Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

Pan-European Landslide Risk Assessment: From Theory to Practice

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2025-02-21 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000825

Francesco Caleca, Luigi Lombardo, Stefan Steger, Hakan Tanyas, Federico Raspini, Ashok Dahal, Constantinos Nefros, Mihai Ciprian Mărgărint, Vincent Drouin, Mateja Jemec-Auflič, Alessandro Novellino, Marj Tonini, Marco Loche, Nicola Casagli, Veronica Tofani

{"title":"Pan-European Landslide Risk Assessment: From Theory to Practice","authors":"Francesco Caleca, Luigi Lombardo, Stefan Steger, Hakan Tanyas, Federico Raspini, Ashok Dahal, Constantinos Nefros, Mihai Ciprian Mărgărint, Vincent Drouin, Mateja Jemec-Auflič, Alessandro Novellino, Marj Tonini, Marco Loche, Nicola Casagli, Veronica Tofani","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RG000825","url":null,"abstract":"Assessing landslide risk is a fundamental requirement to plan suitable prevention actions. To date, most risk studies focus on individual slopes or catchments. Whereas regional, national or continental scale assessments are hardly available because of methodological and/or data limitations. In this contribution, we present an overview of all requirements and limitations in landslide risk studies across all spatial scales, by means of a hybrid form that combines elements of original research with the comprehensive characteristics of a review study. The review critically analyses each component in the landslide risk analysis providing a detailed explanation of their state-of-the-art, with dedicated sections on susceptibility, hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. To put the theoretical framework to test, we also dive into a case study, expressed at the continental scale. Specifically, we take the main European mountain ranges and provide the reader with a textbook example of risk assessment for such a large territory. In doing so, we take into account issues associated with cross-national differences in landslide mapping. As a result, we identify landslide-prone European landscape and explore the associated possible economic consequences (human settlements and agricultural areas). We also analyze the population at risk during daytime and nighttime. Moreover, a modern view of the problem is explored in the form of how risk outcomes should be delivered to master planners and geoscientific personnel alike. Specifically, we convert our output into an interactive Web Application (https://pan-european-landslide-risk.github.io/) to include notions of scientific communication both to a large public as well as to a technical audience.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143466278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Karst Water Resources in a Changing World: Review of Solute Transport Modeling Approaches

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2025-02-14 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000811

K. Ö. Çallı, G. Chiogna, D. Bittner, V. Sivelle, D. Labat, B. Richieri, S. S. Çallı, A. Hartmann

{"title":"Karst Water Resources in a Changing World: Review of Solute Transport Modeling Approaches","authors":"K. Ö. Çallı, G. Chiogna, D. Bittner, V. Sivelle, D. Labat, B. Richieri, S. S. Çallı, A. Hartmann","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RG000811","url":null,"abstract":"Karst water resources are valuable freshwater sources for around 10% of the world's population. Nonetheless, anthropogenic impacts and global changes have seriously deteriorated karst water quality and dependent ecosystems. Multiscale karstic heterogeneity—referring to the spatial variations of the karst aquifer's physical and chemical characteristics at varying scales—is the main challenge in describing karst flow and contaminant transport dynamics. Solute transport models are powerful tools to represent and predict the spatiotemporal behaviors of contaminant migration in karst water resources. By enhancing our understanding of the transport processes, the solute transport models enable us to explore contamination risks and potential outcomes of the contamination-related issues in karst systems. Because of that, they are often used for monitoring, controlling, and managing karst water quality and dependent ecosystem functioning. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the modeling of karst transport processes with a focus on single-phase solute transport. By unveiling the fundamental challenges underlying a successful real-world application of karst transport models, we discuss to what extent and how we can handle these challenges. By further deriving the key challenges afront the successful modeling applications in karst systems, we, therefore, provide directions to ensure the reliable modeling of karst transport dynamics in the present context of global changes.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000811","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143404627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rock Glacier Velocity: An Essential Climate Variable Quantity for Permafrost

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2025-01-26 DOI: 10.1029/2024RG000847

Yan Hu, Lukas U. Arenson, Chloé Barboux, Xavier Bodin, Alessandro Cicoira, Reynald Delaloye, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Andreas Kääb, Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Christophe Lambiel, Lin Liu, Cécile Pellet, Line Rouyet, Philippe Schoeneich, Gernot Seier, Tazio Strozzi

