Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Meteorological Aspects of the Congo Basin and Western Equatorial Africa","authors":"Sharon E. Nicholson,&nbsp;Andreas H. Fink","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RG000923","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article focuses on the Congo basin and western equatorial Africa (WEA). Topics include atmospheric circulation, convective systems, the character of rainfall, cloud cover, moisture and evapotranspiration, and interannual variability. Some misunderstanding exists about the seasonal cycle. It has generally been described as bimodal, with rainy seasons in the boreal spring and autumn as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) transits the region. This is true of only some central portions and some of the region has a unimodal seasonal cycle. More importantly, the ITCZ does not exist in this region. Intraseasonal variability is related to equatorial waves, the most important being convectively-coupled Kelvin waves and the Madden-Julian Oscillation. Main circulation features are the Tropical Easterly Jet, two mid-tropospheric African Easterly Jets, and low-level westerlies. A Walker cell exists over the region in some seasons. There is also evidence of a shallower, Walker-type cell in the Congo basin itself. The Congo basin is the site of the world's strongest convective activity, including the world's highest lightning frequency. Dominant are Mesoscale Convective Systems, which bring convective rainfall in the afternoon and stratiform rainfall at night. As for rainfall, there is little correlation on monthly or annual time scales between rainfall at various stations. The factors in interannual variability in the Congo basin are not well understood. In WEA sea-surface temperatures are important. El Niño-Southern Oscillation appears to have little influence, but the Indian Ocean dipole has some influence in the east. Other factors include changes in the Walker circulation, the African thermal lows, and the low-level westerlies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149205551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four Decades of Research at the MADE Site and Beyond: Advancing the Understanding and Modeling of Solute Transport in Heterogeneous Media","authors":"Zhilin Guo,&nbsp;Maosheng Yin,&nbsp;Peiyao Dong,&nbsp;Yong Zhang,&nbsp;Kewei Chen,&nbsp;Graham Fogg,&nbsp;Brian Berkowitz,&nbsp;Marco Dentz,&nbsp;Chunmiao Zheng","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RG000894","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spatial heterogeneity, manifested as strong variability in hydraulic conductivity (<i>K</i>) within geological formations, exerts a fundamental control on groundwater flow and solute transport. Because <i>K</i> can vary over multiple orders of magnitude in complex three-dimensional patterns, predicting contaminant plume migration remains a long-standing challenge, particularly where high-resolution aquifer characterization is infeasible. The Macrodispersion Experiment (MADE) site in Columbus, Mississippi, is among the most intensively studied heterogeneous aquifers worldwide and has played a pivotal role in advancing transport theory over the past four decades. This review synthesizes experimental and modeling studies at the MADE site, highlighting how its uniquely rich data set, including thousands of <i>K</i> measurements, multilevel tracer tests, and detailed geophysical surveys, enabled rigorous evaluation of the classical advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and revealed its limitations in reproducing observed non-Fickian transport behavior. These findings catalyzed the development of alternative modeling frameworks, including dual-domain mass-transfer models, continuous-time random walk formulations, fractional ADE (fADE) approaches, and hydrofacies-based simulations. Collectively, these frameworks account for preferential flow, facilitate parameter upscaling, and enable non-Gaussian representations of transport in highly heterogeneous systems. To place the MADE site in a broader context, we integrate insights from other landmark field experiments, including Borden, Cape Cod, Twin Lake, and Hanford, identifying common lessons on the physical origins of anomalous transport and the persistent challenges of predictive modeling in highly heterogeneous aquifers. Finally, we discuss emerging opportunities for machine learning and artificial intelligence to enhance subsurface characterization and strengthen transport prediction for sustainable groundwater management.