Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Various occurrences and differential enrichment of Ge in sphalerite: An example from the Shanshulin Pb-Zn deposit, SW China","authors":"Xiao-Han Liu ,&nbsp;Ze-Ming Shi ,&nbsp;Yu-Miao Meng ,&nbsp;Xiao-Wen Huang ,&nbsp;Song-Ning Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Germanium (Ge) is commonly enriched in low-temperature Pb-Zn deposits. However, the distribution and enrichment mechanisms of Ge vary significantly for individual deposits. This study employs SEM and LA-ICP-MS analysis techniques to investigate the occurrence and substitution of Ge within sphalerite, as well as to identify the factors controlling Ge enrichment. In the Shanshulin Pb-Zn deposit, three generations of sphalerite were identified: early stage (Sp1a + Sp1b) and late stage (Sp2). Sp1a is dark brown, and Sp1b is light brown, often in close association with or enclosing pyrite. Sp2 is light yellow to white and typically found in close contact with galena. LA-ICP-MS time-resolved depth-intensity profiles reveal that Ge can exist either within the sphalerite lattice or as Ge-rich nanoparticles. The substitution mechanisms for Ge incorporation into the sphalerite may include Ge⁴⁺+2(Ag⁺, Cu⁺) ↔ 3Zn²⁺ and Ge²⁺ ↔ Zn²⁺ or Ge⁴⁺ + □ (□ represents vacancy) ↔ 2Zn²⁺. In the Shanshulin deposit, the chemical reactions and mass exchanges between gaseous sulfur species and minerals or fluids may induce variations in the temperature and <em>f</em>S₂ of ore-forming fluids. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Ga in sphalerite are influenced by temperature, while the concentration of Ge is jointly regulated by the temperature and composition of the ore-forming fluids. The difference in Ge enrichment among different Pb-Zn deposits in the northwestern Guizhou is controlled by temperature which influences the substitution mechanisms of Ge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144147114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geology and genesis of the Shenshuitan deposit in the Wulonggou gold district, Qinghai Province, China","authors":"Zhong Zhenhai ,&nbsp;Wang Shiwei ,&nbsp;Zhou Taofa ,&nbsp;Yuan Feng ,&nbsp;Fan Yu ,&nbsp;Deng Yufeng ,&nbsp;Xia Chulin ,&nbsp;Li Shanping ,&nbsp;Xu Haiquan ,&nbsp;Zhang Lejun","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106665","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106665","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Wulonggou gold district in the Eastern Kunlun region of Qinghai Province, China, hosts several gold deposits, yet the origin and nature of the ore-forming fluids remain debated. This study focuses on the Shenshuitan deposit in the Wulonggou gold district, integrating field observations with petrographic and geochemical analyses to constrain its genesis. Geological observations indicate that the deposit preserves three types alteration (skarn, propylitic and phyllic alteration). LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of hydrothermal garnet and magmatic zircon from the mineralization-related quartz diorite porphyry yielded ages of 220 ± 2 Ma and 218 ± 2 Ma, respectively. These overlapping ages indicate a close temporal relationship between magmatism and gold mineralization during the Late Triassic. The close spatial and temporal association among porphyry intrusion, alteration, and mineralization points to a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the Shenshuitan deposit. The quartz diorite porphyry exhibits adakitic geochemical signatures and ε_Hf(t) values from −6 to −0.9, with two-stage model ages (TDM₂) ranging from 0.89 to 1.09 Ga. These features suggest the magma was derived from the partial melting of thickened, juvenile lower crust of Mesoproterozoic age. This magmatic event likely occurred in the post-collisional extensional setting following the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106665"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143947825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the Huxingshan tungsten deposit by pulsed magmatic-hydrothermal fluids: Insights from scheelite mineral assemblage, texture, and trace elements","authors":"Lei Zhu ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;An-Huai Lu ,&nbsp;De-Xian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106649","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106649","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Huxingshan tungsten deposit, located in the Jiangnan tungsten belt of South China, consists of scheelite-quartz-muscovite-calcite (SQMC) and scheelite-quartz-muscovite-fluorite (SQMF) vein-type mineralization hosted by the Yalan-Yuantang fault and the Niutitang Formation carbonate rocks. The textures and compositions of Sch-A (from SQMC veins) and Sch-B (from SQMF veins) were