Ore Geology Reviews最新文献

{"title":"Geology and antimony mineralization of the Yangla polymetallic orefield in northwestern Yunnan, SW China: Evidence from in situ calcite U-Pb dating, fluid inclusions and H-O-S-Pb isotopes","authors":"Xinfu Wang , Bo Li , Shucheng Tan , Xiaoqing Liu , Fengze Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yangla is the largest Cu-polymetallic deposit ([email protected] %Cu, 2.09 %Pb, 2.72 %Zn, 14.87 %Sb and 0.63 %WO<sub>3</sub>) and can be regarded as a typical Cu-Pb-Zn-W-Sb- polymetallic composite metallogenic system in the Jinshajiang Suture Zone, SW China. Multi-periods nature of polymetallic mineralization (e.g., Indosinian Cu-Pb-Zn and Himalayan W) have been identified and certified in the Yangla polymetallic orefield. However, the formation age, origin and evolution of fluids, source of materials and deposition mechanism of antimony ore remain poorly understood. To elucidate the Sb ore formation age, fluid and material source and ore precipitation mechanism, we performed an integrated study of ore deposit geology, in situ U-Pb dating, H-O-S-Pb isotopes, and fluid inclusions in the Sb ore-related minerals. At Yangla, the Sb orebodies are mainly controlled by NE-trending fracture zones (Fj17 and Fj13) and hosted by carbonated, silicified and pyritized the Devonian Linong Formation (2nd member) marble. Mineralization comprises the pre-ore pyrite, <em>syn</em>-ore sulfides-calcite-quartz, and post-ore supergene valentinite −limonite-romeite stage. In-situ calcite U-Pb dating showed that the timing of antimony mineralization was 29 Ma. This mineralization age is significantly later than the published Cu mineralization age (ca. 230 Ma), skarn (ca. 231 Ma) and granitoid emplacement age (ca. 230 Ma), and slightly later than tungsten mineralization (ca. 30 Ma) in the Yangla orefield. Liquid-rich and minor pure liquid fluid inclusions have been identified in quartz, calcite and stibnite. Microthermometric analysis revealed that the fluid inclusions in quartz I (early <em>syn</em>-ore stage), quartz Ⅱ (main <em>syn</em>-ore stage), calcite Ⅱ, and stibnite Ⅱ homogenized at 185 − 245 (<em>n</em> = 64), 127 − 204 (<em>n</em> = 100), 108 − 215 (<em>n</em> = 75), and 148 − 191℃ (<em>n</em> = 10), respectively, with corresponding salinities of 1.74 − 13.51, 2.57 − 14.04, 2.57 − 11.46, and 1.74 − 4.96 wt%NaCleq. The Sb ore-forming fluids can thus be attributed to a low temperature-salinity H<sub>2</sub>O ± CO<sub>2</sub>-NaCl system. The calculated δ<sup>18</sup>O<sub>H2O</sub> (5.39–6.26 ‰) and δD (−136.90 to − 123.10 ‰) (<em>n</em> = 8) values of quartz suggest a magmatic-hydrothermal mixed formation/meteoric water source. Fluid mixing-induced cooling and water/rock interaction may have played an important role in the Yangla Sb ore precipitation. The stibnite δ<sup>34</sup>S values (4.41–21.47 ‰, avg. 8.80 ‰; <em>n</em> = 37) indicate a largely granitic rock and marine carbonate sulfur source. The <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 18.413–18.785, <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 15.699–15.980 and <sup>208</sup>Pb/<sup>204</sup>Pb = 38.725–39.428 (<em>n</em> = 37) of stibnite imply that the Pb was sourced from granitoids and upper crustal materials. Thus, our in-situ calcite U-Pb, fluid inclusions and H-O-S-Pb isotopic data suggest that the","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106682"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ore-forming process of the rhythmic layered pegmatite imprinted in quartz: Implications for melt-melt-fluid immiscibility and pressure dependence","authors":"Woohyun Choi ,&nbsp;Changyun Park ,&nbsp;Chul-Ho Heo ,&nbsp;Seok-Jun Yang ,&nbsp;Il-Hwan Oh ,&nbsp;Jeongmin Kim ,&nbsp;Youseong Lee ,&nbsp;Jongkyu Park ,&nbsp;Kyung Su Park","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106675","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106675","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cathodoluminescence observations of quartz from the orebody of the Uljin Li-pegmatite reveal at least four distinct formation stages. Large pegmatitic quartz exhibits rhythmic layered textures, featuring interlayered banding with lepidolite and albitite. These quartz grains exhibit three distinct CL colors. The blue CL zone (BCZ), characterized by a coarse-grained, massive