Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Satellite Observations of the Tropical Terrestrial Carbon Balance and Interactions With the Water Cycle During the 21st Century","authors":"John Worden,&nbsp;Sassan Saatchi,&nbsp;Michael Keller,&nbsp;A. Anthony Bloom,&nbsp;Junjie Liu,&nbsp;Nicholas Parazoo,&nbsp;Joshua B. Fisher,&nbsp;Kevin Bowman,&nbsp;John T. Reager,&nbsp;Kristen Fahy,&nbsp;David Schimel,&nbsp;Rong Fu,&nbsp;Sarah Worden,&nbsp;Yi Yin,&nbsp;Pierre Gentine,&nbsp;Alexandra G. Konings,&nbsp;Gregory R. Quetin,&nbsp;Mathew Williams,&nbsp;Helen Worden,&nbsp;Mingjie Shi,&nbsp;Armineh Barkhordarian","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A constellation of satellites is now in orbit providing information about terrestrial carbon and water storage and fluxes. These combined observations show that the tropical biosphere has changed significantly in the last 2 decades from the combined effects of climate variability and land use. Large areas of forest have been cleared in both wet and dry forests, increasing the source of carbon to the atmosphere. Concomitantly, tropical fire emissions have declined, at least until 2016, from changes in land-use practices and rainfall, increasing the net carbon sink. Measurements of carbon stocks and fluxes from disturbance and recovery and of vegetation photosynthesis show significant regional variability of net biosphere exchange and gross primary productivity across the tropics and are tied to seasonal and interannual changes in water fluxes and storage. Comparison of satellite based estimates of evapotranspiration, photosynthesis, and the deuterium content of water vapor with patterns of total water storage and rainfall demonstrate the presence of vegetation-atmosphere interactions and feedback mechanisms across tropical forests. However, these observations of stocks, fluxes and inferred interactions between them do not point unambiguously to either positive or negative feedbacks in carbon and water exchanges. These ambiguities highlight the need for assimilation of these new measurements with Earth System models for a consistent assessment of process interactions, along with focused field campaigns that integrate ground, aircraft and satellite measurements, to quantify the controlling carbon and water processes and their feedback mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020RG000711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5747093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sudden Stratospheric Warmings","authors":"Mark P. Baldwin,&nbsp;Blanca Ayarzagüena,&nbsp;Thomas Birner,&nbsp;Neal Butchart,&nbsp;Amy H. Butler,&nbsp;Andrew J. Charlton-Perez,&nbsp;Daniela I. V. Domeisen,&nbsp;Chaim I. Garfinkel,&nbsp;Hella Garny,&nbsp;Edwin P. Gerber,&nbsp;Michaela I. Hegglin,&nbsp;Ulrike Langematz,&nbsp;Nicholas M. Pedatella","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000708","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive fluid dynamical events in which large and rapid temperature increases in the winter polar stratosphere (<span>∼</span>10–50 km) are associated with a complete reversal of the climatological wintertime westerly winds. SSWs are caused by the breaking of planetary-scale waves that propagate upwards from the troposphere. During an SSW, the polar vortex breaks down, accompanied by rapid descent and warming of air in polar latitudes, mirrored by ascent and cooling above the warming. The rapid warming and descent of the polar air column affect tropospheric weather, shifting jet streams, storm tracks, and the Northern Annular Mode, making cold air outbreaks over North America and Eurasia more likely. SSWs affect the atmosphere above the stratosphere, producing widespread effects on atmospheric chemistry, temperatures, winds, neutral (nonionized) particles and electron densities, and electric fields. These effects span both hemispheres. Given their crucial role in the whole atmosphere, SSWs are also seen as a key process to analyze in climate change studies and subseasonal to seasonal prediction. This work reviews the current knowledge on the most important aspects of SSWs, from the historical background to dynamical processes, modeling, chemistry, and impact on other atmospheric layers.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000708","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5826182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Offshore Freshened Groundwater in Continental Margins","authors":"Aaron Micallef,&nbsp;Mark Person,&nbsp;Christian Berndt,&nbsp;Claudia Bertoni,&nbsp;Denis Cohen,&nbsp;Brandon Dugan,&nbsp;Rob Evans,&nbsp;Amir Haroon,&nbsp;Christian Hensen,&nbsp;Marion Jegen,&nbsp;Kerry Key,&nbsp;Henk Kooi,&nbsp;Volker Liebetrau,&nbsp;Johanna Lofi,&nbsp;Brian J. Mailloux,&nbsp;Renée Martin-Nagle,&nbsp;Holly A. Michael,&nbsp;Thomas Müller,&nbsp;Mark Schmidt,&nbsp;Katrin Schwalenberg,&nbsp;Elizabeth Trembath-Reichert,&nbsp;Bradley Weymer,&nbsp;Yipeng Zhang,&nbsp;Ariel T. Thomas","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000706","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000706","url":null,"abstract":"<p>First reported in the 1960s, offshore freshened groundwater (OFG) has now been documented in most continental margins around the world. In this review we compile a database documenting OFG occurrences and analyze it to establish the general characteristics and controlling factors. We