Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Monsoons, ITCZs, and the Concept of the Global Monsoon","authors":"Ruth Geen,&nbsp;Simona Bordoni,&nbsp;David S. Battisti,&nbsp;Katrina Hui","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000700","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Earth's tropical and subtropical rainbands, such as Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZs) and monsoons, are complex systems, governed by both large-scale constraints on the atmospheric general circulation and regional interactions with continents and orography, and coupled to the ocean. Monsoons have historically been considered as regional large-scale sea breeze circulations, driven by land-sea contrast. More recently, a perspective has emerged of a global monsoon, a global-scale solstitial mode that dominates the annual variation of tropical and subtropical precipitation. This results from the seasonal variation of the global tropical atmospheric overturning and migration of the associated convergence zone. Regional subsystems are embedded in this global monsoon, localized by surface boundary conditions. Parallel with this, much theoretical progress has been made on the fundamental dynamics of the seasonal Hadley cells and convergence zones via the use of hierarchical modeling approaches, including aquaplanets. Here we review the theoretical progress made and explore the extent to which these advances can help synthesize theory with observations to better understand differing characteristics of regional monsoons and their responses to certain forcings. After summarizing the dynamical and energetic balances that distinguish an ITCZ from a monsoon, we show that this theoretical framework provides strong support for the migrating convergence zone picture and allows constraints on the circulation to be identified via the momentum and energy budgets. Limitations of current theories are discussed, including the need for a better understanding of the influence of zonal asymmetries and transients on the large-scale tropical circulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5900994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphic and Sedimentary Effects of Modern Climate Change: Current and Anticipated Future Conditions in the Western United States","authors":"Amy E. East,&nbsp;Joel B. Sankey","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000692","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hydroclimatic changes associated with global warming over the past 50 years have been documented widely, but physical landscape responses are poorly understood thus far. Detecting sedimentary and geomorphic signals of modern climate change presents challenges owing to short record lengths, difficulty resolving signals in stochastic natural systems, influences of land use and tectonic activity, long-lasting effects of individual extreme events, and variable connectivity in sediment-routing systems. We review existing literature to investigate the nature and extent of sedimentary and geomorphic responses to modern climate change, focusing on the western United States, a region with generally high relief and high sediment yield likely to be sensitive to climatic forcing. Based on fundamental geomorphic theory and empirical evidence from other regions, we anticipate climate-driven changes to slope stability, watershed sediment yields, fluvial morphology, and aeolian sediment mobilization in the western United States. We find evidence for recent climate-driven changes to slope stability and increased aeolian dune and dust activity, whereas changes in sediment yields and fluvial morphology have been linked more commonly to nonclimatic drivers thus far. Detecting effects of climate change will require better understanding how landscape response scales with disturbance, how lag times and hysteresis operate within sedimentary systems, and how to distinguish the relative influence and feedbacks of superimposed disturbances. The ability to constrain geomorphic and sedimentary response to rapidly progressing climate change has widespread implications for human health and safety, infrastructure, water security, economics, and ecosystem resilience.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000692","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5827331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure and Possible Risks of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment—Current Knowledge and Directions for the Future","authors":"Henning Wigger,&nbsp;Ralf K?gi,&nbsp;Mark Wiesner,&nbsp;Bernd Nowack","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000710","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The consequences that engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) may cause in the environment have been under investigation for more than 15 years. Hundreds of millions of euros/dollars have been invested into safety issues of ENMs, and much progress has been made in the understanding of their fate and effects in the environment. After an initial phase of “observing the effects,” research has shifted toward elucidating the mechanisms of fate and ecotoxicological effects. This