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025RG000894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149083916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inside the Fire Plume Chemical Interactions: A Review on Key Processes and Future Directions","authors":"E. Dovrou,&nbsp;A. Voulgarakis","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000899","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025RG000899","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fire plumes are rising columns of heated air masses, consisting of gaseous and particulate matter generated by combustion, affecting air quality, climate and public health. The chemical species released undergo secondary reactions and participate in chemical and physical interactions, altering the properties of the fire plume. The ability of the plume to be transported across short and long distances, depending on the atmospheric conditions, reveals the high importance of unraveling the chemical pathways influencing its inner and outer pollutants. Fresh plumes, close to the fire source, typically exhibit high temperatures and rapid reactions. In contrast, aged plumes differ in composition due to shifts in chemical regimes. The presence of sunlight influences oxidative reactions, while its absence favors oxidation paths driven by NO_x chemistry. The complexity of fire plume chemistry presents challenges in efficient characterization of species formation and decomposition. It also directly influences gas-phase species chemical pathways, in-plume evolution and formation of secondary air pollutants, as well as particulate matter composition and fate. This review provides a detailed description of the chemical mechanisms and pathways inside fresh and aged fire plumes and discusses the implications of critical parameters influencing plume composition. Main tracers are identified, and key processes are described, with information reviewed from laboratory, field, and satellite studies. Unaddressed aspects and emerging opportunities are discussed to provide potential future directions of investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025RG000899","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148895311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward an Improved Understanding of the Antarctic Coastal Zone and Its Contribution to Future Global Sea Level","authors":"Kenichi Matsuoka,&nbsp;Geir Moholdt,&nbsp;Jennifer F. Arthur,&nbsp;Julien A. Bodart,&nbsp;Xiangbin Cui,&nbsp;Fausto Ferraccioli,&nbsp;René Forsberg,&nbsp;Vikram Goel,&nbsp;Tom A. Jordan,&nbsp;Felicity S. McCormack,&nbsp;Ruth Mottram,&nbsp;Hamish D. Pritchard,&nbsp;Calvin Shackleton,&nbsp;Kirsty J. Tinto,&nbsp;Fredrik Boberg,&nbsp;Marie G. P. Cavitte,&nbsp;Reinhard Drews,&nbsp;Pierre Dutrieux,&nbsp;Jörg Ebbing,&nbsp;Olaf Eisen,&nbsp;Hannes Eisermann,&nbsp;Alex S. Gardner,&nbsp;Chad A. Greene,&nbsp;Nicholas Holschuh,&nbsp;Stewart S. R. Jamieson,&nbsp;Byeong-Hoon Kim,&nbsp;Naomi Krauzig,&nbsp;Bernd Kulessa,&nbsp;Carlton Leuschen,&nbsp;Jilu Li,&nbsp;Lu Li,&nbsp;Jonas Liebsch,&nbsp;Joseph A. MacGregor,&nbsp;Emma MacKie,&nbsp;Anirudha Mahagaonkar,&nbsp;Joséphine Maton,&nbsp;Mathieu Morlighem,&nbsp;Francisco Navarro,&nbsp;Peter D. Neff,&nbsp;Inès N. Otosaka,&nbsp;Frank Pattyn,&nbsp;Antonia Ruppel,&nbsp;Rebecca J. Sanderson,&nbsp;Hélène Seroussi,&nbsp;Andrew Shepherd,&nbsp;Matthew R. Siegfried,&nbsp;Thomas Slater,&nbsp;Arjen P. Stroeven,&nbsp;Michael Studinger,&nbsp;Thomas Teisberg,&nbsp;Ryan A. Venturelli,&nbsp;Jeremy P. Winberry,&nbsp;Chen Zhao,&nbsp;Lu An,&nbsp;Jonathan L. Bamber,&nbsp;Robin E. Bell,&nbsp;Robert G. Bingham,&nbsp;Johanna Brehmer-Moltmann,&nbsp;Graeme Eagles,&nbsp;Jamin Greenbaum,&nbsp;Jorn Gronset,&nbsp;Won Sang Lee,&nbsp;Emmanuel Le Meur,&nbsp;Lenneke M. Jong,&nbsp;Katrin Lindbäck,&nbsp;Sven Lidström,&nbsp;Mareen Lösing,&nbsp;Masahiro Minowa,&nbsp;Mayuri Pandey,&nbsp;Yogesh Ray,&nbsp;Mirko Scheinert,&nbsp;Dustin M. Schroeder,&nbsp;Thorsten Seehaus,&nbsp;Kaian Shahateet,&nbsp;Daniel Steinhage,&nbsp;Xueyuan Tang,&nbsp;Drew Taylor,&nbsp;Hannah Verboncoeur,&nbsp;Junjun Yang,&nbsp;Duncan A. Young","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000803","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000803","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Understanding the coastal zone of the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS), where it interacts with the Southern Ocean and warmer air masses, is crucial for predicting Antarctica's influence on the global climate and sea level. This region has multiple tipping mechanisms that could trigger large, rapid, and potentially irreversible changes in the AIS, the Southern Ocean and their global connections in the coming centuries. The AIS remains the largest source of uncertainty in future sea-level projections. Bed topography beneath the ice shelves and the coastal ice sheet is not yet well documented, and is a major source of this uncertainty. This review assesses current knowledge of the coastal zone and highlights methods to investigate it, including aerogeophysical