Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Hydraulic Fracturing-Induced Seismicity","authors":"Ryan Schultz,&nbsp;Robert J. Skoumal,&nbsp;Michael R. Brudzinski,&nbsp;Dave Eaton,&nbsp;Brian Baptie,&nbsp;William Ellsworth","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000695","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is a technique that is used for extracting petroleum resources from impermeable host rocks. In this process, fluid injected under high pressure causes fractures to propagate. This technique has been transformative for the hydrocarbon industry, unlocking otherwise stranded resources; however, environmental concerns make HF controversial. One concern is HF-induced seismicity, since fluids driven under high pressure also have the potential to reactivate faults. Controversy has inevitably followed these HF-induced earthquakes, with economic and human losses from ground shaking at one extreme and moratoriums on resource development at the other. Here, we review the state of knowledge of this category of induced seismicity. We first cover essential background information on HF along with an overview of published induced earthquake cases to date. Expanding on this, we synthesize the common themes and interpret the origin of these commonalities, which include recurrent earthquake swarms, proximity to well bore, rapid response to stimulation, and a paucity of reported cases. Next, we discuss the unanswered questions that naturally arise from these commonalities, leading to potential research themes: consistent recognition of cases, proposed triggering mechanisms, geologically susceptible conditions, identification of operational controls, effective mitigation efforts, and science-informed regulatory management. HF-induced seismicity provides a unique opportunity to better understand and manage earthquake rupture processes; overall, understanding HF-induced earthquakes is important in order to avoid extreme reactions in either direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000695","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6225937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spaceborne Cloud and Precipitation Radars: Status, Challenges, and Ways Forward","authors":"Alessandro Battaglia,&nbsp;Pavlos Kollias,&nbsp;Ranvir Dhillon,&nbsp;Richard Roy,&nbsp;Simone Tanelli,&nbsp;Katia Lamer,&nbsp;Mircea Grecu,&nbsp;Matthew Lebsock,&nbsp;Daniel Watters,&nbsp;Kamil Mroz,&nbsp;Gerald Heymsfield,&nbsp;Lihua Li,&nbsp;Kinji Furukawa","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000686","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spaceborne radars offer a unique three-dimensional view of the atmospheric components of the Earth's hydrological cycle. Existing and planned spaceborne radar missions provide cloud and precipitation information over the oceans and land difficult to access in remote areas. A careful look into their measurement capabilities indicates considerable gaps that hinder our ability to detect and probe key cloud and precipitation processes. The international community is currently debating how the next generation of spaceborne radars shall enhance current capabilities and address remaining gaps. Part of the discussion is focused on how to best take advantage of recent advancements in radar and space platform technologies while addressing outstanding limitations. First, the observing capabilities and measurement highlights of existing and planned spaceborne radar missions including TRMM, CloudSat, GPM, RainCube, and EarthCARE are reviewed. Then, the limitations of current spaceborne observing systems, with respect to observations of low-level clouds, midlatitude and high-latitude precipitation, and convective motions, are thoroughly analyzed. Finally, the review proposes potential solutions and future research avenues to be explored. Promising paths forward include collecting observations across a gamut of frequency bands tailored to specific scientific objectives, collecting observations using mixtures of pulse lengths to overcome trade-offs in sensitivity and resolution, and flying constellations of miniaturized radars to capture rapidly evolving weather phenomena. This work aims to increase the awareness about existing limitations and gaps in spaceborne radar measurements and to increase the level of engagement of the international community in the discussions for the next generation of spaceborne radar systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000686","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6227511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ocean Alkalinity, Buffering and Biogeochemical Processes","authors":"Jack J. Middelburg,&nbsp;Karline Soetaert,&nbsp;Mathilde Hagens","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000681","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alkalinity, the excess of proton acceptors over donors, plays a major role in ocean chemistry, in buffering and in calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution. Understanding alkalinity dynamics is pivotal