appearance, decreases in dominance from the outer to the inner core. Its high Li and Al content, combined with the lowest δ¹⁸O values, suggest a silicic melt origin. The green CL zone (GCZ) consists of fine-grained quartz and displays sharp boundaries with the BCZ. The mosaic and fracture-healing textures indicate that pressure drops occurred before crystallization. The yellow CL zone (YCZ) is predominantly fine-grained and features fracture-filling textures, typically accompanied by mineral inclusions. Decreasing Al and Li content, along with an increase in K and Na content from GCZ to YCZ, indicates a peralkaline aqueous melt origin. Steady B composition in these pegmatitic quartz suggests non-isobaric segregation of melts, implying pressure change during melt immiscibility.</div><div>In addition to large pegmatitic quartz, secondary hydrothermal quartz is associated with fine-grained muscovite and albite. Its CL intensities are similar to the YCZ of the pegmatitic quartz, and it has the highest δ¹⁸O values. The reduced Na composition suggests that crystallization occurred after albitite formation, while the highest Ge composition indicates the lowest formation temperature, suggesting an aqueous fluid origin. Consistent increase in δ¹⁸O throughout the evolution suggests limited external fluid input during pegmatite formation.</div><div>These textural and geochemical findings of quartz from the Uljin Li-pegmaite highlight the significant role of the pressure release–build-up process during pegmatite melt evolution. This process triggers melt-melt-fluid immiscibility and results in the formation of rhythmic layered pegmatite cores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106675"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144098502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-magma hydrothermal activity contributed to the generation of Bachi ion-adsorption REE deposits in South China: implications from U-Pb dating and geochemistry of REE-bearing accessory minerals","authors":"Xu Zhao ,&nbsp;Ning-bo Li ,&nbsp;Hai-jun Yu ,&nbsp;Yan-ning Wang ,&nbsp;He-cai Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106678","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106678","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrothermal alteration leading to rare earth elements (REE) mobilization from primary allanite and titanite favors the generation of ion-adsorption REE deposits in South China. However, the timing of regional hydrothermal activity and its relationship with regional tectonic evolution are unknown. This paper provides in-situ geochronology and geochemical data on the REE-rich minerals of titanite, allanite, and zircons from the granites in the giant Bachi ion-adsorption REE deposits. Titanite in the biotite granites is altered with the occurrence of porous ilmenite and synchisite-(Ce) infilled in its fractures, and shows a negative correlation between F and light REE contents. Parts of the titanite were totally altered and were replaced by minor-seized fluorite, apatite, xenotime, rutile, synchysite-(Ce), and unidentified minerals dominantly consisting of Si-Y-Nd-O. Allanite was also altered, and secondary synchisite-(Ce) occurs in the fractures of the altered allanite. The fluid responsible for the alteration was F-rich and REE-deficient, and the hydrothermal alteration caused the generation of more easily weathered REE minerals, including synchisite-(Ce). Zircon and primary allanite U-Pb dating indicate that the granite was intruded in the Late Jurassic (150–153 Ma), and titanite U-Pb dating shows that the hydrothermal alteration occurred in the Early Cretaceous (Ca. 132 Ma). The altered time is consistent with regional large-scale F-rich fluid activity, which also accounts for the generation of widely distributed Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous fluorite deposits in South China. In this period, F-rich fluids could not only be released from the subducting slab due to the regional tectonic transition from flat to steep subduction, but also resulted from the fluid exsolution in the evolved F-rich magma in the long-term extensional settings. These fluids induced REE mobilization from granites, generating more soluble REE minerals, which favors the generation of ion-adsorption REE deposits in South