic Belt. Based on the paragenetic sequence reflected by mineral assemblages and their textural characteristics, the alteration and mineralization processes at Huangtupo can be categorized into two major periods comprising eight distinct stages: the VMS period (including the premineralization stage S1, stockwork ore stage S2, massive sulfide ore stage S3, and barite stage S4), and the late hydrothermal overprinting period (encompassing the albite stage S5, silicification stage S6, chlorite + epidote stage S7, and carbonate stage S8). By correlating petrographic investigation and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectral analysis, five alteration/mineralization zones have been distinguished along the vertical profile, characterized by: Zone I (albite-white mica-chlorite zone), Zone II (albite-white mica-chlorite-epidote zone), Zone III (chlorite-pyrite ± white mica zone), Zone IV (massive sulfide zone), and Zone V (pyrite-quartz-white mica zone). Alteration and mineralization features indicate that Huangtupo is a highly overprinted sub-seafloor replacement VMS deposit.</div><div>SWIR spectrometry shows that chlorite and white mica are the primary alteration minerals in Huangtupo. For white mica, the position of Al-OH absorption feature (Pos2200) exhibits a spectral shift between 2198 and 2214 nm which is interpreted to reflect a compositional trend spanning from paragonite towards phengite. The illite crystallinity (IC) values of white mica vary from 0.79 to 3.11. For chlorite, the position of Fe-OH absorption feature (Pos2250) ranges from 2241 to 2253 nm, indicating Mg-rich to Mg-Fe chlorite compositions. Proximal to massive sulfide mineralization, white mica exhibits shorter Pos2200 (wavelengths below 2202 nm) and higher IC values (1.4–2.1). Additionally, chlorite near the ore body is typically predominantly Mg-rich (wavelengths below 2250 nm), though no significant spatial variation pattern is observed. These findings suggest that white mica formed under high-temperature, acidic conditions near massive sulfides, while chlorite formation was likely influenced by Mg-rich seawater infiltration. The alteration mineral assemblage in the hanging wall may reflect subsequent overprinting by porphyry-like hydrothermal fluids. This study highlights the coexistence of VMS and porphyry-type mineralization potential at Huangtupo, providing a valuable case for SWIR applications in ancient sub-seafloor replacement VMS systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106886"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of regolith-hosted Nb-REE deposits in alkaline rocks using multisource spectroscopic system: A case study of the Puxiong deposit, Yunnan Province, China","authors":"Jin Hu ,&nbsp;Dai Zhang ,&nbsp;Jia-Xi Zhou ,&nbsp;Min Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regolith-hosted rare earth element (REE) deposits are of global strategic importance, with China supplying over 90% of the world’s medium and heavy REEs. However, exploration in subtropical regions is hindered by dense vegetation, variable weathering intensities, and complex lithological settings. This study addresses these challenges by focusing on the Puxiong Nb-REE deposit in Yunnan Province, China, and by employing a cost-effective methodology that integrates ASTER and Sentinel-2 multispectral data with ALOS PALSAR DEM and GF-3 SAR imagery. As a complementary to hyperspectral and airborne approaches, our method demonstrates the feasibility of extracting REE-related information from multisource remote sensing data. Techniques including band ratio analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), constrained energy minimization (CEM), directional filtering, and K-means clustering were combined with geological and geomorphological data to delineate potential REE zones. A key innovation of this study is the use of Nd³⁺ abundance as a direct tracer for Nb-REE localization, enhanced by a regression model that incorporates indicator minerals (e.g. kaolinite, montmorillonite, hematite, chlorite, calcite, illite, and halloysite) to refine predictions. The integration of ALOS PALSAR DEM enabled detailed geomorphological analysis, while GF-3 SAR imagery improved the detection of structural features, further refining the delineation of potential zones. Results reveal a strong spatial correlation between Nd³⁺-rich areas and favorable lithological units, such as alkaline rocks and residual slope deposits, as well as regions with moderate-to-high indicator mineral assemblages abundance. Six high-potential zones were identified, including the Changlinggang-Baiyunshan and Jiasha areas, with validation by comparison against known<!--> <!