also assess methods used to map and characterize OFG, identify major knowledge gaps, and propose strategies to address them. OFG has a global volume of 1 × 10⁶ km³; it predominantly occurs within 55 km of the coast and down to a water depth of 100 m. OFG is mainly hosted within siliciclastic aquifers on passive margins and recharged by meteoric water during Pleistocene sea level lowstands. Key factors influencing OFG distribution are topography-driven flow, salinization via haline convection, permeability contrasts, and the continuity/connectivity of permeable and confining strata. Geochemical and stable isotope measurements of pore waters from boreholes have provided insights into OFG emplacement mechanisms, while recent advances in seismic reflection profiling, electromagnetic surveying, and numerical models have improved our understanding of OFG geometry and controls. Key knowledge gaps, such as the extent and function of OFG, and the timing of their emplacement, can be addressed by the application of isotopic age tracers, joint inversion of electromagnetic and seismic reflection data, and development of three-dimensional hydrological models. We show that such advances, combined with site-specific modeling, are necessary to assess the potential use of OFG as an unconventional source of water and its role in sub-seafloor geomicrobiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000706","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5736003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monsoons, ITCZs, and the Concept of the Global Monsoon","authors":"Ruth Geen,&nbsp;Simona Bordoni,&nbsp;David S. Battisti,&nbsp;Katrina Hui","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000700","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earth's tropical and subtropical rainbands, such as Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs) and monsoons, are complex systems, governed by both large-scale constraints on the atmospheric general circulation and regional interactions with continents and orography, and coupled to the ocean. Monsoons have historically been considered as regional large-scale sea breeze circulations, driven by land-sea contrast. More recently, a perspective has emerged of a global monsoon, a global-scale solstitial mode that dominates the annual variation of tropical and subtropical precipitation. This results from the seasonal variation of the global tropical atmospheric overturning and migration of the associated convergence zone. Regional subsystems are embedded in this global monsoon, localized by surface boundary conditions. Parallel with this, much theoretical progress has been made on the fundamental dynamics of the seasonal Hadley cells and convergence zones via the use of hierarchical modeling approaches, including aquaplanets. Here we review the theoretical progress made and explore the extent to which these advances can help synthesize theory with observations to better understand differing characteristics of regional monsoons and their responses to certain forcings. After summarizing the dynamical and energetic balances that distinguish an ITCZ from a monsoon, we show that this theoretical framework provides strong support for the migrating convergence zone picture and allows constraints on the circulation to be identified via the momentum and energy budgets. Limitations of current theories are discussed, including the need for a better understanding of the influence of zonal asymmetries and transients on the large-scale tropical circulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5900994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphic and Sedimentary Effects of Modern Climate Change: Current and Anticipated Future Conditions in the Western United States","authors":"Amy E. East,&nbsp;Joel B. Sankey","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000692","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydroclimatic changes associated with global warming over the past 50 years have been documented widely, but physical landscape responses are poorly understood thus far. Detecting sedimentary and geomorphic signals of modern climate change presents challenges owing to short record lengths, difficulty resolving signals in stochastic natural systems, influences of land use and tectonic activity, long-lasting effects of individual extreme events, and variable connectivity in sediment-routing systems. We review existing literature to investigate the nature and extent of sedimentary and geomorphic responses to modern climate change, focusing on the western United States, a region with generally high relief and high sediment yield likely to be sensitive to climatic forcing. Based on fundamental geomorphic theory and empirical evidence from other regions, we anticipate climate-driven changes to slope stability, watershed sediment yields, fluvial morphology, and aeolian sediment mobilization in the western United States. We find evidence for recent climate-driven changes to slope stability and increased aeolian dune and dust activity, whereas changes in sediment yields and fluvial morphology have been linked more commonly to nonclimatic drivers thus far. Detecting effects of climate change will require better understanding how landscape response scales with disturbance, how lag times and hysteresis operate within sedimentary systems, and how to distinguish the relative