Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Geological characteristics and enrichment mechanisms of the Huayagou-Jinchanggou Au Deposit: Implications for ore genesis in the Baguamiao-Jiutiaogou anomaly belt","authors":"Fei Teng ,&nbsp;Kang Yan ,&nbsp;Ke Yang ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Teng ,&nbsp;Leon Bagas ,&nbsp;Zhifeng Xue ,&nbsp;Wendi Guo ,&nbsp;Wei Li ,&nbsp;Yongbao Gao ,&nbsp;Liyong Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106878","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106878","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Significant breakthroughs have recently been made in the Huayagou-Jinchanggou area of the Western Qinling Orogen (WQO), with estimated Au reserves of 20 t. However, the genetic relationship between magmatism and mineralization, as well as the mechanisms responsible for ore enrichment, remain unresolved. The Jinchanggou Au deposit, characterized by super-rich ores and multiphase magmatism, provides a valuable opportunity to clarify these issues. In this study, we investigated mineralization-related diorite dykes through zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, mineralogical geochemistry, EPMA analyses, and elemental mapping of bismuth minerals in auriferous quartz veins. The results show that the diorite dyke was emplaced at ca. 211.8 Ma and is characterized by moderately high oxygen fugacity and water content, consistent with magma mixing as indicated by the abundance of acicular apatite. Multiple episodes of such intrusions released magmatic-hydrothermal fluids that contributed to gold enrichment. The quartz-vein-type ores at Jinchanggou, particularly late-stage gently dipping veins, differ from the regionally common disseminated-type ores and display features of orogenic gold systems with a magmatic-hydrothermal overprint, comparable to deposits such as Val-d’Or (Canada) and Shuangqishan (China). Combined with geophysical and metallogenic data, these features suggest that mineralization is linked to Yanshanian metallogeny, a rare event in the WQO. This study provides new evidence for multi-pulsed magmatic contributions to mineralization and highlights the potential for deeper mafic dyke-related gold mineralization along the Baguamiao-Jiutiaogou anomaly belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106878"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145060398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cadmium-Fe-Mn coupling in sphalerite from MVT Pb-Zn deposits: Implications for critical metal Cd enrichment","authors":"Pan-Pan Niu ,&nbsp;Shao-Yong Jiang ,&nbsp;Manuel Muñoz ,&nbsp;Nicolas Trcera ,&nbsp;Shugang Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106880","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106880","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cadmium (Cd) has been increasingly recognized for its critical role in modern high-technology applications. Accordingly, investigations into its natural enrichment mechanisms have garnered heightened scientific interest. The Pb-Zn deposit, recognized as the principal industrial source of Cd, predominantly hosts this element within sphalerite, with only minor occurrences in independent Cd minerals such as greenockite (CdS). Current studies have demonstrated that the distribution of Cd in sphalerite is significantly correlated with Fe and Mn, particularly through the substitutions of Cd, Fe, and Mn, such as Fe²⁺ + Mn²⁺ + Cd²⁺ → 3Zn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ + Cd²⁺ → 2Zn²⁺. However, the coupling mechanism of these elements within sphalerite have not been thoroughly investigated, and the implications of the Cd enrichment process remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed sphalerite samples of varying colors from two major Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits (Huize and Maoping) in the SYG (Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou) area, Southwest China. We employed micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (SXRF), and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy techniques to qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the presence of Cd, Fe and Mn in sphalerite of different colors. The results demonstrate that Fe in our sphalerite samples exists in a divalent state (Fe²⁺), with concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 10.8 wt%. In Fe-rich sphalerite, Cd and Mn incorporate into the lattice alongside Fe at varying ratios via the substitutions Cd²⁺ + nFe²⁺ → (n + 1)Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ + nFe²⁺ → (n + 1)Zn²⁺, respectively. Notably, as Fe content increases further, both the Cd/Fe and Mn/Fe ratios decrease progressively. Cd concentrations drop sharply when Fe exceeds 6.7 wt%. In Fe-poor sphalerite, Cd and Mn can directly substitute for Zn within the crystal structure (Cd²⁺ → Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ → Zn²⁺), and their concentrations exhibit an inverse correlation. This study indicates that the enrichment of Cd within sphalerite is predominantly influenced by temperature, while its correlation with sulfur fugacity appears to be insignificant. Cadmium enrichment can occur in both high-temperature and low-temperature sphalerite. Consequently, the Pb-Zn deposits formed under higher temperature conditions may facilitate two distinct stages of Cd enrichment in sphalerite, thereby enhancing overall Cd concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106880"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formation of Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization in the Longhua Ni-Co hydrothermal vein deposit, Dayaoshan area, South China: Constraints from in-situ apatite U-Pb geochronology, sulfide S-Pb isotopes and trace element compositions","authors":"Yang Xinmin ,&nbsp;Nie Xiao ,&nbsp;Wang Zongqi ,&nbsp;Mi Kuifeng ,&nbsp;Tang Hejun ,&nbsp;Deng Zhen","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106871","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106871","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Longhua Ni-Co deposit, situated in the Dayaoshan area of South China, is characterized by Ni-Co arsenide and Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization primarily hosted within quartz veins. While previous studies have focused on the origin for the Ni-Co arsenide mineralization, the Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization remains less understood. In this study, microscopic observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization stage that postdates the earlier Ni-Co arsenide mineralization stage. In-situ U-Pb dating of apatite coexisting with Ni-Co sulfarsenide and Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfide from this later stage yielded an lower intercept age of 436.2 ± 6.9 Ma, contemporaneous with the Caledonian granites in the Dayaoshan area. Sphalerite geothermometer indicate a crystallization temperature ranging from 379 °C to 388 °C, suggesting a moderate-high temperature ore-forming fluid. In-situ S-Pb isotope analysis of sulfide from this stage revealed δ³⁴S values of −0.5 ‰ to + 6.5 ‰ (mean + 1.4 ‰) for pyrite and 2.7 ‰ to 3.0 ‰ (mean 2.9 ‰) for sphalerite, with pyrite showing similar Pb isotopic ratios to those for Caledonian granites in the region, indicating a predominantly magmatic source characteristic. These new findings, combined with evidences from previous studies, suggest a multi-stage evolutionary process for Ni-Co arsenide and Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization, with magmatic hydrothermal fluids playing a crucial role during the Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization stage. The Ni-Co-polymetallic sulfarsenide-sulfide mineralization represents a subsequent overprinting process superimposed on the earlier Ni-Co arsenide mineralization. This study provides new insights into the Ni-Co enrichment mechanism in hydrothermal Ni-Co vein deposits and offers valuable guidance for future prospecting in the Dayaoshan area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106871"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scheelite deposition induced by long cooling time in the Longjiaoshan skarn tungsten deposit in South China: Evidence for petrography and fluid inclusions","authors":"Liqing Nie ,&nbsp;Xiaoyang Li ,&nbsp;Junyi Pan ,&nbsp;Fangyue Wang ,&nbsp;Guojun Cai ,&nbsp;Jianming Cui ,&nbsp;Shikang Yu ,&nbsp;Taofa Zhou ,&nbsp;Xiao Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106874","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106874","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten (W), one of the most important critical strategic metals, is mainly formed in skarn deposits from magmatic hydrothermal systems. The precipitation mechanism of W in hydrothermal environments remain debated, primarily due to scarcity of direct in-situ fluid evidence from scheelites that could constrain W mineralization process. This study systematically reconstructs the fluid evolution history of the Longjiaoshan deposit, a representative large skarn W deposit in South China, based on integrated field investigations, petrographic observations, infrared microthermometry, cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, Raman microspectroscopy and LA-ICP-MS analysis of intergrown scheelite and gangue mineral assemblages. The scheelite mineralization ore at Longjiaoshan deposit developed through two principal stages (i.e., retrograde skarn formation and subsequent sulfide stages). Scheelite (Sch1: euhedral, crystals with<!--> <!-->homogeneous gray CL, response and<!--> <!-->well-defined oscillatory zoning) precipitated during a<!--> <!