revealed by cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and in situ LA-ICP-MS to decipher the nature and origin of the ore-forming fluids. CL images show that Sch-A is homogeneous, while Sch-B exhibits oscillatory zoning. The presence of quartz-muscovite assemblages in both vein types—common in greisen and vein-type W-Sn deposits—and the LREE-enriched patterns in Sch-A/Sch-B cores jointly indicate a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for the ore-forming fluids. However, Sch-A and Sch-B exhibit different REE patterns and yield two markedly distinct compositional clusters, with Sch-B having lower Sr, Nb, Mo, and higher Mn and REE contents than Sch-A. These mineral chemical differences, combined with the fact that fluorite exclusively occurs in Sch-B-bearing SQMF veins, suggest that Sch-A and Sch-B formed from two distinct magmatic-hydrothermal fluid pulses: a F-poor pulse and a F-rich pulse. The cores of Sch-A and Sch-B provide the earliest records of the two mineralizing fluid pulses, showing that (1) both fluid pulses initially exhibited LREE-enriched patterns, with the F-rich fluid pulse having lower LREE/HREE ratios than the F-poor fluid pulse, and (2) the F-poor fluid pulse is Sr-rich and REE-poor, while the F-rich fluid pulse is Sr-poor and REE-rich. The shift from LREE-enriched to MREE-enriched patterns from core to rim in Sch-A and Sch-B grains, accompanied by progressively decreasing REE and Sr contents, results from closed-system crystallization of scheelite during the two mineralization pulses. Sch-A and Sch-B have low Mo content (4.9–203 ppm) with variable Eu anomalies (0.56–2.89 for Sch-A and 0.87–4.21 for Sch-B), similar to those of scheelite from reduced skarn, indicating reduced conditions of the ore-forming fluids. Based on published geochronological data of the Huxingshan district, the overlapping Y/Ho ratios of both scheelite types indicate the mineralizing fluid pulses were likely sequentially released from a concealed granitic magma system emplaced at ca. 132.9 Ma. Our study at Huxingshan reveals that pulsed ore formation by multiple magmatic-hydrothermal fluid pulses is likely crucial for the formation of intrusion-related tungsten deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106649"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for metal sources, fluid-mixing processes, and S isotope recycling within the feeder zone of an Irish type Zn-Pb deposit","authors":"Aileen L. Doran ,&nbsp;Steven P. Hollis ,&nbsp;Julian F. Menuge ,&nbsp;Connor Lyons ,&nbsp;Stephen J. Piercey ,&nbsp;Adrian J. Boyce ,&nbsp;Paul Slezak ,&nbsp;Koen Torremans ,&nbsp;John Güven","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106660","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The origin and evolution of fluids in Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits remains debated, particularly regarding the mobility of metals such as Cu and Ni, sources of sulphur, and the role of fluid mixing and replacement. The Lisheen Zn-Pb deposit, Ireland, offers a well-defined natural laboratory to investigate these questions. While most studies have focused on the Waulsortian Limestone Formation, the primary sulphide host, less is known about mineralisation in underlying units, such as the Lisduff Oolite Member (LOM). The LOM displays enrichment in Cu and Ni and displays intense replacement textures compared to other hosts at Lisheen, making it an ideal target for studying metal mobility and sulphur recycling in carbonate-hosted systems. Through characterising and studying LOM-hosted sulphides, valuable insights into mineralisation processes, especially related to Cu-Ni metals, can be defined. This study integrates petrography, EMPA, and in situ sulphur isotope (δ³⁴S) analysis to investigate sulphide paragenesis, mineral chemistry, and fluid evolution across LOM ore zones. Results reveal a multistage mineralising system involving extensive replacement of early pyrite (Py0, δ³⁴S = −28.4 to −21.9 ‰) by sphalerite and galena, with zoned pyrite (Py1) enriched in As-Cu-Ni-Tl. The δ³⁴S values and trace element trends indicate mixing between hydrothermal and bacteriogenic sulphur-rich fluids, with evidence for sulphur recycling during replacement. Pyrite textures and compositions capture this evolving fluid regime, with trace element enrichment linked to paragenetic stage. The steel ore region, adjacent to major fault intersections, records intense hydrothermal fluid interaction, hosting Ni- and As-rich phases such as nickeline, gersdorffite, and arsenopyrite. These findings highlight the importance of structural controls and fluid mixing in metal transport and deposition, positioning the LOM as a key stratigraphic unit for understanding ore-forming processes in Irish-type systems. These results have implications for targeting similar carbonate-hosted systems globally, especially where deeper or structurally complex ore zones remain underexplored.