-->geochemical datasets confirming the accuracy of these predictions. The proposed multi-factor constrained model highlights the potential for scalable and efficient exploration of regolith-hosted REE deposits, particularly in subtropical regions, by integrating multisource remote sensing and geological insights. This study provides a robust framework for enhancing exploration strategies for regolith-hosted Nb-REE deposits across diverse metallogenic environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106860"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the first high-sulfidation epithermal ore-bearing lithocap in the western section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt and its significance","authors":"Nan Wang ,&nbsp;Juxing Tang ,&nbsp;Zhibo Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Song ,&nbsp;Jingjing Dai ,&nbsp;Baolong Li ,&nbsp;Xudong Ma ,&nbsp;Zhijun Li ,&nbsp;Xukun Yan ,&nbsp;Qingfei Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several lithocaps have been recently identified in the western section of the Gangdese metallogenic belt (GMB) and can be used to guide exploration of porphyry-high sulfidation epithermal deposits. In this work, we report the first ore-bearing lithocap (Mangla) within the GMB and carry out field mapping, geochronology, and shortwave infrared reflectance spectroscopy analyses. The zircon U-Pb (16.93 Ma) and alunite ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar (19.24 Ma) isotope ages reveal that the protoliths and alteration of the Mangla lithocap occurred during one Cenozoic magmatic event, which corresponds with the mineralization ages of porphyry-skarn copper-polymetallic deposits in the eastern GMB. The alteration mineral assemblages, including alunite, dickite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite, and diaspore, along with enargite, colusite, Cu-S binary system minerals covellite and digenite, chalcopyrite and bornite, validate the characterization of a typical high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization system. Laterally, several alteration centers have been identified at the surface, and the vertical alteration is composed of deep high-temperature mineral assemblages (pyrophyllite + diaspore + topaz) that shift upward to low-temperature minerals, which are influenced primarily by faults, elevation, lithological permeability, fluid cooling and pH reduction. Notably, the vuggy quartz ± alunite and alunite + pyrophyllite zones within the lithocap are favorable locations for copper–gold mineralization, and a comprehensive epithermal mineralization system is preserved in this area, indicating the potential for underlying deep porphyry systems. Considering the presence of extensive continental volcanic coverage and notable analogous alteration features in the region, we assert that the area of Miocene continental volcanic rocks in northwestern Xizang presents substantial potential for copper–gold exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106885"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genesis and ore-forming processes of Dulong Sn polymetallic skarn deposit: Constraints from u-pb dating and trace elemental analyses of zircon, garnet and cassiterite","authors":"Qingmei Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Cheng ,&nbsp;Zhengliang Yang ,&nbsp;Mingguo Deng ,&nbsp;Wenchang Li ,&nbsp;Zhen Jia ,&nbsp;Junbao Luo ,&nbsp;Feiyang Xu ,&nbsp;Fuchuan Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dulong Sn polymetallic skarn deposit, situated at the southern extremity of Gejiu-Malipo Sn-W metallogenic belt, is a representative skarn Sn polymetallic deposit in SW China. However, due to various types of magmatism and metal mineralization in Dulong deposit, the genetic link between different magmatism (TMMG and GP), skarnization and Sn mineralization (skarn-type and vein-type) has not been established. In this study, Zircons from TMMG and GP, hydrothermal garnet, skarn-type and vein-type cassiterite in Dulong deposit were picked for in-situ U-Pb isotopic and elemental analyses, to constrain the ore genesis and ore-forming processes. As results, the TMMG in the Dulong Sn polymetallic deposit yields a U-Pb age of 88.56 ± 0.33 Ma, and the GP yields a younger age of 82.47 ± 0.61 Ma. The hydrothermal garnet yields a U-Pb age of 88.2 ± 2.9 Ma. Whereas the skarn-type cassiterite coexisting with magnetite and the skarn-type cassiterite coexisting with sulfide yielded a U-Pb age of 87.50 ± 1.00 Ma and 87.00 ± 1.40 Ma, respectively. Meanwhile, the vein-type cassiterite yielded a U-Pb age of 81.50 ± 2.50 Ma. The above dating results probably suggest that two-mica monzonitic granite is responsible for skarnization and skarn-type Sn mineralization, while granitic porphyry is responsible for vein-type Sn mineralization. Zircons from two-mica monozonitic granite and granitic porphyry in Dulong Sn polymetallic deposit is characterized by low ΔFMQ values and Eu/Eu*, Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺, Ce/Nd)/Y ratios, indicating that the causative magma resources have low oxygen fugacity and low initial water content, and the Sn mineralization potenital of TMMG is significantly greater than GP. The elemental changes from core to rim in hydrothermal garnet grains reveal that early ore-forming fluids originating from magma were more acidic and reducing. During the evolution processes, significant meteoric water continuously mixed into the ore-forming fluid, which was the potential mechanism controlling ore precipitation in Dulong deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106884"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prospectivity mapping and exploration targeting for sediment-hosted Pb–Zn deposits in NW Guizhou of SW China using