to quantify ocean carbon dioxide uptake during times of global change. Here we review ocean alkalinity and its role in ocean buffering as well as the biogeochemical processes governing alkalinity and pH in the ocean. We show that it is important to distinguish between measurable titration alkalinity and charge balance alkalinity that is used to quantify calcification and carbonate dissolution and needed to understand the impact of biogeochemical processes on components of the carbon dioxide system. A general treatment of ocean buffering and quantification via sensitivity factors is presented and used to link existing buffer and sensitivity factors. The impact of individual biogeochemical processes on ocean alkalinity and pH is discussed and quantified using these sensitivity factors. Processes governing ocean alkalinity on longer time scales such as carbonate compensation, (reversed) silicate weathering, and anaerobic mineralization are discussed and used to derive a close-to-balance ocean alkalinity budget for the modern ocean.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000681","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6169207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Four Theories of the Madden-Julian Oscillation","authors":"C. Zhang,&nbsp;á. F. Adames,&nbsp;B. Khouider,&nbsp;B. Wang,&nbsp;D. Yang","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000685","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000685","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Studies of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) have progressed considerably during the past decades in observations, numerical modeling, and theoretical understanding. Many theoretical attempts have been made to identify the most essential processes responsible for the existence of the MJO. Criteria are proposed to separate a hypothesis from a theory (based on the first principles with quantitative and testable assumptions, able to predict quantitatively the fundamental scales and eastward propagation of the MJO). Four MJO theories are selected to be summarized and compared in this article: the skeleton theory, moisture-mode theory, gravity-wave theory, and trio-interaction theory of the MJO. These four MJO theories are distinct from each other in their key assumptions, parameterized processes, and, particularly, selection mechanisms for the zonal spatial scale, time scale, and eastward propagation of the MJO. The comparison of the four theories and more recent development in MJO dynamical approaches lead to a realization that theoretical thinking of the MJO is diverse and understanding of MJO dynamics needs to be further advanced.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000685","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5906363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding of Contemporary Regional Sea-Level Change and the Implications for the Future","authors":"Benjamin D. Hamlington,&nbsp;Alex S. Gardner,&nbsp;Erik Ivins,&nbsp;Jan T. M. Lenaerts,&nbsp;J. T. Reager,&nbsp;David S. Trossman,&nbsp;Edward D. Zaron,&nbsp;Surendra Adhikari,&nbsp;Anthony Arendt,&nbsp;Andy Aschwanden,&nbsp;Brian D. Beckley,&nbsp;David P. S. Bekaert,&nbsp;Geoffrey Blewitt,&nbsp;Lambert Caron,&nbsp;Don P. Chambers,&nbsp;Hrishikesh A. Chandanpurkar,&nbsp;Knut Christianson,&nbsp;Beata Csatho,&nbsp;Richard I. Cullather,&nbsp;Robert M. DeConto,&nbsp;John T. Fasullo,&nbsp;Thomas Frederikse,&nbsp;Jeffrey T. Freymueller,&nbsp;Daniel M. Gilford,&nbsp;Manuela Girotto,&nbsp;William C. Hammond,&nbsp;Regine Hock,&nbsp;Nicholas Holschuh,&nbsp;Robert E. Kopp,&nbsp;Felix Landerer,&nbsp;Eric Larour,&nbsp;Dimitris Menemenlis,&nbsp;Mark Merrifield,&nbsp;Jerry X. Mitrovica,&nbsp;R. Steven Nerem,&nbsp;Isabel J. Nias,&nbsp;Veronica Nieves,&nbsp;Sophie Nowicki,&nbsp;Kishore Pangaluru,&nbsp;Christopher G. Piecuch,&nbsp;Richard D. Ray,&nbsp;David R. Rounce,&nbsp;Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel,&nbsp;Hélène Seroussi,&nbsp;Manoochehr Shirzaei,&nbsp;William V. Sweet,&nbsp;Isabella Velicogna,&nbsp;Nadya Vinogradova,&nbsp;Thomas Wahl,&nbsp;David N. Wiese,&nbsp;Michael J. Willis","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000672","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global sea level provides an important indicator of the state of the warming climate, but changes in regional sea level are most relevant for coastal communities around the world. With improvements to the sea-level observing system, the knowledge of regional sea-level change has advanced dramatically in recent years. Satellite measurements coupled with in situ observations have allowed for comprehensive study and improved understanding of the diverse set of drivers that lead to variations in sea level in space and time. Despite the advances, gaps in the understanding of contemporary sea-level change remain and inhibit the ability to predict how the relevant processes may lead to future change. These gaps arise in part due to the complexity of the linkages between the drivers of sea-level change. Here we review the individual processes which lead to sea-level change and then describe how they combine and vary regionally. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current state of understanding of the processes that cause regional sea-level change and to identify and discuss limitations and uncertainty in our understanding of these processes. Areas where the lack of understanding or gaps in knowledge inhibit the ability to provide the needed information for comprehensive planning efforts are of particular focus. Finally, a goal of this paper is to highlight the role of the expanded sea-level observation network—particularly as related to satellite observations—in the improved scientific understanding of the contributors to regional sea-level change.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000672","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5666218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Structure of Climate Variability Across Scales","authors":"Christian L. E. Franzke,&nbsp;Susana Barbosa,&nbsp;Richard Blender,&nbsp;Hege-Beate Fredriksen,&nbsp;Thomas Laepple,&nbsp;Fabrice Lambert,&nbsp;Tine Nilsen,&nbsp;Kristoffer Rypdal,&nbsp;Martin Rypdal,&nbsp;Manuel G, Scotto,&nbsp;Stéphane Vannitsem,&nbsp;Nicholas W. Watkins,&nbsp;Lichao Yang,&nbsp;Naiming Yuan","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000657","url":null,"abstract":"<p>One of the most intriguing facets of the climate system is that it exhibits variability across all temporal and spatial scales; pronounced examples are temperature and precipitation. The structure of this variability, however, is not arbitrary. Over certain spatial and temporal ranges, it can be described by scaling relationships in the form of power laws in probability density distributions and autocorrelation functions. These scaling relationships can be quantified by scaling exponents which measure how the variability changes across scales and how the intensity changes with frequency of occurrence. Scaling determines the relative magnitudes and persistence of natural climate fluctuations. Here, we review various scaling mechanisms and their relevance for the climate system. We show observational evidence of scaling and discuss the application of scaling properties and methods in trend detection, climate sensitivity analyses, and climate prediction.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000657","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5716880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis at Regional and National Scales: State of the Art and Future Challenges","authors":"M. C. Gerstenberger,&nbsp;W. Marzocchi,&nbsp;T. Allen,&nbsp;M. Pagani,&nbsp;J. Adams,&nbsp;L. Danciu,&nbsp;E. H. Field,&nbsp;H. Fujiwara,&nbsp;N. Luco,&nbsp;K.-F. Ma,&nbsp;C. Meletti,&nbsp;M. D. Petersen","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000653","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seismic hazard modeling is a multidisciplinary science that aims to forecast earthquake occurrence and its resultant ground shaking. Such models consist of a probabilistic framework that quantifies uncertainty across a complex system; typically, this includes at least two model components developed from Earth science: seismic source and ground motion models. Although there is no scientific prescription for the forecast length, the most common probabilistic seismic hazard analyses consider forecasting windows of 30 to 50 years, which are typically an engineering demand for building code purposes. These types of analyses are the topic of this review paper. Although the core methods and assumptions of seismic hazard modeling have largely remained unchanged for more than 50 years, we review the most recent initiatives, which face the difficult task of meeting both the increasingly sophisticated demands of society and keeping pace with advances in scientific understanding. A need for more accurate and spatially precise hazard forecasting must be balanced with increased quantification of uncertainty and new challenges such as moving from time-independent hazard to forecasts that are time dependent and specific to the time period of interest. Meeting these challenges requires the development of science-driven models, which integrate all information available, the adoption of proper mathematical frameworks to quantify the different types of uncertainties in the hazard model, and the development of a proper testing phase of the model to quantify its consistency and skill. We review the state of the art of the National Seismic Hazard Modeling and how the most innovative approaches try to address future challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5654292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank You to Our Peer Reviewers for 2019","authors":"Fabio Florindo,&nbsp;Ann Marie Carlton,&nbsp;Paolo D'Odorico,&nbsp;Qingyun Duan,&nbsp;Jasper S. Halekas,&nbsp;Gesine Mollenhauer,&nbsp;Eelco J. Rohling","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000699","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000699","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On behalf of the authors and readers of Reviews of Geophysics (RoG), the American Geophysical Union (AGU), and the broader scientific community, the editors wish to wholeheartedly thank those who reviewed manuscripts for RoG in 2019.