Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Facies architecture, ore genesis (Zn-Pb-Cu) and structural evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Aijala–Metsämonttu area, SW Finland","authors":"J. Hokka ,&nbsp;R. Lahtinen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A field-based study was conducted in the metamorphosed and deformed Aijala–Metsämonttu area within the Orijärvi formation, part of the Uusimaa belt (1.9–1.88 Ga) in southern Finland. The study aimed to enhance understanding of the regional facies architecture and tectonic framework. Volcanic facies analysis, lithogeochemistry, and sulfide textural interpretations were utilized, allowing us to reassess the previously suggested exhalative model of the Metsämonttu sulfide deposit (1.5 Mt at 3.5 wt% Zn, 0.8 wt% Pb, 0.3 wt% Cu, 13.2 wt% S, 25 g/t Ag, and 1.4 g/t Au, production 1952–1974) to assist regional exploration.</div><div>Regionally, D₁ thrusting was the primary significant structural event, associated with the common occurrence of both L–S and L-tectonites. D₂ represents nearly orthogonal shortening, producing upright to steeply inclined F₂ folds. The Aijala–Metsämonttu area is dominated by a felsic volcaniclastic lithofacies association, originating from voluminous silicic magmas. The region features both primary and redeposited rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits intercalated with carbonates and iron formations, alongside subordinate dacite-rhyolite complexes and submarine mafic fissure vents. Geochemically, the rocks exhibit subalkaline to transitional magmatic affinities, indicating a volcanic arc system likely associated with early-stage rifting, extensional basin formation in an intra-arc or back-arc setting. The Metsämonttu succession primarily consists of resedimented syn-eruptive volcaniclastic deposits intercalated with sedimentary facies. The Metsämonttu sulfide deposit, hosted by metavolcanic rocks, marble, and skarn, contains semimassive to stringer-style polymetallic sulfides, controlled by stretching along D₁ recumbent fold axes (L-tectonite) and subsequent vertical stretching along D₂ limbs. The mineralization is considered a metamorphosed subseafloor carbonate replacement deposit, hosted within permeable polymict dacitic fiamme-lithic pumiceous breccia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106707"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144263927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatial interrelation matters: advancing 3D mineral prospectivity modeling with fully-connected CRFs—insights from Sanshandao Gold Belt, Eastern China","authors":"Xuanlun Deng,&nbsp;Hao Deng,&nbsp;Jin Chen,&nbsp;Yang Zheng,&nbsp;Wenwen Shi,&nbsp;Zhankun Liu,&nbsp;Xiancheng Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106712","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106712","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The data-driven Three-Dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling (3D MPM) has become an essential tool for localizing and quantifying concealed mineral resources. Machine learning techniques have become a cornerstone of 3D MPM, enabling the mapping of spatial associations between ore-controlling features and mineralization patterns. However, existing machine learning methods typically rely on the independent and identically distributed (IID) assumption, overlooking the inherent spatial interrelation in mineralization, which limits their predictive effectiveness and accuracy. This paper introduces a novel 3D MPM approach that addresses these limitations by incorporating spatial and contextual cues through a fully-connected Conditional Random Field (CRF) framework. To tailor the CRF for 3D MPM, a unary potential network is designed to capture mineralization associations at the 3D cell level, and a pairwise potential network is developed to model intercell interactions. Specifically, the spatial covariance of mineralization is incorporated into the CRF model to capture spatial continuity, heterogeneity, and anisotropy. This approach allows simultaneous association of mineralization prospectivity across all cells, leveraging their spatial interrelation to improve predictive performance. A case study conducted in the Sanshandao gold belt, Eastern China, compares the proposed CRF with mainstream machine learning-based methods and includes an ablation study. Results demonstrate the superiority of the CRF in prediction accuracy and targeting efficiency, highlighting its effectiveness in utilizing spatial dependencies to enhance 3D MPM performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106712"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin and tectonic architecture of the Dargai ophiolitic peridotites and chromitites: A geochemical perspective on platinum-group elements","authors":"Tehseen Zafar ,&nbsp;Abiola Oyebamiji ,&nbsp;Irfan Maqbool Bhat ,&nbsp;Zaheen Ullah ,&nbsp;Hafiz Ur Rehman ,&nbsp;Umar Farooq Jadoon ,&nbsp;Mohamed Zaki Khedr ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Nouri ,&nbsp;Fatemeh Sepidbar ,&nbsp;Shuguang Song ,&nbsp;Cheng-Biao Leng ,&nbsp;Muhammad Farhan ,&nbsp;Zahid Hussain ,&nbsp;Mabrouk