-->discrete interval between garnet crystallization and subsequent quartz (Q1) formation. Then Sch2 (anhedral morphology with gray CL signature, displaying microcracks and fissures) co-precipitated with Q1 quartz). Sch3 (exhibiting dark CL luminosity and irregular oscillatory zoning) was overprinted by later Q2 quartz veins. Then the sulfide mineralization (chalcopyrite and pyrite) cross-cut pre-existing mineral phases. Microthermometric analysis of 71 fluid inclusion assemblages (FIAs), comprising 90 individual inclusions in scheelite and quartz from the Longjiaoshan deposit, yielded the following homogenization temperatures and salinities (468 to 575.1 ℃ and 10.6 to 17.4 wt% NaCl eq. for Sch1, 371.0–482.1 ℃ and 10.6 to 17.7 wt% NaCl eq. for Sch2, 397.4–458.1 and 10.6–13.7 wt% NaCl eq. for Sch3, 265.0–395.1 ℃ and 5.3–12.5 wt% NaCl eq. for Q1, and 209.3–300.8 ℃ and 8.3–12.4 wt% NaCl eq. for Q2, respectively). The Rb/Na versus K/Na ratio plot of fluid inclusion compositions demonstrates magmatic fluid signatures, consistent with exsolution from a homogeneous magma reservoir. The progressive temperature decline through successive mineralization stages therefore corresponds to downward gradual migration of the magma interface. The B and As diagram from fluid inclusion data reveal limited fluid phase segregation and vapor phase during boiling. In-situ microanalysis of primary / pseudosecondary fluid inclusions from the different crystallization stages indicates that inconspicuous fluid phase segregation and vapor phase during boiling. Integration of SEM-CL imaging, infrared microthermometry, Raman microspectroscopy, and fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS analyses demonstrates that scheelite precipitation at the Longjiaoshan deposit was controlled by prolonged cooling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106874"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning coupled with zircon trace elements revealing the diverse mineralization styles in the southern Great Xing’an range","authors":"Kui-Feng Mi ,&nbsp;Zhao-Lin Wang ,&nbsp;Xiao Nie ,&nbsp;Wen-Bin Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106863","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106863","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Zircon stands out as a crucial accessory mineral in geological studies, serving as a valuable archive of isotopic and trace element information. These characteristics make zircon<!--> <!-->a widely used indicator<!--> <!-->of magma fertility and mineralization potential. Since 2011, the southern Great Xing’an Range (SGXR) has emerged as a prominent mineralization zone, leading to numerous coeval discoveries of hydrothermal-vein, porphyry, and skarn-type deposits. In this study, we analyzed 10 ore-related granites and integrated previously published data to establish a new zircon trace element database. Using low-code machine learning solutions (PyCaret), CatBoost was identified as the best classification model for distinguishing mineralization diversity. It achieved an accuracy of 0.9217, an AUC of 0.9837, and demonstrated high recall, precision, and F1-scores of 0.9217, 0.9251 and 0.9214, respectively. The top five features for identifying mineralization, based on important scores, are Hf, T(°C), U, Eu_N/Eu_N* and Yb/Dy, indicating that variations in magmatic water content, temperature, and redox conditions play a critical role in determining ore deposit types. Quantitatively, hydrothermal-vein zircons exhibit the widest temperature range (544–945 °C; mean 758 °C) and highest Hf concentrations (mean 35,855 ppm), followed by porphyry zircons with narrower temperatures (605–954 °C; mean 752 °C) and lowest Hf contents (mean 15,860 ppm), while skarn zircons show the highest mean temperatures (597–980 °C; mean 777 °C) but the intermediate Hf contents (mean 21,788 ppm). These variations reflect differences in magmatic conditions, degrees of fractionation, and fluid–rock interaction among mineralization styles, and are further influenced by broader geological factors such as metal-enriched sedimentary strata, magmatic evolution, and tectonic setting. Integrating zircon geochemistry with regional geological context enhances our understanding of ore-forming processes and supports exploration in the SGXR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106863"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering ore-forming conditions and ore genesis in the Devonian Xierqu iron deposit (East Tianshan, NW China): Insights from in-situ magnetite and apatite geochemistry","authors":"Xihui Cheng ,&nbsp;Li Yun ,&nbsp;Mingxing Ling ,&nbsp;Jiao Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106859","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;The Xierqu Fe deposit in the Kalatag district offers key insights into Devonian magmatic-hydrothermal iron mineralization within the East Tianshan Orogenic Belt. This study combines