China. The large-scale fluid activity in South China’s long-term extensional setting may be a key factor for the widespread distribution of ion-adsorption REE deposits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106678"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144068082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explainable machine learning reveals apatite fertility and porphyry copper mineralization processes in the syn- and post-subduction settings","authors":"Yun-Zhao Ge ,&nbsp;Zhen-Jie Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuan-Zhi Zhou ,&nbsp;Qiang Li ,&nbsp;Feng Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106679","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106679","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Apatite, as a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks, is important in evaluating the mineralization potential of porphyry Cu deposits (PCDs). Although apatite has been widely studied, its potential for recording differences in the ore-forming processes of PCDs between syn- and post-subduction settings has not been fully explored. In this study, we collected global chemical compositions of apatite from major orogenic belts and used a Random Forest (RF) model to accurately classify apatite from ore-barren and ore-bearing igneous rocks. The model exhibited exceptional classification performance, with all class accuracies exceeding 90% on the test set. To further analyze the model’s performance, the information gain and interpretability properties of Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) were used to assess the importance of various geochemical features. This study underscores the critical roles of Cl and Sr/Y in discriminating porphyry Cu-related apatite in subduction settings from barren ones, La/Yb and heavy rare earth elements (HREE) in differentiating unfertile from fertile apatite in post-subduction PCDs, and the significance of HREEs, F, and Eu in identifying subduction-related fertile apatite from its post-subduction counterparts. These results may reflect the garnet fractional crystallization and the fluid exsolution process that predate apatite crystallization under post-subduction conditions. These insights not only enhance our understanding of the model’s reliance on specific elemental features to discriminate between different types of apatite, but also reveal differences in mineralization mechanisms between syn- and post-subduction PCDs. Therefore, apatite in general shows significant potential for applications in mineral exploration and tectonic setting discrimination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106679"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144070778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Implications for tectono-magmatic evolution and tin mineralization in Tengchong terrane, western Yunnan, China: Evidence from geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Hf isotope of Cretaceous granitoids","authors":"Wen-Bin Jia ,&nbsp;Shi-Min Zhen ,&nbsp;Hui Shen ,&nbsp;Zhi-Cheng Lv ,&nbsp;Zhi-Hui Han ,&nbsp;Guangsheng Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The early to late Cretaceous granitoids of the Tengchong terrane offer key insights into the tectonic evolution of the Meso-Tethys and Neo-Tethys Oceans and associated polymetallic mineralization. This study employs petrological, geochemical, and isotopic analyses (Sr-Nd, zircon U-Pb, Lu-Hf) to investigate the Diantan, Guyong, and Xiaolonghe plutons and their tectonic evolution. Zircon U-Pb dating reveals ages of 116.5 Ma for the Diantan granite porphyry, 71.8 Ma for the Guyong biotite granite, 76.5 Ma for the Xiaolonghe monzogranite, and 66.4 Ma for the Xiaolonghe granodiorite. Geochemical data show that the Early Cretaceous granites are S-type, while the Late Cretaceous granites are A-type, reflecting a transition from <em>syn</em>-collisional to post-collisional extension. Negative zircon εHf_(t) values (−3.1 to −14.9) and two-stage model ages (T_DM2 = 1.17–2.03 Ga) indicate incorporation of Mesoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic crustal material. Sr isotope ratios (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) values ranging from 0.709662 to 0.725917) suggest formation via melting of heterogeneous sources, including igneous and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. The significant contribution of remelted tin-rich strata and multi-stage fractional crystallization explains variations in ore-bearing properties of the tin-bearing granites at Xiaolonghe and Lailishan. These findings highlight the strong tin mineralization potential of the Tengchong-Lianghe region, driven by multi-phase magmatism and substantial deep-seated tin resources.