Sami","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106706","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106706","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Dargai ophiolites in northern Pakistan are characterized by extensive peridotite and chromitite exposures, however, their geochemical evolution remains debated. Here we investigate the mineral chemistry and platinum-group elements (PGEs) of the Dargai ophiolitic peridotites and associated chromitites to elucidate their genesis and tectonic evolution. Olivine, pyroxenes, and spinel compositions suggest a forearc setting, with Dargai peridotites representing refractory mantle residues formed through two stages of melting. Initial low-degree melting produced less depleted peridotites and high-Al chromitites with mid-ocean ridge affinity, followed by high-degree melting resulting in the formation of high-Cr chromitites and highly depleted peridotites in a supra-subduction zone. The depletion of Palladium and Platinum in high-Cr chromitites suggests that they were formed from sulfur-undersaturated melts, while enrichment in high-Al chromitites reflects that they were formed from sulfur-saturated parental melts. Melt impregnation after partial melting influenced the geochemical signatures, revealing interactions between peridotite and infiltrating melts. The geochemical evolution, combined with melt modeling, suggests the formation of MORB-like melts during proto-forearc spreading and the formation of boninitic melts during mature arc formation, explaining the co-occurrence of high-Al and high-Cr chromitites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106706"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing porphyry copper prospectivity mapping: A deep autoencoder-based approach to identify non-deposit points in varzaghan region, NW Iran","authors":"Mobin Saremi ,&nbsp;Abbas Maghsoudi ,&nbsp;Ardeshir Hezarkhani ,&nbsp;Amin Beiranvand Pour ,&nbsp;Zohre Hoseinzade ,&nbsp;Seyyed Ataollah Agha Seyyed Mirzabozorg ,&nbsp;Mahyar Yousefi","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106705","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106705","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Supervised machine learning algorithms have shown enormous potential to predict mineral prospectivities and to identify mineral exploration targets within study areas. However, accurately selecting non-deposit points remains a critical challenge, as improper selection can mitigate the prediction rate and introduce systematic bias. This study describes the idea of leveraging and comparing deep autoencoder (DAE) network (as a first experiment) with expert knowledge (as a second experiment) to tackle the problem of non-deposit selection in predictive modeling of mineral prospectivity. For this, according to the conceptual model of porphyry copper deposits evidence layers of fault density, multi-element geochemical signatures, proximity to phyllic and argillic alterations, and proximity to intrusive rocks, were first generated to represent ore-forming subsystems. Within the first experiment, a DAE technique was used to integrate multiple exploration criteria whereby non-deposit locations within the recognized non-prospective regions were determined. Within the second experiment, expert opinions were set as criteria to define non-deposit locations. Both sets of non-deposit points were fed into a random forest (RF) algorithm, generating two prospectivity models. The effectiveness of these models was evaluated using the prediction-area (P-A) plot and the normalized density index (Nd). The Nd values for all models exceed one, indicating their effectiveness in integrating exploration evidence to delineate potential targets. However, the DAE-based experiment improved the prediction rate of RF and reduced systematic uncertainties. The proposed methodology was shown to be a robust approach to enhance the relevance of mineral prospectivity mapping, and it may possess the potential to predict new porphyry copper exploration targets in analogous mineral systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106705"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144194850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Apatite U-Pb ages, trace elements, and in situ Sr-Nd isotopes and pyrite S isotopes of the Saima alkaline complex: Implications for the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of Nb-Ta-REE mineralization in Northeast China","authors":"Nan Ju ,&nbsp;Bo Liu ,&nbsp;Yanan Gong ,&nbsp;Kunfeng Qiu ,&nbsp;Yue Wu ,&nbsp;Xin Liu ,&nbsp;Lu Shi ,&nbsp;Zhe Nan ,&nbsp;Danzhen Ma ,&nbsp;Haoheng Wang ,&nbsp;Mingyi Jiang ,&nbsp;Yuhui Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106704","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106704","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Alkaline complexes host economically strategic deposits of rare metals such as niobium (Nb) and tantalum (Ta) and rare earth elements (REEs). However, their enrichment and metallogenic processes remain poorly understood. The discovery of the Saima alkaline complex-hosted Nb-Ta-REE deposit (also referred to as the Saima deposit) in the eastern Liaoning Province in Northeast China provides an ideal