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of the Heishan magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt: Implications from magma oxygen fugacity and sulfur isotopes","authors":"Wen-Bin Ji ,&nbsp;Zhong-Jie Bai ,&nbsp;Jian-Feng Gao ,&nbsp;Wei Xie ,&nbsp;Wei-Guang Zhu ,&nbsp;Shuai Wei ,&nbsp;Shi-Ji Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genesis of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in convergent tectonic settings is primarily controlled by magmatic oxygen fugacity (<em>f</em>O₂) reduction and/or external sulfur assimilation. To test two competing genetic hypotheses for the Heishan magmatic Ni-Cu deposit in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, we employ sulfur isotope analysis of sulfide minerals and <em>f</em>O₂ estimates derived from olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel (Ol-Opx-Spl) equilibria to constrain the sources of sulfur and the redox conditions during mineralization. The δ³⁴S values of sulfide minerals vary from –1.1 to + 7.5 ‰, showing systematic variations among lithologies. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides from sparsely disseminated mineralized harzburgite (–1,1 to + 1.6 ‰) fall within the range of mantle-derived sulfur, whereas those from disseminated mineralized lherzolite (1.1 to + 7.5 ‰) indicate crustal sulfur contributions. Magmatic <em>f</em>O₂ conditions span a range of ΔFMQ + 0.69 to ΔFMQ + 1.03. The measured values are &gt; 1 order of magnitude lower compared to those observed in the Xiadong sulfide-barren ultramafic intrusion within the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Combining geochemical constraints from sulfur concentrations in primitive arc basalts (2,000–3,000 ppm) with thermodynamic modeling of sulfur solubility under variable redox conditions in hydrous basaltic systems, we confirm that exogenous sulfur input alone is insufficient to achieve sulfide segregation in the primary magma of the Heishan deposit. A substantial decrease in primary magma <em>f</em>O₂ is necessary to trigger sulfide saturation for the Heishan deposit, while the introduction of external sulfur can enhance the degree of mineralization. This study establishes a dual-control paradigm: <em>f</em>O₂ reduction governs the initiation of sulfide melt segregation, whereas external sulfur influx modulates metal endowment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin of ferromanganese deposits in the Jurassic to Cretaceous accretionary complex: Implications for the deep-sea environment around ocean anoxic events","authors":"Keishiro Azami ,&nbsp;Koichiro Fujinaga ,&nbsp;Naoto Hirano ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the Tokoro Belt, which is a Jurassic to Cretaceous accretionary complex in Japan, Fe and Mn deposits are distributed along basaltic rocks and chert. This study proposes the origin of these Fe and Mn deposits and reconstructs marine Os isotope ratios. The samples were found to exhibit negative Ce anomalies and low transition metal contents other than Fe and Mn, which are typical of submarine hydrothermal ferromanganese oxides. The Fe deposit samples were enriched in rare-earth elements due to apatite accumulation. Several Mn deposit samples showed positive Eu anomalies, suggesting high-temperature water–rock interactions. The radiolarian ages of red cherts in previous studies and the distributions of mid-ocean ridge (MOR) and oceanic island basalts indicate that Fe deposits were formed by hydrothermal activity at an MOR in the Callovian or older. In contrast, Mn deposits were formed by hydrothermal activity on oceanic islands approximately 5 × 10³ km from the MOR at approximately 120 Ma. The low initial Os isotope ratios of the Fe deposit samples (0.411–0.445) suggest that volcanism in the MOR was active before the Late Jurassic oceanic anoxic event (OAE). The initial Os isotope ratios of the Mn deposit samples from the western and southern sections correspond to the marine Os isotope ratios observed before and during OAE1a (∼124–119.55 Ma and 119.5–118.5 Ma, respectively). As the Mn deposits are interbedded with red chert, it can be inferred that an oxic environment was maintained in the deep-sea pelagic regions throughout OAE1a.