detailed microtextural observations, electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and LA–ICP–MS analyses of magnetite and apatite to decipher the genetic processes and fluid evolution that led to the formation of high-grade Fe ores in the Xierqu deposit. Magnetite mineralization is genetically and spatially linked to quartz diorite porphyry intrusions that were emplaced into volcanic-sedimentary sequences of the Lower Devonian Dananhu Formation. Three magnetite generations are identified: (1) Mag-1 (disseminated) from the prograde skarn stage, characterized by high V (avg. 190 ppm), Cr (avg. 504 ppm), and low Ni/Cr ratios (avg. 0.08), indicative of a high-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal origin; (2) Mag-2 (banded) from the retrograde skarn stage, showing transitional Ni/Cr (avg. 1.57) and moderate V depletion (avg. 92 ppm), reflecting magmatic-hydrothermal interaction; and (3) Mag-3 (massive) from the retrograde skarn stage, marked by hydrothermal signatures (Ni/Cr &gt; 5, V &lt; 73 ppm) and oscillatory zoning linked to fluctuating oxygen fugacity (&lt;em&gt;f&lt;/em&gt;O₂) and fluid-rock interaction. Systematic Sn increases (2.2–19.2 ppm) and V/Cr decreases from Mag-1 to Mag-3 record progressive oxidation during retrograde skarn alteration, driven by external oxygen influx and hematite coexistence. Apatite geochemistry further constrains fluid evolution. Retrograde skarn apatite (Apt-1) exhibits high F/Cl (avg. 24.4), negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.07–0.33), and elevated Sr/Y (avg. 4.88), consistent with oxidizing, F-rich fluids derived from continental crustal melts. In contrast, quartz diorite porphyry apatite (Apt-2) displays lower F/Cl (avg. 1.38), weak Ce anomalies (Ce/Ce* = 1.35), and higher Cl (avg. 0.74 wt%), indicative of subduction-related magmatism with elevated salinity. Fluid-rock interaction, evidenced by increasing Mg + Mn (245–1937 ppm) and Ca (2442–10361 ppm) in magnetite, promoted Fe-Cl complex destabilization and magnetite deposition during carbonate metasomatism. The Xierqu deposit exhibits diagnostic skarn attributes, including: (1) spatial-genetic links to quartz diorite porphyry intrusions, (2) prograde garnet-pyroxene-magnetite assemblages overprinted by retrograde epidote-chlorite-quartz-sulfide mineralization, and (3) magnetite geochemical trends (Ca + Al + Mn vs. Ti + V) aligning with global skarn systems. These features distinguish it from submarine volcanogenic or iron oxide copper–gold (IOCG) models, affirming a skarn origin. The identification of Devonian iron mineralization extends the metallogenic framework of the East Tianshan beyond Carboniferous systems, underscoring the importance of Paleozoic arc-related magmatic-hydrothermal processes. Targeting concealed intrusions along carbonate interfaces within the Kalatag structural corridor may","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106859"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of infrared (IR) spectral for exploration indicators in the Zhouwu Fe-Cu Skarn Deposit, South China","authors":"Ming Liang ,&nbsp;Chao Wu ,&nbsp;Anpeng Qiu ,&nbsp;Min Guo ,&nbsp;Qiuchun Wang ,&nbsp;Bing Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Nanling Range is a globally significant W-Sn polymetallic province in South China, which is mainly associated with the Mesozoic magmatism. The recently discovered Zhouwu deposit, situated along the southern margin of this range, is classified as a stratabound skarn-type Fe-Cu system, with an inferred ore reserves of 24 million tons of Fe and 42 thousand tons of Cu. This system exhibits distinct lithological control, with mineralization and alteration predominantly concentrated in ore-rich strata within the Zhouwu deposit, with poor development of mineralogical zonation. This study systematically elucidates the alteration mineral assemblages and their spatiotemporal relationships with mineralization through detailed geological surveys, mineralogical observations, and an integration of thermal infrared (TIR) spectroscopy, short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectroscopy, and electron probe micro-analysis of pyroxene. This study reveals that the paragenesis of the Zhouwu deposit can be subdivided into distinct phases, i.e., garnet-pyroxene, iron oxide, sulfide, and carbonate stages. The spectral parameters for garnet (Pos 11,400 &gt; 11,400 nm), chlorite (Pos 2335 &lt; 2335 nm), and white mica (Dep 1900 &lt; 0.36) are closely associated with Fe and Cu mineralization. Additionally, the presence of diopside combined with low Pos 9700 values (Pos 9700 &lt; 9720 nm) can serve as a proximal indicator for iron-rich fluids, suggesting magnesium enrichment in pyroxene within the proximal zone of iron mineralization. In addition, the spectral characteristics of chlorite and white mica exhibit subtle differences between Fe and Cu deposits. These findings suggest that Fe mineralization formed under high temperature, oxidizing conditions, while Cu mineralization takes place under medium–high temperature, less oxidizing conditions. Integrating spectral parameters with ore-forming fluid evolution, three exploration target zones were identified. Overall, this research underscores the effectiveness of combining TIR and SWIR spectroscopy in skarn exploration, particularly in stratabound skarn-type Fe-Cu system such as Zhouwu.