opportunity to address these challenges. Petrographic analysis indicates that the Saima deposit occurs in aegirine nepheline syenite, with primary ore minerals including loparite, columbite-tantalite, fergusonite, fersmite, betafite, and bastnaesite. These characteristics are consistent with typical alkaline rock-hosted rare metal and REE deposits. Using petrography, mineralogy, apatite U-Pb, trace element, and &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; Sr-Nd isotopic analyses, and pyrite S isotopic analysis of aegirine nepheline syenite associated with Nb-Ta-REE mineralization, this study explored the metallogenic ages and mechanisms, source, and tectonic setting of the Saima deposit. The apatites associated with Nb-Ta-REE mineralization exhibit uniform, concentric, and oscillatory zoning in cathodoluminescence (CL) images, as well as high (La/Yb)&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; ratios (124.62–11440.84) and nonsignificant Eu anomalies (δEu values: 0.68–0.85). These characteristics indicate a magmatic origin, suggesting that the Nb-Ta-REE mineralization occurred primarily during the early-stage crystallization of alkaline magmas. The laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) apatite U-Pb dating results indicate that the aegirine nepheline syenite has lower intercept ages of 232 ± 7 Ma and 224 ± 17 Ma. In combination with previous geochronological studies, this study proposed that the Nb-Ta-REE mineralization in the Saima deposit might have occurred during the early Late Triassic. The &lt;em&gt;in situ&lt;/em&gt; apatite Sr-Nd isotopic analysis reveals that the apatites feature high &lt;sup&gt;87&lt;/sup&gt;Sr/&lt;sup&gt;86&lt;/sup&gt;Sr ratios (0.70835 to 0.70879) and negative ε&lt;sub&gt;Nd&lt;/sub&gt;(t) values (–17.21 to –10.71), while the pyrites associated with Nb-Ta-bearing minerals exhibit positive δ&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S values (+1.3 ‰ to + 3.5 ‰). These findings suggest that the mineralized alkaline rocks originated from the partial melting of a metasomatized Nb-, Ta-, and REE-rich lithospheric mantle. Based on the regional geological setting, this study proposed that the ore-bearing aegirine nepheline syenite in the Saima deposit was formed in an extensional tectonic setting after the closure of the oceanic basin. The recycled continental crust of the ancient Yangtze Craton played a key role in the formation of the Triassic Nb-Ta-REE-bearing alkaline rocks, exemplified by the Saima alkaline complex, in the eastern Liaoning Province. The entire Triassic alkaline complex in the eastern North China Craton (NCC) possesses great potential for Nb-Ta-REE mineralization, necessitating further prospecting and expl","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106704"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The origin of glimmerite and its significance to rare earth element mineralization: Insights from the Longbaoshan deposit in North China Craton","authors":"Ze-Yu Yang ,&nbsp;Ming-Qian Wu ,&nbsp;Shan-Shan Li ,&nbsp;Hao-Cheng Yu ,&nbsp;Xi Diao ,&nbsp;Yi-Xue Gao ,&nbsp;Jia-Dong Ma ,&nbsp;Cheng-Long Zhi ,&nbsp;Zhen Shang ,&nbsp;Jing-Kai Xi ,&nbsp;Ya-Qi Huang ,&nbsp;Kun-Feng Qiu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glimmerite is often associated with critical metal mineralization; however, its origin remains controversial, and the significance of glimmerite in rare earth mineralization is unclear. At Longbaoshan, glimmerite exhibits significant rare earth mineralization. We conducted mineralogical, morphological, and mineral geochemical analysis on the glimmerite REE orebodies in the Longbaoshan deposit in the Luxi Block of China. Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (μ-XRF) elemental mapping combined with an ImageJ image analysis was used to evaluate the mineralization of the glimmerite. We identified that the glimmerite experienced three stages of hydrothermal metasomatism, all of which led to REE enrichment in the glimmerite. The stage-Ⅰ metasomatism formed the glimmerite, during which phlogopite (∼80 %) and chevkinite-(Ce) crystals (1–2 % in volume) were formed. Titanite was replaced and enclosed by chevkinite-(Ce), suggesting a metasomatic origin of the latter. Because the phlogopite and chevkinite-(Ce) crystals share equilibrium contacts with each other, indicating their common, metasomatic origin. This is also supported by the lower Fe/Mg value and higher concentrations of Na, Ba, and Sr of unaltered phlogopite compared to the alteration halos surrounding unaltered phlogopite. This alteration halo is interpreted as alteration by a stage-II metasomatism, which is, in nature, a siliceous alteration that added Si and F in phlogopite and formed quartz veins and fluorbritholite-(Ce) which occupied 15 vol% and 24 vol% of glimmerite, respectively. The fluorbritholite-(Ce) crystals are formed through the replacement of fluorapatite in the glimmerite. The halogen fugacity during stage-II metasomatism is lower than that during the formation of glimmerite, with the rate of decrease in F fugacity faster than that of Cl fugacity. We use this to conclude that the primary factor driving the precipitation of rare earth minerals is the dominant decrease