an integrated machine learning framework","authors":"Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu-Miao Meng ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wen Huang ,&nbsp;Ruizhong Hu ,&nbsp;Xianwu Bi ,&nbsp;Chuan-Yuan Liu ,&nbsp;Bin Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106882","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106882","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Northwestern (NW) Guizhou in SW China hosts more than 100 Pb-Zn deposits which are primarily small in scale. In recent years, the discovery of a few large to super-large Pb-Zn deposits has revealed significant mineralization potential. It is thus necessary to reevaluate the mineral prospectivity using advanced predictive methods. This study presents an integrated machine learning framework that combines deep learning (DL), traditional machine learning (TML), and unsupervised deep learning via a variational autoencoder (VAE) for high-precision Pb-Zn prospectivity mapping in NW Guizhou. A total of 135,385 high-density soil geochemical samples (17 elements) with structural datasets are used to establish 18 evidence layers for hierarchical mineral potential assessment. Using four-fold cross-validation, this study shows that both the DL model trained on 5 × 5 km multi-channel image patches and the TML models utilizing 1–2 km buffer-processed numerical data achieved accuracies of 90 % or above on the test set. In practical application, the DL prospectivity map delineated high-confidence prospect areas more precisely than the TML models, suppressed background noise more effectively and captured nearly 90 % of known deposits. Although the TML model shows slightly lower prediction success rates (∼80 %), it provides smoother anomaly transition and identifies local anomalies in the target area. The integration of VAE with mineralization-related elements further enhances the system’s capability, enabling anomaly detection, improving the contrast of target areas, and refining them to kilometer-scale precision. Through the integration of the machine learning methods, this study successfully generates high-precision prospectivity maps and optimizes target areas at a kilometer scale, offering significant insights for sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposit exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106882"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145105622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geological characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of the Huayagou-Jinchanggou Au Deposit: Implications for ore genesis in the Baguamiao-Jiutiaogou anomaly belt","authors":"Fei Teng ,&nbsp;Kang Yan ,&nbsp;Ke Yang ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Teng ,&nbsp;Leon Bagas ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Xue ,&nbsp;Wendi Guo ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Yongbao Gao ,&nbsp;Liyong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant breakthroughs have recently been made in the Huayagou-Jinchanggou area of the Western Qinling Orogen (WQO), with estimated Au reserves of 20 t. However, the genetic relationship between magmatism and mineralization, as well as the mechanisms responsible for ore enrichment, remain unresolved. The Jinchanggou Au deposit, characterized by super-rich ores and multiphase magmatism, provides a valuable opportunity to clarify these issues. In this study, we investigated mineralization-related diorite dykes through zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, mineralogical geochemistry, EPMA analyses, and elemental mapping of bismuth minerals in auriferous quartz veins. The results show that the diorite dyke was emplaced at ca. 211.8 Ma and is characterized by moderately high oxygen fugacity and water content, consistent with magma mixing as indicated by the abundance of acicular apatite. Multiple episodes of such intrusions released magmatic-hydrothermal fluids that contributed to gold enrichment. The quartz-vein-type ores at Jinchanggou, particularly late-stage gently dipping veins, differ from the regionally common disseminated-type ores and display features of orogenic gold systems with a magmatic-hydrothermal overprint, comparable to deposits such as Val-d’Or (Canada) and Shuangqishan (China). Combined with geophysical and metallogenic data, these features suggest that mineralization is linked to Yanshanian metallogeny, a rare event in the WQO. This study provides new evidence for multi-pulsed magmatic contributions to mineralization and highlights the potential for deeper mafic dyke-related gold mineralization along the Baguamiao-Jiutiaogou anomaly belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium-Fe-Mn coupling in sphalerite from MVT Pb-Zn deposits: Implications for critical metal Cd enrichment","authors":"Pan-Pan Niu ,&nbsp;Shao-Yong Jiang ,&nbsp;Manuel Muñoz ,&nbsp;Nicolas Trcera ,&nbsp;Shugang Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium (Cd) has been increasingly recognized for its critical role in modern high-technology applications. Accordingly, investigations into its natural enrichment mechanisms have garnered heightened scientific interest. The Pb-Zn deposit, recognized as