influence and feedbacks of superimposed disturbances. The ability to constrain geomorphic and sedimentary response to rapidly progressing climate change has widespread implications for human health and safety, infrastructure, water security, economics, and ecosystem resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5827331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure and Possible Risks of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment—Current Knowledge and Directions for the Future","authors":"Henning Wigger,&nbsp;Ralf K?gi,&nbsp;Mark Wiesner,&nbsp;Bernd Nowack","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000710","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The consequences that engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may cause in the environment have been under investigation for more than 15 years. Hundreds of millions of euros/dollars have been invested into safety issues of ENMs, and much progress has been made in the understanding of their fate and effects in the environment. After an initial phase of “observing the effects,” research has shifted toward elucidating the mechanisms of fate and ecotoxicological effects. This also included a stronger focus on exposure issues and the development of analytical methods and computational models to predict exposure. First environmental risk assessments for ENM were performed, and much progress has been achieved on the way to nanospecific and material-specific assessments. The release of ENM from products and their transformation in technical and natural compartments profoundly affect the form in which the ENMs are present in the environment. A crucial aspect in all areas is <i>if</i> there are truly nanospecific issues of the novel-added functionalities of ENM that are different from dissolved metals, larger particles, or natural particles. This review outlines progress in understanding the environmental dimensions of ENMs and areas that merit further investigation: To what extent are ENMs different from their natural counterparts and how “long” do we need to track them in natural and technical systems? A major challenge will be in developing methods for studying particle-mediated processes and their effects on ecosystems and organisms in a more general sense, going beyond just ENM, for example, to natural nanoparticles, microplastics, and extracellular vesicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6123915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faulting Processes Unveiled by Magnetic Properties of Fault Rocks","authors":"Tao Yang,&nbsp;Yu-Min Chou,&nbsp;Eric C. Ferré,&nbsp;Mark J. Dekkers,&nbsp;Jianye Chen,&nbsp;En-Chao Yeh,&nbsp;Wataru Tanikawa","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000690","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As iron-bearing minerals—ferrimagnetic minerals in particular—are sensitive to stress, temperature, and presence of fluids in fault zones, their magnetic properties provide valuable insights into physical and chemical processes affecting fault rocks. Here, we review the advances made in magnetic studies of fault rocks in the past three decades. We provide a synthesis of the mechanisms that account for the magnetic changes in fault rocks and insights gained from magnetic research. We also integrate nonmagnetic approaches in the evaluation of the magnetic properties of fault rocks. Magnetic analysis unveils microscopic processes operating in the fault zones such as frictional heating, energy dissipation, and fluid percolation that are otherwise difficult to constrain. This makes magnetic properties suited as a “strain indicator,” a “geothermometer,” and a “fluid tracer” in fault zones. However, a full understanding of faulting-induced magnetic changes has not been accomplished yet. Future research should focus on detailed magnetic property analysis of fault zones including magnetic microscanning and magnetic fabric analysis. To calibrate the observations on natural fault zones, laboratory experiments should be carried out that enable to extract the exact physicochemical conditions that led to a certain magnetic signature. Potential avenues could include (1) magnetic investigations on natural and synthetic fault rocks after friction experiments, (2) laboratory simulation of fault fluid percolation, (3) paleomagnetic analysis of postkinematic remanence components associated with faulting processes, and (4) synergy of interdisciplinary approaches in mineral-magnetic studies. This would help to place our understanding of the microphysics of faulting on a much stronger footing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000690","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6080325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Quarter Century of Wind Spacecraft Discoveries","authors":"L. Wilson, A. Brosius, N. Gopalswamy, T. Nieves-chinchilla, A. Szabo, K. Hurley, T. Phan, J. Kasper, N. Lugaz, I. Richardson, C. Chen, D. Verscharen, R. Wicks, J. TenBarge","doi":"10.1002/essoar.10504309.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10504309.