of F relative to Cl fugacity. The stage-III metasomatism was brought about by a carbonate fluid that altered fluorbritholite-(Ce) into aggregates of parisite-(Ce) and synchysite-(Ce) (these two together occupy 29 % of the volume of glimmerite). Mass balance calculations reveal that the second stage of siliceous metasomatism resulted in 15 times of REE enrichment in the glimmerite compared to the initial mineralogy of glimmerite, while the contribution of carbonate fluid metasomatism (Stage III) to REE enrichment was minimal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"184 ","pages":"Article 106698"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144255232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of Ligongling ore-bearing breccia pipe in the Yangchuling porphyry W-Mo deposit, South China: Constraints from apatite chemistry and U–Pb dating","authors":"Jia-Xiang Dong ,&nbsp;Suo-Fei Xiong ,&nbsp;Shao-Yong Jiang ,&nbsp;Xiao-Fei Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yangchuling district, located within the Jiangnan tungsten belt (JNB), hosts a porphyry-style W–Mo deposit that includes an ore-bearing breccia pipe at Ligongling. This breccia pipe is situated at the contact between granodiorite and the Neoproterozoic Shuangqiaoshan Group metasedimentary rocks. The breccia exhibits a complex assemblage of clasts, including granite porphyry, greisen, siltstone, and weakly altered granodiorite. The evolution of the Ligongling breccia pipe can be subdivided into three stages: a pre-ore stage (Stage I), a breccia-type ore stage (Stage II), and a vein-type ore stage (Stage III). During Stages II and III, scheelite and molybdenite occur as fine-grained disseminations within both the mineralized breccias and associated hydrothermal veins.</div><div>Apatite is ubiquitous in various lithologies of the deposit and serves as a sensitive recorder of magmatic and hydrothermal processes. In this study, we present a comprehensive investigation of apatite from the Ligongling breccia pipe, including petrographic observations, <em>In situ</em> U–Pb geochronology, and major and trace element geochemistry. Based on textural and mineralogical characteristics observed under optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and cathodoluminescence (CL), apatite grains were classified into six types: Ap1 and Ap2 from Stage I; Ap3 and Ap4 from Stage II; and Ap5 and Ap6 from Stage III.</div><div>Major and trace element compositions of all apatite types were analyzed using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS). Total rare earth element (REE) concentrations in apatite systematically decrease from Stage I to Stage III. REE distribution patterns indicate that hydrothermal fluids responsible for ore formation inherited magmatic REE signatures from the granitic source. Apatite associated with W mineralization within the Ligongling granitoids is characterized by low Cl and high F contents, consistent with a F-rich magmatic–hydrothermal system. <em>In situ</em> U–Pb dating of hydrothermal Ap6 apatite from Stage III vein-type mineralization yielded an age of 147.5 ± 4.8 Ma (MSWD = 0.26; n = 17), interpreted as the timing of mineralization for the Ligongling breccia pipe. This age suggests that breccia pipe formation and associated mineralization were coeval with the development of the Yangchuling porphyry W–Mo deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106697"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144205722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Geology and antimony mineralization of the Yangla polymetallic orefield in northwestern Yunnan, SW China: Evidence from in situ calcite U-Pb dating, fluid inclusions and H-O-S-Pb isotopes” [Ore Geol. Rev. 183 (2025) 106682]","authors":"Xinfu Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Li ,&nbsp;Shucheng Tan ,&nbsp;Xiaoqing Liu ,&nbsp;Fengze Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106702","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106702","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106702"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144260878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of deep-sourced metamorphic fluids in Au enrichment: A case study of the Bangbu Au deposit, southern Tibet (Western China)","authors":"Jian Li ,&nbsp;Wen-Yan Cai ,&nbsp;Qing-Yi Cui ,&nbsp;Hong-Jiang Shi ,&nbsp;Kai-Lei Xu ,&nbsp;Le Yang ,&nbsp;Ming Lei ,&nbsp;Kang-Nan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106699","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Accurately identifying the evolutionary process and source of ore-forming fluids is essential for elucidating the mineralization mechanisms of large-scale gold deposits and is pivotal in discerning the genetic types of lode gold deposits. The Bangbu gold deposit (&gt;40 t @ 7.0 g/t), situated in southern Tibet within the eastern segment of the Yarlung Tsangpo metallogenic belt, represents a significant gold repository that originated from the main collision stage of the Tibetan Plateau. This deposit provides an excellent opportunity for examining the genesis of large lode gold deposits within a compressional tectonic environment. The orebodies are predominantly