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143941910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Texture, geochemistry and U–Pb geochronology of monazite of different origins: Implications for the magmatic–hydrothermal evolution of the Guilingou porphyry Mo-W deposit, South Qinling Orogen, central China","authors":"Xiao Xiong ,&nbsp;Laimin Zhu ,&nbsp;Peng Yang ,&nbsp;I.Tonguç Uysal ,&nbsp;Jian-xin Zhao ,&nbsp;Shitao Zhang ,&nbsp;Lele Ding ,&nbsp;Bei Li ,&nbsp;Yuanbo Ma ,&nbsp;Guowei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106648","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Traditional methods for constraining the chronology of magmatic&lt;strong&gt;–&lt;/strong&gt;hydrothermal processes in porphyry deposits involve the use of two or three isotopic systems (such as zircon U&lt;strong&gt;–&lt;/strong&gt;Pb, molybdenite Re&lt;strong&gt;–&lt;/strong&gt;Os, or K-rich mineral &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;Ar/&lt;sup&gt;39&lt;/sup&gt;Ar). However, the durations of such processes estimated using different chronometers with different closure temperatures could reflect fundamental methodological biases and have large uncertainties. The south Qinling Orogen in central China contains several potential porphyry Mo&lt;strong&gt;–&lt;/strong&gt;W deposits. In the Guilingou deposit, the Mo-W mineralization is closely related to the emplacement of the Sihaiping two-mica monzogranite, which hosts the mineralization and whose emplacement drove hydrothermal processes. Orebodies hosted in the Sihaiping pluton include ore-bearing quartz (± sericite) veins and ore-bearing granitoid ores, which are locally rich in monazite. In this study, we provide reliable distinctions in terms of texture, mode of occurrence and geochemistry between magmatic and hydrothermal monazite, as follows: (1) Monazites in orebodies are relatively small and have patchy or unzoned structure, in contrast to magmatic monazites, which are generally large in size and have oscillatory zoning or core&lt;strong&gt;–&lt;/strong&gt;rim structure, and are consistent with the features of typical hydrothermal monazites. (2) High concentrations of hydrothermal monazite grains are found within small regions, where they display paragenetic relationships with ores and other hydrothermal mineral assemblages. They generally occur as subhedral to anhedral, sub-rounded grains and commonly appear as irregular and discontinuous overgrowths. In contrast, magmatic monazites occur as single crystals with a euhedral pyramidal shape and are relatively sparse but uniformly distributed, filling small pore spaces between diagenetic biotites, subhedral feldspars, and quartz. (3) Compared to magmatic monazite, hydrothermal monazite shows steeper REE patterns, greater enrichment in LREEs and depletion in HREEs, with higher LREE/HREE ratios, and less intense and variable Eu anomalies. Magmatic monazites have concentrated Th/U and Gd/Yb&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt; ratios and show some correlations between the corresponding trace elements, whereas hydrothermal monazites have variable ratios and no correlation between the elements. (4) Elemental mapping by electron microprobe analysis shows homogeneous and high Ce contents in the hydrothermal monazite, together with extremely low Th, U, Y and SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; contents in the whole grains, in contrast to magmatic monazites, which have high Y contents and are strongly oscillatory zoned with respect to Ce, Th and SiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. The magmatic monazite crystals obtained a weighted mean &lt;sup&gt;206&lt;/sup&gt;Pb/&lt;sup&gt;238&lt;/sup&gt;U age of 205 ± 0.6 Ma, indicating a magmatic event prior to ore formation. Hydrothermal monazite crystals have weighted mean &lt;sup&gt;206&lt;","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature and origin of dolomite-hosted Th-U-HREE mineralization in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, Biga Peninsula, Northwestern Türkiye","authors":"Ayetullah Tunc ,&nbsp;Zhenbing She ,&nbsp;Yuxiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Kenan Cao ,&nbsp;Reza Deevsalar ,&nbsp;Yuzhou Feng ,&nbsp;Yuanming Pan","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Biga Peninsula in northwestern Türkiye, a metallogenic province in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt, hosts economically significant gold-copper deposits and thorium-uranium-rare earth elements (Th-U-REE) occurrences, including both light REE (LREE) and heavy REE (HREE) styles of mineralization. This contribution focuses on the nature and origins of Th-U-REE mineralization in the Arıklı district, Biga Peninsula, where three zones of Th-U-REE mineralization (A, B, and C) each extends only a few meters along faults in Cenozoic volcanic rocks. Zones A and C of U-Th-LREE mineralization are hosted by fluorapatite-sulfide-hematite and dolomite-fluorapatite assemblages and have U-Th-REE concentrations up to 1,152 ppm and 2,221 ppm, respectively, with fluorapatite as the principal U-Th-REE-bearing mineral. In contrast, Zone B of Th-U-HREE mineralization is hosted by a dolomite-dominant assemblage, with Th, U, and total HREE + Y concentrations up to 25,600 ppm, 4,100 ppm, and 3,535 ppm, respectively, with cheralite (CaTh(PO₄)₂) as the principal ore mineral. Four stages of dolomite have been identified in the main mineralization Zone B: fine to medium-crystalline dolomite (D1; anhedral), pervasive medium-grained dolomite (D2; subhedral to anhedral), dolomite rhombs (D3), and void-/vein-filling coarse-crystalline dolomite (D4). Two stages of void-/vein-filling cheralite coincide with dolomite D3 and D4. The first stage cheralite shows intense hydrothermal modification, resulting in a disturbed U-Th-Pb isotopic system. Secondary cheralite of minimal hydrothermal disturbance yielded ²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U age of 18.8 ± 1.6 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.3) and ²⁰⁸Pb-²³²Th age of 18.15 ± 0.08 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 2.3). Carbon and oxygen isotope compositions differ significantly from those of primary igneous carbonatites but are close to sedimentary rocks, indicating that all dolomites have a hydrothermal origin with sedimentary sources. These results collectively suggest that Early Miocene hydrothermal fluids most likely originated from mantle-derived alkaline magmatism and interacted with carbonate sedimentary rocks, facilitating the mobilization, enrichment, and precipitation of dolomite-hosted Th, U, and HREE mineralization in fault zones.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106671"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143935630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The age of the Yuanjiacun banded iron formation in the North China Craton revisited","authors":"Yang Bai ,&nbsp;Changle Wang ,&nbsp;Lianchang Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhiguo Dong ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Shangjun Xie ,&nbsp;Wenjun Li ,&nbsp;Kunyuan Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106667","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106667","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Banded iron formations (BIFs) represent an iron-rich rock type that typifies Archean and Paleoproterzoic supracrustal successions, with nearly the absence of BIFs deposited during the Great Oxidation Event (GOE; 2.4–2.2 Ga). This paucity renders us difficult to apply BIFs to understand a shift of paleoenvironmental conditions in time and space and its specific control mechanism on BIF deposition. In this regard, we focus on the Yuanjiacun BIF in the Lüliang area of the North China Craton (NCC), because it is a potential BIF that might be deposited during the GOE. If the formation age of this BIF is confirmed, it would hold great potential as a good archive to record the redox conditions and transitions in the atmosphere–ocean system and reveal its genetic relationship to the paleoenvironmental evolution. Here, we present a detailed compilation of all previously published zircon U-Pb ages