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Wind spacecraft, launched on November 1, 1994, is a critical element in NASA’s Heliophysics System Observatory (HSO)—a fleet of spacecraft created to understand the dynamics of the Sun‐Earth system. The combination of its longevity (>25 years in service), its diverse complement of instrumentation, and high resolution and accurate measurements has led to it becoming the “standard candle” of solar wind measurements. Wind has over 55 selectable public data products with over ∼1,100 total data variables (including OMNI data products) on SPDF/CDAWeb alone. These data have led to paradigm shifting results in studies of statistical solar wind trends, magnetic reconnection, large‐scale solar wind structures, kinetic physics, electromagnetic turbulence, the Van Allen radiation belts, coronal mass ejection topology, interplanetary and interstellar dust, the lunar wake, solar radio bursts, solar energetic particles, and extreme astrophysical phenomena such as gamma‐ray bursts. This review introduces the mission and instrument suites then discusses examples of the contributions by Wind to these scientific topics that emphasize its importance to both the fields of heliophysics and astrophysics.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/essoar.10504309.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact Forecasting to Support Emergency Management of Natural Hazards","authors":"Bruno Merz,&nbsp;Christian Kuhlicke,&nbsp;Michael Kunz,&nbsp;Massimiliano Pittore,&nbsp;Andrey Babeyko,&nbsp;David N. Bresch,&nbsp;Daniela I. V. Domeisen,&nbsp;Frauke Feser,&nbsp;Inga Koszalka,&nbsp;Heidi Kreibich,&nbsp;Florian Pantillon,&nbsp;Stefano Parolai,&nbsp;Joaquim G. Pinto,&nbsp;Heinz Jürgen Punge,&nbsp;Eleonora Rivalta,&nbsp;Kai Schr?ter,&nbsp;Karen Strehlow,&nbsp;Ralf Weisse,&nbsp;Andreas Wurpts","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000704","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forecasting and early warning systems are important investments to protect lives, properties, and livelihood. While early warning systems are frequently used to predict the magnitude, location, and timing of potentially damaging events, these systems rarely provide impact estimates, such as the expected amount and distribution of physical damage, human consequences, disruption of services, or financial loss. Complementing early warning systems with impact forecasts has a twofold advantage: It would provide decision makers with richer information to take informed decisions about emergency measures and focus the attention of different disciplines on a common target. This would allow capitalizing on synergies between different disciplines and boosting the development of multihazard early warning systems. This review discusses the state of the art in impact forecasting for a wide range of natural hazards. We outline the added value of impact-based warnings compared to hazard forecasting for the emergency phase, indicate challenges and pitfalls, and synthesize the review results across hazard types most relevant for Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5785271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sensitivity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to a Changing Climate: Past, Present, and Future","authors":"T. L. Noble,&nbsp;E. J. Rohling,&nbsp;A. R. A. Aitken,&nbsp;H. C. Bostock,&nbsp;Z. Chase,&nbsp;N. Gomez,&nbsp;L. M. Jong,&nbsp;M. A. King,&nbsp;A. N. Mackintosh,&nbsp;F. S. McCormack,&nbsp;R. M. McKay,&nbsp;L. Menviel,&nbsp;S. J. Phipps,&nbsp;M. E. Weber,&nbsp;C. J. Fogwill,&nbsp;B. Gayen,&nbsp;N. R. Golledge,&nbsp;D. E. Gwyther,&nbsp;A. McC. Hogg,&nbsp;Y. M. Martos,&nbsp;B. Pena-Molino,&nbsp;J. Roberts,&nbsp;T. van de Flierdt,&nbsp;T. Williams","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000663","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is out of equilibrium with the current anthropogenic-enhanced climate forcing. Paleoenvironmental records and ice sheet models reveal that the AIS has been tightly coupled to the climate system during the past and indicate the potential for accelerated and sustained Antarctic ice mass loss into the future. Modern observations by contrast suggest that the AIS has only just started to respond to climate change in recent decades. The maximum projected sea level contribution from Antarctica to 2100 has increased significantly since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report, although estimates continue to evolve with new observational and theoretical advances. This review brings together recent literature highlighting the progress made on the known processes and feedbacks that influence the stability of the AIS. Reducing the uncertainty in the magnitude and timing of the future sea level response to AIS change requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge of the interactions between the ice sheet, solid Earth, atmosphere, and ocean systems and across time scales of days to millennia. We start by reviewing the processes affecting AIS mass change, from atmospheric and oceanic processes acting on short time scales (days to decades), through to ice processes acting on intermediate time scales (decades to centuries) and the response to solid Earth interactions over longer time scales (decades to millennia). We then review the evidence of AIS changes from the Pliocene to the present and consider the projections of global sea level rise and their consequences. We highlight priority research areas required to improve our understanding of the processes and feedbacks governing AIS change.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5696080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}