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145044900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Highly fractionated Eocene granites in the southern Lhasa subterrane: Implications for tungsten metallogeny and exploration","authors":"Xuhui Wang ,&nbsp;Changyi Wu ,&nbsp;Xinghai Lang ,&nbsp;Zuopeng Xiang ,&nbsp;Yulin Deng ,&nbsp;Stephanie Lohmeier","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106861","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106861","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highly differentiated granites are worldwide the primary source of W, Sn, and rare metals. Recently, a tourmaline granite was discovered in the Dagejia area in the western section of the southern Lhasa subterrane, southern Tibetan Plateau, where W mineralization is represented by quartz-tourmaline-wolframite veins in the granite. Two samples from the Dagejia tourmaline granite yielded weighted ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U mean ages of 41.0 ± 0.5 Ma and 42.4 ± 0.5 Ma (Eocene). The Dagejia tourmaline granite is a typical S-type granite, characterized by high silica (SiO₂ = 72.78–78.29 wt%) and high total alkali (Na₂O + K₂O = 5.01–9.93 wt%) contents, has a high aluminum saturation index (A/CNK = 1.06‒2.72), and high normative corundum contents (average: 4.0 wt%; range: 0.7‒10.1 wt%). The zircon grains have negative ε_Hf(<em>t</em>) values (−3.96 to − 1.96) and Mesoproterozoic two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2 = 1243–1372 Ma). These characteristics, along with low whole-rock CaO/Na₂O and low Nb/U ratios, and high Rb/Sr and high Rb/Ba ratios, point out that the Dagejia tourmaline granite derived from melting of a pelitic, mid- to upper crustal source. The Dagejia tourmaline granite displays high differentiation indexes (DI = 88–96), has low Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios, and is depleted in Ba, Nb, Sr, Eu, and Ti, indicating that the granite is highly fractionated and has undergone a significant crystallization differentiation, involving amphibole, K-feldspar, plagioclase, and titanite. The W contents of the relatively primitive Dagejia tourmaline granite samples (DI = 88–94) are higher than those of the upper continental crust, showing that the magma source was pre-enriched in W. In addition, the W contents increased significantly when the DI exceeded 95, revealing an exceptionally high degree of differentiation triggering the further enrichment of the Dagejia tourmaline granite in W. Based on these geochemical characteristics and the presence of quartz-tourmaline-wolframite veins, the Dagejia tourmaline granite has the potential to have generated a fertile W mineralization. Combined with the W occurrences at Hahaigang, Nuri, Jiagang, and Jiaoxi, the Lhasa Terrane has a significant metallogenic potential for further W discoveries, particularly linked with highly fractionated granites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106861"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Volcanic ash contributes to the formation of clay-type Li deposits: Constraints from the late Permian claystone in the northern Upper Yangtze region, South China","authors":"Yu Qin ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Dong ,&nbsp;Qiao Feng ,&nbsp;Yongfei Tian ,&nbsp;Qi Wang ,&nbsp;Le Qiao ,&nbsp;Shanna Xue ,&nbsp;Wenbo Yang ,&nbsp;Yongwei Jiang ,&nbsp;Haiping Li","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106868","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106868","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clay-type Li deposits are one of the major types of Li resources globally and can be genetically categorized into carbonate-hosted and volcanic-hosted sub-types. Most recently, a series of clay-type Li deposits with Li₂O contents of 0.13–0.39 wt% have been discovered in the Wangpo claystone from the bottom of the Upper Permian, southern Shaanxi, northern Upper Yangtze, which have become key targets for commercial exploration. However, some key issues such as provenance, Li-hosting minerals and their origin, and Li enrichment mechanism, remain unclear to date, hampering a better understanding of Li mineralization in the Wangpo claystone. Herein, a comprehensive study of field geology, petrology, whole-rock geochemistry, and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopes and trace element reveals