of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks within the Lüliang Group to assess the formation age of the Yuanjiacun BIF. In combination with our newly obtained SHRIMP zircon U-Pb ages of sericite-quartz phyllites intercalated with this BIF, we can further clearly recognize the major detrital zircon age distribution of the Lüliang Group to get a good understanding of its provenance. Results show that the youngest detrital zircon population of associated metamorphosed sedimentary rocks occurs between 2.23 and 2.20 Ga, representing the maximum depositional age of these rocks. This age, coupled with the formation ages of overlying volcanic rocks, further provides a well constraint on the depositional age of the Yuanjiacun BIF to ∼2.23–2.21 Ga, clearly during the GOE. In addition, the detrital zircon age distribution yields a dominant 2.5–2.6 Ga age population and subordinate age peaks at ∼2.2 Ga, 2.3–2.5 Ga, 2.6–2.8 Ga, and ∼3.0 Ga, suggesting that detrital zircons were sourced predominantly from weathering of Archean igneous rocks, possibly located in both Lüliang and adjacent Fuping-Wutai-Hengshan regions. By further constructing a comparision with other Paleoproterozoic strata in the NCC, we highlight the significance and uniqueness of the Yuanjiacun BIF. Its deposition is slightly older than nearly all Paleoproterozoic successions distributed in other regions of the NCC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106667"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143931491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Li mineralization processes in the Gaoaobei W-Li deposit, Nanling, South China: Evidence from chemical compositions of mica and cassiterite U-Pb dating","authors":"Hao-Tong Dai ,&nbsp;Yong Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiayong Pan ,&nbsp;Fei Xia ,&nbsp;Tao Ma ,&nbsp;Zhe Xu ,&nbsp;Shanchu Han ,&nbsp;Guoqi Liu ,&nbsp;Fujun Zhong ,&nbsp;Xiaotian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jie Yan ,&nbsp;Si-Yuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Xia Zhang ,&nbsp;Gaofeng Du","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten (W), lithium (Li), and other rare metals are essential components in various industries. The coexistence of tungsten and lithium deposits represents a deposit type with great economic potential. However, the process of W-Li co-mineralization remains poorly understood, presenting challenges in elucidating the mechanisms governing their concurrent presence. This study focuses on the Gaoaobei tungsten (W) deposit, notable for its substantial lithium (Li) content, classifying it as a greisen-type W-Li deposit. Specifically, what is the process of Li enrichment and mineralization within tungsten deposits, and which factors play a critical role in controlling the occurrence of Li mineralization events in tungsten deposits. The monazite U-Pb dating indicates that the medium-coarse-grained biotite monzogranite in the Gaoaobei deposit formed at 226.3 ± 1.9 Ma, while the medium-grained muscovite granite was dated at 160.0 ± 1.4 Ma. The cassiterite U-Pb ages of results for the medium-coarse-grained biotite granite (wall rock), medium-grained muscovite granite (metallogenic granite), and aplite indicate that the hydrothermal stage Li mineralization in the Gaoaobei W-Li deposit ranges from approximately 159.0 ± 4.6 Ma to 155.3 ± 4.5 Ma. The Gaoaobei W-Li deposit is characterized by early-stage alterations, including biotitization, albitization, and muscovitization, followed by late-stage silicification and sericitization. The study reveals that the mica types in the Gaoaobei W-Li deposit are predominant Zinnwaldite, Protolithionite, and Lepidolite, characterized by high Al and Fe contents and low Ti, Ca contents, among other features. The mineral compositions of various mica types demonstrate an evolutionary trend from early to late stages, showing an increase in Li, Rb, Ta, and Zn contents, and a decrease in W, Sn, and Nb contents. The magmatic muscovite exhibits Nb/Ta ratios mostly exceeding 4 and Li/Rb ratios mostly below 1.5. In contrast, hydrothermal muscovite displays lower Nb/Ta ratios (mostly below 4) but higher Li/Rb ratios (mostly above 1.5). Re-equilibrated muscovite falls within the intermediate range of these two categories (Nb/Ta = 0 to 4; Li/Rb = 0.1 to 2), highlighting that a Li/Rb