surveys, ground- and ship-based measurements, satellite observations, and computer modeling. An ensemble analysis of published bed topography data sets identifies significant data gaps and their regional distribution, framed in the context of current ice-sheet behavior and potential instability. We propose scientific priorities and guidelines for future aerogeophysical surveys, advocating for a comprehensive, coordinated international effort to build a next-generation data set of Antarctic bed properties. Such an initiative would significantly advance understanding of the role of coastal processes in ice-sheet dynamics, reducing uncertainties in sea-level rise projections and improving predictions of future ocean and climate changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000803","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148895308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Composition of the Martian Crust and Its Relationship to the Martian Mantle: A Post-InSight View","authors":"S. M. McLennan,&nbsp;A. Khan,&nbsp;P. A. Sossi,&nbsp;K. W. Cheng,&nbsp;C. Liebske","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000882","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025RG000882","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Concerted exploration and a ten-fold increase in Martian meteorites reveal a mostly ancient (&gt;4 Ga), lithologically diverse mafic crust (igneous SiO₂ ranging from ∼40%–70%), commonly exhibiting alkaline affinities and with felsic compositions restricted to ancient crust. Most crustal growth (∼80%) took place during the pre-Noachian, resulting from magma ocean processes. Later crustal additions continued at diminishing rates to the latest Amazonian (&lt;200 Ma). Data from the first fully operational seismometer (InSight mission) indicate the crust is 49 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 7 km thick on average (∼4 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 1% of the primitive mantle), with an intracrustal discontinuity, of possible global extent, at about 20–30 km depth. InSight results also suggest a ∼150 km-thick molten silicate layer (MSL) at the base of the mantle, a possible remnant of the early magma ocean. The MSL represents a distinctive, incompatible (including heat producing) element-enriched geochemical reservoir, comparable in physical size to the crust. A model for Martian crustal composition indicates a mildly incompatible and heat-producing element-enriched basaltic composition (e.g., SiO₂ = 48%, K₂O = 0.5%, La_N/Yb_N ∼ 1.8) that becomes less incompatible element-enriched over geological time. The petrological nature of the crust likely varies in a complex way with depth that may explain the intracrustal seismic discontinuity. The crust contains ∼45 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>±</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $pm $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 10% of the most incompatible elements in the primitive mantle and this composition is consistent with a mass balance model among crust, MSL, “depleted” mantle and primitive mantle. A geodynamic model for Mars can be constructed that is consistent with geophysical and geochemical constraints currently available.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148895313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Ocean Surface Waves","authors":"Clarence O. Collins III,&nbsp;Andre Amador,&nbsp;Alexander Babanin,&nbsp;James Behrens,&nbsp;Alvise Benetazzo,&nbsp;Filippo Bergamasco,&nbsp;Chris Blenkinsopp,&nbsp;Philippe Bonneton,&nbsp;Øyvind Breivik,&nbsp;Kai H. Christensen,&nbsp;Luke Colosi,&nbsp;Kevin Ewans,&nbsp;Johannes Gemmrich,&nbsp;Hannah Glover,&nbsp;Laurent Grare,&nbsp;Vika Grigorieva,&nbsp;Sergey Gulev,&nbsp;Danièle Hauser,&nbsp;Lars R. Hole,&nbsp;Gaute Hope,&nbsp;Isabel Houghton,&nbsp;Je-Yuan Hsu,&nbsp;Nathan J. M. Laxague,&nbsp;Luc Lenain,&nbsp;Björn Lund,&nbsp;Annika O’Dea,&nbsp;Mara Pistellato,&nbsp;Anne Karin Magnusson,&nbsp;Kévin Martins,&nbsp;Yoshinao Matsuba,&nbsp;Mark McAllister,&nbsp;Sophia Merrifield,&nbsp;Malte Müller,&nbsp;Marcello Passaro,&nbsp;Jean Rabault,&nbsp;Hugh Roarty,&nbsp;Alexei Skvortsov,&nbsp;Pieter Smit,&nbsp;Madison M. Smith,&nbsp;Hitoshi Tamura,&nbsp;Eric Terrill,&nbsp;Natalia Tilinina,&nbsp;Ben Timmermans,&nbsp;Jim Thomson,&nbsp;Joey Voermans,&nbsp;Meagan Wengrove,&nbsp;Lucy R. Wyatt,&nbsp;Jeseon Yoo,&nbsp;Ian Young,&nbsp;Christopher J. Zappa,&nbsp;Dongxiao Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000888","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RG000888","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Propagating waves on the ocean surface can be represented as a stochastic process whose statistics are characterized by a spectrum. This paper reviews methods for measuring the wave