{"title":"Rock Glacier Velocity: An Essential Climate Variable Quantity for Permafrost","authors":"Yan Hu, Lukas U. Arenson, Chloé Barboux, Xavier Bodin, Alessandro Cicoira, Reynald Delaloye, Isabelle Gärtner-Roer, Andreas Kääb, Andreas Kellerer-Pirklbauer, Christophe Lambiel, Lin Liu, Cécile Pellet, Line Rouyet, Philippe Schoeneich, Gernot Seier, Tazio Strozzi","doi":"10.1029/2024RG000847","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024RG000847","url":null,"abstract":"Rock glaciers are distinctive debris landforms found worldwide in cold mountainous regions. They express the long-term movement of perennially frozen ground. Rock Glacier Velocity (RGV), defined as the time series of the annualized surface velocity of a rock glacier unit or a part of it, has been accepted as an Essential Climate Variable Permafrost Quantity in 2022. This review aims to highlight the relationship between rock glacier velocity and climatic factors, emphasizing the scientific relevance of interannual rock glacier velocity in generating RGV products within the context of observed rock glacier kinematics. Under global warming, rock glacier velocity exhibits widespread (multi-)decennial acceleration. This acceleration varies regionally in onset timing (from the 1950s to the 2010s) and magnitude (up to a factor of 10), and has been observed in regions such as the European Alps, High Mountain Asia, and the Andes. Despite different local conditions, a synchronous interannual velocity pattern prevails in the European Alps since the 2000s, highlighting the primary influence of climate. A common pattern is the seasonal velocity rhythm, which peaks in late summer to autumn and declines in spring. RGV assesses permafrost evolution via (multi-)decennial and interannual changes in rock glacier velocity, influenced by air temperature shifts with varying time lags and snow cover effects. Although not integrated into the RGV products, seasonal variations should be examined. This rhythmic behavior is attributed to alterations in pore water pressure influenced by air temperature, snow cover, and ground water conditions.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024RG000847","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143044266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Monitoring and Modeling the Soil-Plant System Toward Understanding Soil Health

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI: 10.1029/2024RG000836

Yijian Zeng, Anne Verhoef, Harry Vereecken, Eyal Ben-Dor, Tom Veldkamp, Liz Shaw, Martine Van Der Ploeg, Yunfei Wang, Zhongbo Su

{"title":"Monitoring and Modeling the Soil-Plant System Toward Understanding Soil Health","authors":"Yijian Zeng, Anne Verhoef, Harry Vereecken, Eyal Ben-Dor, Tom Veldkamp, Liz Shaw, Martine Van Der Ploeg, Yunfei Wang, Zhongbo Su","doi":"10.1029/2024RG000836","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024RG000836","url":null,"abstract":"The soil health assessment has evolved from focusing primarily on agricultural productivity to an integrated evaluation of soil biota and biotic processes that impact soil properties. Consequently, soil health assessment has shifted from a predominantly physicochemical approach to incorporating ecological, biological and molecular microbiology indicators. This shift enables a comprehensive exploration of soil microbial community properties and their responses to environmental changes arising from climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Despite the increasing availability of soil health indicators (physical, chemical, and biological) and data, a holistic mechanistic linkage has not yet been fully established between indicators and soil functions across multiple spatiotemporal scales. This article reviews the state-of-the-art of soil health monitoring, focusing on understanding how soil-microbiome-plant processes contribute to feedback mechanisms and causes of changes in soil properties, as well as the impact these changes have on soil functions. Furthermore, we survey the opportunities afforded by the soil-plant digital twin approach, an integrative framework that amalgamates process-based models, Earth Observation data, data assimilation, and physics-informed machine learning, to achieve a nuanced comprehension of soil health. This review delineates the prospective trajectory for monitoring soil health by embracing a digital twin approach to systematically observe and model the soil-plant system. We further identify gaps and opportunities, and provide perspectives for future research for an enhanced understanding of the intricate interplay between soil properties, soil hydrological processes, soil-plant hydraulics, soil microbiome, and landscape genomics.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024RG000836","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143031351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Influence of Topography on the Global Terrestrial Water Cycle 地形对全球陆地水循环的影响

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2025-01-03 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000810