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterising mineral chemistry variation as a proxy for fluid composition using EMIT spaceborne hyperspectral data","authors":"Bruno Portela,&nbsp;Harald van der Werff,&nbsp;Christoph Hecker,&nbsp;Mark van der Meijde","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Epithermal and porphyry-Cu systems exhibit well-defined hydrothermal alteration zonation, reflecting the mineral systems’ fluid chemistry and thermal evolution. High-sulphidation deposits are characterised by advanced argillic alteration (alunite ± pyrophyllite) in the lithocap environment, which can be overprinted by sericitic alteration (white micas) due to fluid evolution. Mapping these alteration patterns is critical for mineral exploration, as they potentially indicate mineralising events. While airborne hyperspectral imaging has been widely used to remotely map alteration patterns, its high cost and limited coverage restrict large-scale applications. Recently launched publicly available spaceborne hyperspectral sensors such as PRISMA, EnMAP, and EMIT offer systematic, cost-effective data acquisition but at reduced resolution. PRISMA and EnMAP have proven effective for hydrothermal alteration mapping, but EMIT remains largely unexplored.</div><div>We assess EMIT’s ability to map hydrothermal alteration mineralogy and characterise mineral chemistry variations for fluid composition analysis in the lithocap of the Yerington mining district, Nevada. Using wavelength and decision-tree classification maps, we identify a typical high-sulphidation zonation, where advanced argillic alteration is enveloped by sericitic alteration. Additionally, we map an outward shift from Al-rich to Mg-Fe-rich white micas, serving as a pH proxy. For the first time from space, we differentiate alunite- from pyrophyllite-rich zones, previously thought to require high-resolution airborne data. This distinction is crucial, as alunite-rich zones indicate high-temperature magmatic sulphur input, forming acidic environments, while pyrophyllite-rich zones reflect evolving fluid conditions. Our findings confirm EMIT’s ability to characterise mineral chemistry variation as a proxy for fluid composition despite its coarser resolution when compared to PRISMA and EnMAP. This capability reinforces the role of spaceborne hyperspectral data for mineral exploration in high-sulphidation epithermal-Au and porphyry-Cu systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106673"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mineralization potential of the Permian Houdaomu intrusions in the Lesser Xing’an Range, northeastern China","authors":"Lingyue Wang ,&nbsp;Yong Lai ,&nbsp;Kai Xing ,&nbsp;Qianxiong Shi ,&nbsp;Litian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Abundant porphyry Mo systems with concentrated Jurassic ages are developed in the Lesser Xing’an Range, northeastern China. The Houdaomu Mo deposit is one of the typical porphyry deposits in this region, and several barren intrusions occur in the mining area. In this study, magmatic apatite and zircon geochemical analyses, zircon U-Pb age dating, and apatite Nd isotope measurement were carried out on the barren intrusions, including the biotite granite, monzodiorite, and biotite diorite. The aims are to obtain the physical and chemical characteristics of the magmas and explore the reasons behind the differences in the ore-forming potential between ore-bearing and barren intrusions. The zircon U-Pb ages of the biotite granite, monzodiorite, and biotite diorite in the Houdaomu deposit are 255.9 ± 0.7 Ma, 255.9 ± 0.9 Ma, and 254.5 ± 1.3 Ma, respectively. The Nd isotopic compositions of magmatic apatite grains are homogeneous, with ε_Nd(t) values ranging from 1.1 to 3.5, corresponding to T_DM2 ages between 938 and 743 Ma, revealing that these intrusions were mainly originated from partial melting of mantle materials (74 %–85 %) with a small amount of lower crustal materials. The calculated zircon Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 1.54–43.2), estimated ΔFMQ range (−1.7 to 1.6) and magma oxygen fugacities (ƒ_O2 = -16.8 to −13.8) are lower than other typical Mesozoic ore-forming intrusions in the region, all of which indicate that these Permian barren magmas in Houdaomu were relatively reduced. From diorite to granite, the Sr/Y ratios of apatite and the Eu/Eu* ratios of zircon decrease, and the Dy/Y ratios of apatite and zircon increase, indicating that the magma water content gradually decreases, and the more evolved the magma, the lower the water content. This is consistent with the significant Eu anomaly in the magmatic apatite and whole-rock samples. The results from this study indicate that the magmas forming these Late Permian intrusions in Houdaomu are characterized by a low magmatic oxidation state and a low water content, which can explain the reason why there was no Mo (or Cu) mineralization temporally and genetically associated with these intrusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106672"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144084186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cretaceous mafic magmatic enclaves and host granites in the Luanchuan ore cluster, East Qinling, China: Insights into Mo mineralisation and tectonic