that the Wangpo claystone was deposited on carbonate platforms in a littoral-neritic environment at 261–259 Ma, and underwent intense chemical weathering without involvement of hydrothermal alteration, as evidenced by the extremely high CIA values (98–99). Vitric fragments, coupled with the trace element compositions and <em>ε</em>_Hf(<em>t</em>) values (−8.8 to +5.6) of euhedral zircons with uniform ages (∼260 Ma), collectively suggest a volcanic ash origin for the Wangpo claystone, primarily derived from the Paleo-Tethys arc with a minor contribution from the Emeishan Large Igneous Province (ELIP). Whole-rock XRD and <em>in-situ</em> analyses (SEM-EDS, TIMA, and LA-ICP-MS) demonstrate that kaolinite (1096–1292 ppm Li) and cookeite (1390–1730 ppm Li) are the primary Li carriers in the Wangpo claystone. Mineral paragenesis and morphology suggest that the authigenic kaolinite was produced by chemical weathering of volcanic ash, which was dissolved and altered to release Li. Subsequent burial diagenesis facilitated partial transformation of kaolinite into cookeite under Li-rich conditions, driving Li enrichment. Accordingly, the Wangpo claystone may represent a unique clay-type Li deposit in South China, distinct from both carbonate-hosted and volcanic-hosted types. This study highlights that volcanic ash subjected to chemical weathering and diagenetic alteration plays a pivotal role in Li mineralization of claystone, which could provide valuable guidance for future exploration and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106868"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The spatiotemporal distribution, petrogenesis, and key ore-forming factors of the Jurassic magmatic arc in the Gangdese belt, Tibet","authors":"Peiyan Xu ,&nbsp;Zhusen Yang ,&nbsp;Yuanchuan Zheng ,&nbsp;Zengqian Hou ,&nbsp;Bo Xu ,&nbsp;Changda Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Zhao ,&nbsp;Miao Zhao ,&nbsp;Linyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Chang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106865","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106865","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Porphyry Cu deposits (PCDs), especially super-large deposits, have always been the hotspots in research on mineral deposits and prospecting. Xiongcun, as the only super-large PCD in the Gangdese belt formed in an oceanic subduction setting, has not yet had its key ore-forming factors clearly defined. Moreover, the coupling relationship between these ore-forming factors and deep magmatic processes remains underexplored. This study focuses primarily on the Xiongcun ore-forming intrusion, the Karu and Tangbai weakly Cu-mineralized intrusions, and the Yabo and Jiacha barren intrusions within the Jurassic Arc. With the exception of the Jiacha sample located in the eastern segment of the Jurassic Arc (ESJA), all other samples are distributed within the western segment (WSJA). All these intermediate-felsic samples, with ages ranging from 172.2 to 190.4 Ma, are predominantly calc-alkaline or high-K calc-alkaline series, exhibiting characteristics typical of arc magmas. The low MgO contents (0.64–1.98 wt%), depleted Hf-Nd isotopic compositions (ε_Hf(t) = 11.9–16.3, whole-rock ε_Nd(t) = 5.7–6.7), and young two-stage model ages (175–534 Ma) of samples from the WSJA indicate an origin derived from juvenile mafic lower crust, while in contrast, the heterogeneous isotopic signatures observed in the ESJA reflect compositional heterogeneity in the source region, which is ascribed to the presence of relic ancient crustal materials. Then, based on new data, we explored the key ore-forming factors of the Jurassic Arc. The samples from the WSJA collectively exhibit higher zircon Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ ratios, higher ΔFMQ values, lower T(ti-zr) values, and higher whole-rock Ba/La ratios compared to those from the ESJA, indicating that the magmas in the WSJA generally possess higher oxygen fugacity and water content. Consequently, the ESJA exhibits lower metallogenic potential. Furthermore, the differences in mineralization between the WSJA and ESJA can be attributed to the varying degrees of fluid metasomatism experienced by their source regions. Within the WSJA itself, the metallogenic potential varies significantly, ranging from barren intrusions through weakly mineralized intrusions to ore-forming intrusions. This progression corresponds to an increasing trend in magma oxygen fugacity, water content, and volatile content, which is linked to the enhanced intensity of fluid metasomatism affecting the magmatic source regions. These factors are crucial for the formation of the super-large Xiongcun deposit.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 106865"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144996272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}