Sebastian Gnann, Jane W. Baldwin, Mark O. Cuthbert, Tom Gleeson, Wolfgang Schwanghart, Thorsten Wagener

{"title":"The Influence of Topography on the Global Terrestrial Water Cycle","authors":"Sebastian Gnann, Jane W. Baldwin, Mark O. Cuthbert, Tom Gleeson, Wolfgang Schwanghart, Thorsten Wagener","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000810","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2023RG000810","url":null,"abstract":"Topography affects the distribution and movement of water on Earth, yet new insights about topographic controls continue to surprise us and exciting puzzles remain. Here we combine literature review and data synthesis to explore the influence of topography on the global terrestrial water cycle, from the atmosphere down to the groundwater. Above the land surface, topography induces gradients and contrasts in water and energy availability. Long-term precipitation usually increases with elevation in the mid-latitudes, while it peaks at low- to mid-elevations in the tropics. Potential evaporation tends to decrease with elevation in all climate zones. At the land surface, topography is expressed in snow distribution, vegetation zonation, geomorphic landforms, the critical zone, and drainage networks. Evaporation and vegetation activity are often highest at low- to mid-elevations where neither temperature, nor energy availability, nor water availability—often modulated by lateral moisture redistribution—impose strong limitations. Below the land surface, topography drives the movement of groundwater from local to continental scales. In many steep upland regions, groundwater systems are well connected to streams and provide ample baseflow, and streams often start losing water in foothills where bedrock transitions into highly permeable sediment. We conclude by presenting organizing principles, discussing the implications of climate change and human activity, and identifying data needs and knowledge gaps. A defining feature resulting from topography is the presence of gradients and contrasts, whose interactions explain many of the patterns we observe in nature and how they might change in the future.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000810","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142924463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Impacts of Erosion on the Carbon Cycle 侵蚀对碳循环的影响

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2025-01-02 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000829

Haiyan Zheng, Chiyuan Miao, Chris Huntingford, Paolo Tarolli, Dongfeng Li, Panos Panagos, Yao Yue, Pasquale Borrelli, Kristof Van Oost

{"title":"The Impacts of Erosion on the Carbon Cycle","authors":"Haiyan Zheng, Chiyuan Miao, Chris Huntingford, Paolo Tarolli, Dongfeng Li, Panos Panagos, Yao Yue, Pasquale Borrelli, Kristof Van Oost","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000829","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2023RG000829","url":null,"abstract":"Physical and chemical erosion associated with water both affect land–atmosphere carbon exchanges. However, previous studies have often addressed these processes separately or used oversimplified mechanisms, leading to ongoing debates and uncertainties about erosion-induced carbon fluxes. We provide an overview of the on-site carbon uptake fluxes induced by physical erosion (0.05–0.29 Pg C yr−1, globally) and chemical erosion (0.26–0.48 Pg C yr−1). Then, we discuss off-site carbon dynamics (during transport, deposition, and burial). Soil organic carbon mineralization during transport is nearly 0.37–1.20 Pg C yr−1 on the globe. We also summarize the overall carbon fluxes into estuaries (0.71–1.06 Pg C yr−1) and identify the sources of different types of carbon within them, most of which are associated with land erosion. Current approaches for quantifying physical-erosion-induced vertical carbon fluxes focus on two distinct temporal scales: short-term dynamics (ranging from minutes to decades), emphasizing net vertical carbon flux, and long-term dynamics (spanning millennial to geological timescales), examining the fate of eroded carbon over extended periods. In addition to direct chemical measurement and modeling approaches, estimation using indicators of riverine material is popular for constraining chemical-erosion-driven carbon fluxes. Lastly, we highlight the key challenges for quantifying related fluxes. To overcome potential biases in future studies, we strongly recommend integrated research that addresses both physical and chemical erosion over a well-defined timescale. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms driving erosion-induced lateral and vertical carbon fluxes is crucial for closing the global carbon budget.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000829","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142911873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Effects of Changing Environments, Abiotic Stresses, and Management Practices on Cropland Evapotranspiration: A Review 变化的环境、非生物胁迫和管理措施对农田蒸散的影响