evolution","authors":"Fan Yang ,&nbsp;Fei Xue ,&nbsp;Weidong Ren ,&nbsp;Leon Bagas ,&nbsp;Yuesheng Han ,&nbsp;Yunchou Xu ,&nbsp;Di Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The genesis of mafic magmatic enclaves (MMEs) remains a topic of scientific discussion, particularly regarding their relationship to the mineralising potential of granites. This research presents geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological analyses of MMEs from the Shibaogou pluton in the Luanchuan Mo cluster within the East Qinling Mo metallogenic belt of central China. Our findings indicate that the MMEs, primarily quartz diorite, formed at ca. 144 Ma. These MMEs represent mafic magma derived from the mantle, which was injected into the molten felsic magma and subsequently underwent hybridisation with the host granites. The Shibaogou pluton is characterised by high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites, which originated from the partial melting of basaltic lower crustal rocks followed by fractional crystallisation. In the Luanchuan ore cluster, the Late Mesozoic granitic plutons with a higher abundance of MMEs are associated with increased erosion and reduced input of Mo-bearing ore-forming materials. This observation indicates a decreased exploration potential for granitic intrusions in the region. The log<em>f</em>O₂ values of the MMEs from the Shibaogou pluton range from −25.6 to −6.5, consistent with those of their host granites. However, these values are lower than those observed in the Mo mineralised granitic plutons of the northern Nannihu ore filed, indicating a lower mineralising potential for the Shibaogou pluton in the Luanchuan area. The formation of the Shibaogou MMEs is attributed to asthenospheric upwelling and the underplating of lithospheric mantle-derived magma, while the host granites formed through the partial melting of basaltic lower crust. Additionally, the formation of both the MMEs and their host granites reveals a Late Mesozoic tectonic transition from a <em>syn</em>-collisional compressional to a within-plate extensional setting. The limited exposure of mafic-dioritic rocks, including MMEs, in the Luanchuan area reflects the restricted nature of asthenospheric upwelling. This study underscores the importance of MMEs in evaluating the exploration and mineralising potential of granitic intrusions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interpretable machine learning for mineral prospectivity mapping in the Qulong–Jiama district, Tibet, China","authors":"Nini Mou ,&nbsp;Emmanuel John M. Carranza ,&nbsp;Jianling Xue ,&nbsp;Shuai Zhang ,&nbsp;Gongwen Wang ,&nbsp;Hao Song ,&nbsp;Yuhao Chen ,&nbsp;Xiangning Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Machine learning (ML) models have been successfully adopted to delineate prospecting regions for a specific type of mineral deposit in data-driven mineral prospectivity mapping (MPM). The primary objective of the ML-based MPM is to effectively integrate multi-source mineral exploration information and enhance its predictive capability and precision. Prior studies demonstrated that one may achieve an improved performance MPM by using models trained by exploration targeting criteria closely associated with mineral deposits, along with coherent training samples with similar multivariate spatial data signatures. Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) are employed to conduct mineral prospectivity maps in this study. By employing the Permutation Feature Importance and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis from a global interpretable perspective, this study successfully identified the main impactful evidence layers contributing to mineralization predictions. Furthermore, the application of local interpretability through SHAP analysis facilitated the identification of regions where evidence layers provided consistent contributions to predictions, demonstrating a similar multivariate spatial data signature. By employing interpretable machine learning techniques, not only is the explainability of the model’s predictions significantly improved, but the performance of MPM is also markedly enhanced. Utilizing models trained on exploration targeting criteria closely associated with mineral deposits, along with coherent training samples characterized by similar multivariate spatial data signatures, the final probability map achieved an AUC value of 0.970 and exhibited strong spatial correlation with known deposits. This approach effectively delineates high-probability areas, thereby optimizing the identification of potential mineralization zones and providing guidance for future copper exploration efforts in the Qulong-Jiama district.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143924855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}