spectrum and related quantities. Observations begin by sensing fluid dynamical properties of the sea surface over space and/or time. Visual observations, collected routinely since the mid-18th century, comprise the longest-running wave record. Nearshore measurement methods continue to advance, including traditional pressure and acoustic sensing as well as newer technologies like distributed acoustic sensing and LiDAR. Detailed small-scale wave physics can now be explored with measurement techniques using light, including stereo-imaging and polarimetry. Reductions in the size, cost, and power consumption of microelectronics have propagated through ocean wave instrumentation, most notably in wave buoys. Global networks of freely drifting miniature wave buoys offer novel observational capabilities. Remote sensing techniques based on radar and LiDAR continue to evolve and are widely deployed from land, ships, aircraft, autonomous vehicles, and satellites. Spaceborne altimeters form one of the most important records of wave height, and new spaceborne sensors now observe directional spectra globally with sampling akin to traditional altimetry. Aircraft and autonomous systems provide strategic sampling capabilities for detailed process studies and access to extreme storm environments. The quality and quantity of ocean wave measurements have never been greater. This review aims to help make sense of it all.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148753813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changing Dynamics of the Arctic Ocean–Ice System: Drivers, Feedbacks, and Future Trajectories","authors":"Igor V. Polyakov,&nbsp;Qinghua Ding,&nbsp;Marika M. Holland,&nbsp;Julienne Stroeve","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RG000908","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Arctic is undergoing rapid and disproportionate climate change, driven by tightly coupled interactions among the ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere. This review synthesizes current understanding of historical and projected changes in the Arctic ocean–ice system, emphasizing the role of variability across timescales—from seasonal to multidecadal—in shaping observed trends. We highlight the interconnected nature of Arctic system components, focusing on feedbacks—including emerging coupled ocean–ice processes—pathways, and mechanisms that link variability and long-term change. Particular attention is given to state-dependent and potentially nonlinear responses, as well as to the roles of remote forcing and increasing connectivity with sub-Arctic regions. We assess the relative contributions of internal variability and anthropogenic forcing, highlighting key challenges in attribution, and identify priorities for improving future projections. This synthesis provides a process-based framework for understanding Arctic change and its growing influence on the global climate system.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148615610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"River Sand and Gravel Mining: Global Drivers, Impacts, and Pathways for Sustainable Management","authors":"Edward Park,&nbsp;Christopher R. Hackney,&nbsp;Dung Duc Tran,&nbsp;Mette Bendixen,&nbsp;Jim Best,&nbsp;Kai Wan Yuen,&nbsp;Hannah Runeckles,&nbsp;Md Sadiul Alam Chyon,&nbsp;Karl Kästner,&nbsp;Sonu Kumar,&nbsp;Halinishi Yusuf,&nbsp;Vanessa Lamb,&nbsp;Lars L. Iversen,&nbsp;Aelis Spiller,&nbsp;Rajiv Sinha,&nbsp;Eduardo Francisco da Silva,&nbsp;Enner Alcantara,&nbsp;Chengcheng Wu,&nbsp;Chengpeng Lu,&nbsp;Chu Jian,&nbsp;Jingyu Wang,&nbsp;Nguyen Duc Thien,&nbsp;Lian Feng,&nbsp;Priyank Pravin Patel,&nbsp;Jiachun Huang,&nbsp;Adam D. Switzer","doi":"10.1029/2024RG000868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RG000868","url":null,"abstract":"<p>River sand and gravel are mined worldwide at volumes that now rival their natural replenishment, yet quantitative knowledge of this mining activity and its consequences lags far behind many other global environmental pressures. We synthesize 411 peer-reviewed studies published since 1974 within a new Driver-to-Management Pathway for Sustainable Sand and Gravel Mining framework that links socio-economic demand, spatial-temporal extent of extraction, hydrogeomorphic change, socio-ecological disruption, and management response. Evidence shows a pronounced scale mismatch: regional-to-global drivers fuel largely unreported local extraction, while impacts propagate well beyond mining sites. In most documented cases, annual removal exceeds bed-material supply several-fold, producing channel incision, bank collapse, declining groundwater tables, deteriorating water quality, and inland migration of saline water in coastal areas. These physical changes cascade into habitat loss, infrastructure damage, and livelihood insecurity, especially across rapidly developing regions of Asia and Africa. Despite the proliferation of impact studies (69% of the literature), research is dominated by hydrogeomorphic perspectives, with ecological and socio-economic impacts far more often treated as secondary or co-occurring components rather than primary foci; meanwhile, only 27% of studies quantify extraction extent and 24% analyze demand drivers, hampering the design of effective interventions. Together, these findings highlight the need for basin-scale monitoring, cross-boundary governance, and demand-side interventions that explicitly link extraction limits to sediment budgets.