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1029/2024RG000858

Rangjian Qiu, Gabriel G. Katul, Lu Zhang, Shunjing Qin, Xuelian Jiang

{"title":"The Effects of Changing Environments, Abiotic Stresses, and Management Practices on Cropland Evapotranspiration: A Review","authors":"Rangjian Qiu, Gabriel G. Katul, Lu Zhang, Shunjing Qin, Xuelian Jiang","doi":"10.1029/2024RG000858","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024RG000858","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of crop evapotranspiration (ETa) to climate science, agronomic research, and water resources is not in dispute. What continues to draw attention is how variability in ETa is driven by changing environments, abiotic stresses, and management practices. Here, the impacts of elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]), elevated ozone concentration (e[O3]), warming, abiotic stresses (water, salinity, heat stresses), and management practices (planting density, irrigation methods, mulching, nitrogen application) on cropland ETa were reviewed, along with their possible causes and estimation. Water and salinity stresses, e[O3], and drip irrigation adoption generally led to lower total growing–season ETa. However, total growing–season ETa responses to e[CO2], warming, heat stress, mulching, planting density, and nitrogen supplement appear inconsistent across empirical studies. The effects of e[CO2], e[O3], water and salinity stresses on total growing–season ETa are attributed to their influence on stomatal conductance, root water uptake, root and leaf area development, microclimate, and potentially phenology. Total growing–season ETa in response to warming is affected by variations in ambient growing–season mean air temperature and phenology. The differences in crop ETa under varying planting densities are due to their differences in leaf area. The responses of ETa to heat stress, mulching, and nitrogen application represent trade–off between their opposite effects on transpiration and evaporation, along with possibly phenology. Modified ETa models currently in use can estimate the response of ETa to the many aforementioned factors except for e[O3], heat stress, and nitrogen application. These factors offer a blueprint for future research inquiries.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142905562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Coastal Flooding in Asian Megadeltas: Recent Advances, Persistent Challenges, and Call for Actions Amidst Local and Global Changes 亚洲大三角洲沿海洪灾：近期进展、持续挑战以及在地方和全球变化中采取行动的呼吁

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2024-12-16 DOI: 10.1029/2024RG000846

M. Becker, K. Seeger, A. Paszkowski, M. Marcos, F. Papa, R. Almar, P. Bates, C. France-Lanord, Md S. Hossain, Md J. U. Khan, M. A. Karegar, M. Karpytchev, N. Long, P. S. J. Minderhoud, J. Neal, R. J. Nicholls, J. Syvitski

{"title":"Coastal Flooding in Asian Megadeltas: Recent Advances, Persistent Challenges, and Call for Actions Amidst Local and Global Changes","authors":"M. Becker, K. Seeger, A. Paszkowski, M. Marcos, F. Papa, R. Almar, P. Bates, C. France-Lanord, Md S. Hossain, Md J. U. Khan, M. A. Karegar, M. Karpytchev, N. Long, P. S. J. Minderhoud, J. Neal, R. J. Nicholls, J. Syvitski","doi":"10.1029/2024RG000846","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024RG000846","url":null,"abstract":"Asian megadeltas, specifically the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna, Irrawaddy, Chao Phraya, Mekong, and Red River deltas host half of the world's deltaic population and are vital for Asian countries' ecosystems and food production. These deltas are extremely vulnerable to global change. Accelerating relative sea-level rise, combined with rapid socio-economic development intensifies these vulnerabilities and calls for a comprehensive understanding of current and future coastal flood dynamics. Here we provide a state-of-the-art on the current knowledge and recent advances in quantifying and understanding the drivers of coastal flood-related hazards in these deltas. We discuss the environmental and physical drivers, including climate influence, hydrology, oceanography, geomorphology, and geophysical processes and how they interact from short to long-term changes, including during extreme events. We also jointly examine how human disturbances, with catchment interventions, land use changes and resource exploitations, contribute to coastal flooding in the deltas. Through a systems perspective, we characterize the current state of the deltaic systems and provide essential insights for shaping their sustainable future trajectories regarding the multifaceted challenges of coastal flooding.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024RG000846","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142832711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Short-Lived Air Pollutants and Climate Forcers Through the Lens of the COVID-19 Pandemic 从COVID-19大流行的角度看短期空气污染物和气候因素

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2024-12-10 DOI: 10.1029/2022RG000773

Yuan Wang, Chenchong Zhang, Elyse A. Pennington, Liyin He, Jiani Yang, Xueying Yu, Yangfan Liu, John H. Seinfeld