ratio greater than 1.5 can serve as a criterion for evaluating the potential for Li mineralization. The majority of Zr/Hf ratios of muscovite in the Gaoaobei deposit are below 10, suggesting promising prospects for W, Sn, Mo, and other deposits. This study establishes the initial determination of the granite-forming ages for the Yanshanian period granite in the Gaoaobei mining area and links the hydrothermal stage Li mineralization age of the Gaoaobei deposit to the Late Jurassic large-scale W-Sn mineralization event in the Nanling Range. These findings provide valuable insights for the exploration of rare metal deposits such as Li in W mines in the Nanling Range and similar deposits worldwide.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 106647"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144088932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Large-scale Permian-Jurassic rare-metal mineralization in the Altai Orogenic Belt: A review","authors":"Ping Shen ,&nbsp;Hao-Xuan Feng ,&nbsp;Chang-Hao Li ,&nbsp;Keiko Hattori ,&nbsp;Hua-Dong Ma ,&nbsp;Hong-Di Pan ,&nbsp;Wei Wang ,&nbsp;Yao-Qing Luo ,&nbsp;Qing-Yu Suo ,&nbsp;Xiang-Kai Chu","doi":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.oregeorev.2025.106669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Altai Orogenic Belt, a key part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, is an important rare-metal (Li–Be–Nb–Ta–Sn–W) metallogenic province in the world, containing pegmatite deposits enriched in LCT (Li, Cs, Ta), granite-hosted Li-Rb deposits, ongonite Li deposits, greisen and quartz-vein hosted Sn-W deposits. The Altai provinde comprises three metallogenic belts in three mineralization periods: early Permain (297–272 Ma) Kalba-Narym belt, late Permian (274–253 Ma) South Altai belt and late Triassic–early Jurrasic (230–180 Ma) North Altai belt from south to north, and the largest number of deposits occurred in the last period North Altai belt. The rare metal mineralization is contemporaneous with granitic intrusions where some intrusions are barren, and the other are mineralized. Barren granites are less fractionated and large (&gt;10 km² on the surface), and were emplaced at high temperature (700–850 °C), whereas the mineralized granites, related to the mineralization, are strongly fractionated and small (&lt;5 km² on the surface), and were emplaced at low temperature (600–650 °C)_. Hf and Nd isotope data suggest that barren and mineralized magmas were derived from juvenile and ancient crust. The predominant rare-metal mineralzation is associated with granites derived from ancient crust. The magmatic fractionation model has been widely accepted for the genesis of the rare metal deposits, including LCT pegmatite deposits, granite-hosted Li-Rb deposits, greisen and quartz-vein hosted Sn-W deposits. Our data suggest melting of Devonian granite with enrichment in rare metals and magmatic fractionation explains the mineralization in the North Altai belt.</div><div>The mineralization in the Kalba-Narym and South Altai belts took place during the Permian collision between Siberia Craton and Kazakhstan-Junggar Block after the closure of the Irtysh-Zaisan Ocean. In contrast, the deposits in the North Altai belt formed during the Mesozoic intraplate extension. The sites for pegmatite and granite deposits coincide with the transitional zone of positive and negative gravity anomalies in the proximity to the regional fault, suggesting that this zone is favourable for the intrusion of the mineralized magma. On the other hand, the areas with negative gravity anomalies host greisen-quartz-vein Sn-W deposits, confirming that the Sn-W deposits are hosted by low-density rocks. Therefore, except for strongly magmatic fractionation, the existence of enriched Devonian granite, site of steep gravity anomaly gradient, derivation of magma from ancient crustal rocks and the tectonic setting from the contraction to extension in the Mesozoic played a key role in the formation of large-scale rare metal mineralzation in the North Altai belt.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19644,"journal":{"name":"Ore Geology Reviews","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 106669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143946941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}