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024RG000868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148533990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Collisionless Shocks: Contemporary State After Three Quarters of a Century of Research","authors":"M. Gedalin,&nbsp;M. Balikhin,&nbsp;V. Krasnoselskikh","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RG000893","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The collisionless shock research started in the late 1950s. Since then, plenty of data have been accumulated due to the large number of missions in the heliosphere, providing in situ measurements of the fields and particles. The quality of these measurements has vastly improved, especially in the last two decades. Much more data is available for analysis than is already analyzed. Theoretical studies received a push in 1966, when it was shown that shocks are formed due to the interplay between the nonlinear steepening and dispersive broadening of the magnetic field profile. At present, it is a common point of view that shocks are essentially shaped by the kinetics of ions. So far, we achieved a good semi-quantitative understanding of the ion heating in low-Mach number shocks and the relation of this process to the magnetic profile, and a qualitative understanding of the ion reflection and the nature of the well-structured magnetic field. Rippled and nonstationary quasi-perpendicular shocks have been observed, and theory is being developed.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025RG000893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148533572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Bubbles in Air-Sea Gas Exchange: A Critical Review","authors":"Yuanxu Dong,&nbsp;Bernd Jähne,&nbsp;David K. Woolf,&nbsp;Kerstin E. Krall,&nbsp;Mingxi Yang,&nbsp;Helen Czerski,&nbsp;Junhong Liang,&nbsp;Ian M. Brooks,&nbsp;Craig L. McNeil,&nbsp;Rik Wanninkhof,&nbsp;David T. Ho,&nbsp;Dariia Atamanchuk,&nbsp;Christa A. Marandino","doi":"10.1029/2025RG000903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025RG000903","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Air-sea gas exchange regulates the exchange of climatically important gases between the ocean and the atmosphere, shaping both climate and ocean biogeochemistry. Bubbles beneath the sea surface enhance this exchange by introducing an additional transfer pathway in parallel to the interfacial transfer route. Although the role of bubbles in gas flux has been debated since the 1980s, recent advances in laboratory experiments, field observations, and modeling have provided new insights. Bubble-mediated gas transfer differs from interfacial transfer in three key ways: (a) it shows strong nonlinearity with wind speed due to its link with wave breaking; (b) it depends on gas solubility because of the finite volume and short lifetime of bubbles; and (c) it shifts the equilibrium toward slight oversaturation through the overpressure of submerged bubbles. These characteristics make bubble-mediated gas transfer complicated to quantify, and existing observations and models indicate a wide range of bubble contributions to air-sea carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange. Three critical knowledge gaps are identified: (a) limited understanding of near-surface (0–1 m) bubble dynamics, including volume flux, size distribution, and evolution, which directly control the solubility and diffusivity dependence of bubble-mediated gas exchange; (b) the absence of consistent field constraints spanning the full range of gas solubilities; and (c) the lack of knowledge to scale laboratory results to oceanic conditions. Addressing these gaps will require integrated efforts combining near-surface bubble measurements and simulations, field observations of gas transfer across diverse solubilities using complementary techniques, and improved modeling frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"64 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":38.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025RG000903","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148533573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}