associated with faults systems, while the hosts rock comprise the sedimentary-metamorphic rock of the Langjiexue Group. Petrographic analysis and crosscutting relationships identify three ore-forming stages: (I) quartz + coarse-grained pyrite, (II) quartz + fine-grained pyrite + native gold + polymetallic sulfide, (III) ore-barren calcite. The He and Ar isotopic compositions indicates that the mineralization fluids are of a hybrid crust-mantle origin (&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He/&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He = 0.12–0.63 Ra; &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;Ar*/&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He = 0.27–2.67), with mantle contributions ranging from 1.65 % to 10.93 % (He&lt;sub&gt;mantle&lt;/sub&gt;). The hydrogen–oxygen isotope data corroborates the deep-derived metamorphic origin of the ore-forming fluids, aligning with the proposed genetic model. In-situ sulfur isotopic compositions of pyrite (δ&lt;sup&gt;34&lt;/sup&gt;S&lt;sub&gt;V-CDT&lt;/sub&gt; = +1.82 ‰ to + 5.27 ‰) systematically document mantle reservoir contributions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fluid inclusion (FI) studies identified four FI types in quartz from these stages: liquid (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)-rich two-phase (L-type), vapor (H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O)-rich two-phase (V-type), and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (liquid and gas)-bearing inclusions (C1- and C2-types). Further identification of four types of fluid inclusion assemblages (FIA), designated as A (L + V-types), B (L + C1-types), C (L + V + C1-types), and D (only L-type). The development of stage I is characterized by four distinct types of FIAs, exhibiting homogenization temperatures from 234 °C to 334 °C and salinities ranging between 2.40 and 6.29 wt% NaCl equivalent. This corresponds to a medium-temperature, low-salinity NaCl–H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O–CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; hydrothermal system (mol% CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; = 7.48–9.21). In contrast, stage II encompasses two types of FIAs (A and D), with homogenization temperatures between 198 °C and 282 °C and salinities from 0.53 to 5.85 wt% NaCl equivalent, indicative of a NaCl–H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-dominated hydrothermal system. Stages I and II pyrite related to native gold, and can be divided into four generations (Py1a, Py1b, Py2a, and Py2b). The porous/sieve-like textures of Py1a and Py2a indicate Au remobilization, predominantly governed by coupled dissolution-reprecipitation (CDR). Elevated As concentrations (up to 1.81 wt%) in pyrite, positively correlated with Au, further de","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106699"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144222303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gold exploration using multi-source remote sensing data in the northern part of the Wa State, Myanmar","authors":"Zhifang Zhao ,&nbsp;Geng Zhang ,&nbsp;Qi Chen ,&nbsp;Dayu Cai ,&nbsp;Fujun Meng ,&nbsp;Xingyue Long ,&nbsp;Tao Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiyang Wang ,&nbsp;Ting Xu ,&nbsp;Haiying Yang ,&nbsp;Lei Miao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gold mining plays a vital role in the economic development of many countries, and Myanmar is known for its rich mineral deposits. Preliminary exploration suggests that the northern region of Wa State in Myanmar is a prospective area for gold mineralization. However, detailed geological investigations are currently lacking, and the target range for mineral exploration remains unclear. Remote sensing technology can provide significant guidance for cross-border mineral exploration. This study developed a multi-source remote sensing methodology to delineate Carlin-type gold deposits in northern Wa State, Myanmar. Landsat 8 OLI and ASTER data were used to interpret fault information. ASTER data were employed to extract iron-stained and silicified alteration information using the iCrosta method. Based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, lithological classification information was obtained using the random forest method. By comprehensively analyzing the fault, alteration, and lithological information extracted from remote sensing data, two gold exploration target areas were delineated. Taking the No. 1 exploration target area as an example, the pyrite information was further extracted by China’s ZY1-02D hyperspectral data based on spectral angle method, the scope of exploration target area is further narrowed. Through field investigations and petrographic analysis conducted in the narrowed exploration target areas, gold mineralization was indeed identified, demonstrating the effectiveness of the mineral exploration methodology based on multi-source remote sensing data. This study can provide an important reference for the exploration of mineral resources in other similar geological settings worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106703"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}