the principal industrial source of Cd, predominantly hosts this element within sphalerite, with only minor occurrences in independent Cd minerals such as greenockite (CdS). Current studies have demonstrated that the distribution of Cd in sphalerite is significantly correlated with Fe and Mn, particularly through the substitutions of Cd, Fe, and Mn, such as Fe²⁺ + Mn²⁺ + Cd²⁺ → 3Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ + Cd²⁺ → 2Zn²⁺. However, the coupling mechanism of these elements within sphalerite have not been thoroughly investigated, and the implications of the Cd enrichment process remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed sphalerite samples of varying colors from two major Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits (Huize and Maoping) in the SYG (Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou) area, Southwest China. We employed micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy techniques to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the presence of Cd, Fe and Mn in sphalerite of different colors. The results demonstrate that Fe in our sphalerite samples exists in a divalent state (Fe²⁺), with concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 10.8 wt%. In Fe-rich sphalerite, Cd and Mn incorporate into the lattice alongside Fe at varying ratios via the substitutions Cd²⁺ + nFe²⁺ → (n + 1)Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ + nFe²⁺ → (n + 1)Zn²⁺, respectively. Notably, as Fe content increases further, both the Cd/Fe and Mn/Fe ratios decrease progressively. Cd concentrations drop sharply when Fe exceeds 6.7 wt%. In Fe-poor sphalerite, Cd and Mn can directly substitute for Zn within the crystal structure (Cd²⁺ → Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ → Zn²⁺), and their concentrations exhibit an inverse correlation. This study indicates that the enrichment of Cd within sphalerite is predominantly influenced by temperature, while its correlation with sulfur fugacity appears to be insignificant. Cadmium enrichment can occur in both high-temperature and low-temperature sphalerite. Consequently, the Pb-Zn deposits formed under higher temperature conditions may facilitate two distinct stages of Cd enrichment in sphalerite, thereby enhancing overall Cd concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106880"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization in the Longhua Ni-Co hydrothermal vein deposit, Dayaoshan area, South China: Constraints from in-situ apatite U-Pb geochronology, sulfide S-Pb isotopes and trace element compositions","authors":"Yang Xinmin ,&nbsp;Nie Xiao ,&nbsp;Wang Zongqi ,&nbsp;Mi Kuifeng ,&nbsp;Tang Hejun ,&nbsp;Deng Zhen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Longhua Ni-Co deposit, situated in the Dayaoshan area of South China, is characterized by Ni-Co arsenide and Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization primarily hosted within quartz veins. While previous studies have focused on the origin for the Ni-Co arsenide mineralization, the Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization remains less understood. In this study, microscopic observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization stage that postdates the earlier Ni-Co arsenide mineralization stage. In-situ U-Pb dating of apatite coexisting with Ni-Co sulfarsenide and Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfide from this later stage yielded an lower intercept age of 436.2 ± 6.9 Ma, contemporaneous with the Caledonian granites in the Dayaoshan area. Sphalerite geothermometer indicate a crystallization temperature ranging from 379 °C to 388 °C, suggesting a moderate-high temperature ore-forming fluid. In-situ S-Pb isotope analysis of sulfide from this stage revealed δ³⁴S values of −0.5 ‰ to + 6.5 ‰ (mean + 1.4 ‰) for pyrite and 2.7 ‰ to 3.0 ‰ (mean 2.9 ‰) for sphalerite, with pyrite showing similar Pb isotopic ratios to those for Caledonian granites in the region, indicating a predominantly magmatic source characteristic. These new findings, combined with evidences from previous studies, suggest a multi-stage evolutionary process for Ni-Co arsenide and Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization, with magmatic hydrothermal fluids playing a crucial role during the Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization stage. The Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization represents a subsequent overprinting process superimposed on the earlier Ni-Co arsenide mineralization. This study provides new insights into the Ni-Co enrichment mechanism in hydrothermal Ni-Co vein deposits and offers valuable guidance for future prospecting in the Dayaoshan area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scheelite deposition induced by long cooling time in the Longjiaoshan skarn tungsten deposit in South China: Evidence for petrography and fluid inclusions","authors":"Liqing Nie ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Junyi Pan ,&nbsp;Fangyue Wang ,&nbsp;Guojun Cai ,&nbsp;Jianming Cui ,&nbsp;Shikang Yu ,&nbsp;Taofa Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten (W), one of the most important critical strategic metals, is mainly formed in skarn deposits