{"title":"Short-Lived Air Pollutants and Climate Forcers Through the Lens of the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"Yuan Wang, Chenchong Zhang, Elyse A. Pennington, Liyin He, Jiani Yang, Xueying Yu, Yangfan Liu, John H. Seinfeld","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000773","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000773","url":null,"abstract":"Dramatic reductions in anthropogenic emissions during the lockdowns of the COVID-19 pandemic provide an unparalleled opportunity to assess responses of the Earth system to human activities. Here, we synthesize the latest progress in understanding changes in short-lived atmospheric constituents, that is, aerosols, ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and methane (CH4), in response to COVID-19 induced emission reductions and the associated climate impacts on regional and global scales. The large-scale emission reduction in the transportation sector reduced near-surface particulate and ozone concentrations, with certain regional enhancements modulated by atmospheric oxidizing capacity and abnormal meteorological conditions. The methane increase during the pandemic is a combined effect of fluctuations in methane emissions and chemical sinks. Global net radiative forcing of all short-lived species was found to be small, but regionally, aerosol radiative impacts during the lockdowns were discernible near China and India. Aerosol microphysical effects on clouds and precipitation were reported from modeling assessments only, except for observed reductions in aircraft contrails. There exist moderate climatic impacts of the pandemic on regional surface temperature, atmospheric circulations, and ecosystems, mainly over populous and polluted areas. Novel methodologies emerge in the pandemic-related research to achieve the synergy between observations from multiple platforms and model simulations and to overcome the enormous hurdles and sophistication in detection and attribution studies. The insight gained from COVID-19 research concerning the complex interplay between emission, chemistry, and meteorology, as well as the unexpected climate forcing-responses relationships, underscores future challenges for cleaning up the air and alleviating the adverse impacts of global warming.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142804954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Carbon Mineralization in Fractured Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks: A Review 岩浆岩和超岩浆岩裂隙中的碳矿化：综述

IF 25.2 1区地球科学

Reviews of Geophysics Pub Date : 2024-11-17 DOI: 10.1029/2023RG000815

H. Nisbet, G. Buscarnera, J. W. Carey, M. A. Chen, E. Detournay, H. Huang, J. D. Hyman, P. K. Kang, Q. Kang, J. F. Labuz, W. Li, J. Matter, C. W. Neil, G. Srinivasan, M. R. Sweeney, V. R. Voller, W. Yang, Y. Yang, H. S. Viswanathan

{"title":"Carbon Mineralization in Fractured Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks: A Review","authors":"H. Nisbet, G. Buscarnera, J. W. Carey, M. A. Chen, E. Detournay, H. Huang, J. D. Hyman, P. K. Kang, Q. Kang, J. F. Labuz, W. Li, J. Matter, C. W. Neil, G. Srinivasan, M. R. Sweeney, V. R. Voller, W. Yang, Y. Yang, H. S. Viswanathan","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000815","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2023RG000815","url":null,"abstract":"Mineral carbon storage in mafic and ultramafic rock masses has the potential to be an effective and permanent mechanism to reduce anthropogenic CO2. Several successful pilot-scale projects have been carried out in basaltic rock (e.g., CarbFix, Wallula), demonstrating the potential for rapid CO2 sequestration. However, these tests have been limited to the injection of small quantities of CO2. Thus, the longevity and feasibility of long-term, large-scale mineralization operations to store the levels of CO2 needed to address the present climate crisis is unknown. Moreover, CO2 mineralization in ultramafic rocks, which tend to be more reactive but less permeable, has not yet been quantified. In these systems, fractures are expected to play a crucial role in the flow and reaction of CO2 within the rock mass and will influence the CO2 storage potential of the system. Therefore, consideration of fractures is imperative to the prediction of CO2 mineralization at a specific storage site. In this review, we highlight key takeaways, successes, and shortcomings of CO2 mineralization pilot tests that have been completed and are currently underway. Laboratory experiments, directed toward understanding the complex geochemical and geomechanical reactions that occur during CO2 mineralization in fractures, are also discussed. Experimental studies and their applicability to field sites are limited in time and scale. Many modeling techniques can be applied to bridge these limitations. We highlight current modeling advances and their potential applications for predicting CO2 mineralization in mafic and ultramafic rocks.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000815","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142665329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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