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000699","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6034340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dry Deposition of Ozone Over Land: Processes, Measurement, and Modeling","authors":"Olivia E. Clifton,&nbsp;Arlene M. Fiore,&nbsp;William J. Massman,&nbsp;Colleen B. Baublitz,&nbsp;Mhairi Coyle,&nbsp;Lisa Emberson,&nbsp;Silvano Fares,&nbsp;Delphine K. Farmer,&nbsp;Pierre Gentine,&nbsp;Giacomo Gerosa,&nbsp;Alex B. Guenther,&nbsp;Detlev Helmig,&nbsp;Danica L. Lombardozzi,&nbsp;J. William Munger,&nbsp;Edward G. Patton,&nbsp;Sally E. Pusede,&nbsp;Donna B. Schwede,&nbsp;Sam J. Silva,&nbsp;Matthias S?rgel,&nbsp;Allison L. Steiner,&nbsp;Amos P. K. Tai","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000670","url":null,"abstract":"Dry deposition of ozone is an important sink of ozone in near‐surface air. When dry deposition occurs through plant stomata, ozone can injure the plant, altering water and carbon cycling and reducing crop yields. Quantifying both stomatal and nonstomatal uptake accurately is relevant for understanding ozone's impact on human health as an air pollutant and on climate as a potent short‐lived greenhouse gas and primary control on the removal of several reactive greenhouse gases and air pollutants. Robust ozone dry deposition estimates require knowledge of the relative importance of individual deposition pathways, but spatiotemporal variability in nonstomatal deposition is poorly understood. Here we integrate understanding of ozone deposition processes by synthesizing research from fields such as atmospheric chemistry, ecology, and meteorology. We critically review methods for measurements and modeling, highlighting the empiricism that underpins modeling and thus the interpretation of observations. Our unprecedented synthesis of knowledge on deposition pathways, particularly soil and leaf cuticles, reveals process understanding not yet included in widely used models. If coordinated with short‐term field intensives, laboratory studies, and mechanistic modeling, measurements from a few long‐term sites would bridge the molecular to ecosystem scales necessary to establish the relative importance of individual deposition pathways and the extent to which they vary in space and time. Our recommended approaches seek to close knowledge gaps that currently limit quantifying the impact of ozone dry deposition on air quality, ecosystems, and climate.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5679847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances and Challenges of Waveform-Based Seismic Location Methods at Multiple Scales","authors":"Lei Li,&nbsp;Jingqiang Tan,&nbsp;Benjamin Schwarz,&nbsp;Franti?ek Staněk,&nbsp;Natalia Poiata,&nbsp;Peidong Shi,&nbsp;Leon Diekmann,&nbsp;Leo Eisner,&nbsp;Dirk Gajewski","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000667","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000667","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Source locations provide fundamental information on earthquakes and lay the foundation for seismic monitoring at all scales. Seismic source location as a classical inverse problem has experienced significant methodological progress during the past century. Unlike the conventional traveltime-based location methods that mainly utilize kinematic information, a new category of waveform-based methods, including partial waveform stacking, time reverse imaging, wavefront tomography, and full waveform inversion, adapted from migration or stacking techniques in exploration seismology has emerged. Waveform-based methods have shown promising results in characterizing weak seismic events at multiple scales, especially for abundant microearthquakes induced by hydraulic fracturing in unconventional and geothermal reservoirs or foreshock and aftershock activity potentially preceding tectonic earthquakes. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the current status of waveform-based location methods, through elaboration of the methodological principles, categorization, and connections, as well as illustration of the applications to natural and induced/triggered seismicity, ranging from laboratory acoustic emission to field hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity, regional tectonic, and volcanic earthquakes. Taking into account recent developments in instrumentation and the increasing availability of more powerful computational resources, we highlight recent accomplishments and prevailing challenges of different waveform-based location methods and what they promise to offer in the near future.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000667","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5862187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}