from magmatic hydrothermal systems. The precipitation mechanism of W in hydrothermal environments remain debated, primarily due to scarcity of direct in-situ fluid evidence from scheelites that could constrain W mineralization process. This study systematically reconstructs the fluid evolution history of the Longjiaoshan deposit, a representative large skarn W deposit in South China, based on integrated field investigations, petrographic observations, infrared microthermometry, cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, Raman microspectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS analysis of intergrown scheelite and gangue mineral assemblages. The scheelite mineralization ore at Longjiaoshan deposit developed through two principal stages (i.e., retrograde skarn formation and subsequent sulfide stages). Scheelite (Sch1: euhedral, crystals with<!--> <!-->homogeneous gray CL, response and<!--> <!-->well-defined oscillatory zoning) precipitated during a<!--> <!-->discrete interval between garnet crystallization and subsequent quartz (Q1) formation. Then Sch2 (anhedral morphology with gray CL signature, displaying microcracks and fissures) co-precipitated with Q1 quartz). Sch3 (exhibiting dark CL luminosity and irregular oscillatory zoning) was overprinted by later Q2 quartz veins. Then the sulfide mineralization (chalcopyrite and pyrite) cross-cut pre-existing mineral phases. Microthermometric analysis of 71 fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs), comprising 90 individual inclusions in scheelite and quartz from the Longjiaoshan deposit, yielded the following homogenization temperatures and salinities (468 to 575.1 ℃ and 10.6 to 17.4 wt% NaCl eq. for Sch1, 371.0–482.1 ℃ and 10.6 to 17.7 wt% NaCl eq. for Sch2, 397.4–458.1 and 10.6–13.7 wt% NaCl eq. for Sch3, 265.0–395.1 ℃ and 5.3–12.5 wt% NaCl eq. for Q1, and 209.3–300.8 ℃ and 8.3–12.4 wt% NaCl eq. for Q2, respectively). The Rb/Na versus K/Na ratio plot of fluid inclusion compositions demonstrates magmatic fluid signatures, consistent with exsolution from a homogeneous magma reservoir. The progressive temperature decline through successive mineralization stages therefore corresponds to downward gradual migration of the magma interface. The B and As diagram from fluid inclusion data reveal limited fluid phase segregation and vapor phase during boiling. In-situ microanalysis of primary / pseudosecondary fluid inclusions from the different crystallization stages indicates that inconspicuous fluid phase segregation and vapor phase during boiling. Integration of SEM-CL imaging, infrared microthermometry, Raman microspectroscopy, and fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS analyses demonstrates that scheelite precipitation at the Longjiaoshan deposit was controlled by prolonged cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning coupled with zircon trace elements revealing the diverse mineralization styles in the southern Great Xing’an range","authors":"Kui-Feng Mi ,&nbsp;Zhao-Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Nie ,&nbsp;Wen-Bin Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zircon stands out as a crucial accessory mineral in geological studies, serving as a valuable archive of isotopic and trace element information. These characteristics make zircon<!--> <!-->a widely used indicator<!--> <!-->of magma fertility and mineralization potential. Since 2011, the southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR) has emerged as a prominent mineralization zone, leading to numerous coeval discoveries of hydrothermal-vein, porphyry, and skarn-type deposits. In this study, we analyzed 10 ore-related granites and integrated previously published data to establish a new zircon trace element database. Using low-code machine learning solutions (PyCaret), CatBoost was identified as the best classification model for distinguishing mineralization diversity. It achieved an accuracy of 0.9217, an AUC of 0.9837, and demonstrated high recall, precision, and F1-scores of 0.9217, 0.9251 and 0.9214, respectively. The top five features for identifying mineralization, based on important scores, are Hf, T(°C), U, Eu_N/Eu_N* and Yb/Dy, indicating that variations in magmatic water content, temperature, and redox conditions play a critical role in determining ore deposit types. Quantitatively, hydrothermal-vein zircons exhibit the widest temperature range (544–945 °C; mean 758 °C) and highest Hf concentrations (mean 35,855 ppm), followed by porphyry zircons with narrower temperatures (605–954 °C; mean 752 °C) and lowest Hf contents (mean 15,860 ppm), while skarn zircons show the highest mean temperatures (597–980 °C; mean 777 °C) but the intermediate Hf contents (mean 21,788 ppm). These variations reflect differences in magmatic conditions, degrees of fractionation, and fluid–rock interaction among mineralization styles, and are further influenced by broader geological factors such as metal-enriched sedimentary strata, magmatic evolution, and tectonic setting. Integrating zircon geochemistry with regional geological context enhances our understanding of ore-forming processes and supports exploration in the SGXR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}