also included a stronger focus on exposure issues and the development of analytical methods and computational models to predict exposure. First environmental risk assessments for ENM were performed, and much progress has been achieved on the way to nanospecific and material-specific assessments. The release of ENM from products and their transformation in technical and natural compartments profoundly affect the form in which the ENMs are present in the environment. A crucial aspect in all areas is <i>if</i> there are truly nanospecific issues of the novel-added functionalities of ENM that are different from dissolved metals, larger particles, or natural particles. This review outlines progress in understanding the environmental dimensions of ENMs and areas that merit further investigation: To what extent are ENMs different from their natural counterparts and how “long” do we need to track them in natural and technical systems? A major challenge will be in developing methods for studying particle-mediated processes and their effects on ecosystems and organisms in a more general sense, going beyond just ENM, for example, to natural nanoparticles, microplastics, and extracellular vesicles.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6123915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faulting Processes Unveiled by Magnetic Properties of Fault Rocks","authors":"Tao Yang,&nbsp;Yu-Min Chou,&nbsp;Eric C. Ferré,&nbsp;Mark J. Dekkers,&nbsp;Jianye Chen,&nbsp;En-Chao Yeh,&nbsp;Wataru Tanikawa","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000690","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As iron-bearing minerals—ferrimagnetic minerals in particular—are sensitive to stress, temperature, and presence of fluids in fault zones, their magnetic properties provide valuable insights into physical and chemical processes affecting fault rocks. Here, we review the advances made in magnetic studies of fault rocks in the past three decades. We provide a synthesis of the mechanisms that account for the magnetic changes in fault rocks and insights gained from magnetic research. We also integrate nonmagnetic approaches in the evaluation of the magnetic properties of fault rocks. Magnetic analysis unveils microscopic processes operating in the fault zones such as frictional heating, energy dissipation, and fluid percolation that are otherwise difficult to constrain. This makes magnetic properties suited as a “strain indicator,” a “geothermometer,” and a “fluid tracer” in fault zones. However, a full understanding of faulting-induced magnetic changes has not been accomplished yet. Future research should focus on detailed magnetic property analysis of fault zones including magnetic microscanning and magnetic fabric analysis. To calibrate the observations on natural fault zones, laboratory experiments should be carried out that enable to extract the exact physicochemical conditions that led to a certain magnetic signature. Potential avenues could include (1) magnetic investigations on natural and synthetic fault rocks after friction experiments, (2) laboratory simulation of fault fluid percolation, (3) paleomagnetic analysis of postkinematic remanence components associated with faulting processes, and (4) synergy of interdisciplinary approaches in mineral-magnetic studies. This would help to place our understanding of the microphysics of faulting on a much stronger footing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000690","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6080325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Quarter Century of Wind Spacecraft Discoveries","authors":"L. Wilson, A. Brosius, N. Gopalswamy, T. Nieves-chinchilla, A. Szabo, K. Hurley, T. Phan, J. Kasper, N. Lugaz, I. Richardson, C. Chen, D. Verscharen, R. Wicks, J. TenBarge","doi":"10.1002/essoar.10504309.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10504309.1","url":null,"abstract":"The Wind spacecraft, launched on November 1, 1994, is a critical element in NASA’s Heliophysics System Observatory (HSO)—a fleet of spacecraft created to understand the dynamics of the Sun‐Earth system. The combination of its longevity (>25 years in service), its diverse complement of instrumentation, and high resolution and accurate measurements has led to it becoming the “standard candle” of solar wind measurements. Wind has over 55 selectable public data products with over ∼1,100 total data variables (including OMNI data products) on SPDF/CDAWeb alone. These data have led to paradigm shifting results in studies of statistical solar wind trends, magnetic reconnection, large‐scale solar wind structures, kinetic physics, electromagnetic turbulence, the Van Allen radiation belts, coronal mass ejection topology, interplanetary and interstellar dust, the lunar wake, solar radio bursts, solar energetic particles, and extreme astrophysical phenomena such as gamma‐ray bursts. This review introduces the mission and instrument suites then discusses examples of the contributions by Wind to these scientific topics that emphasize its importance to both the fields of heliophysics and astrophysics.","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/essoar.10504309.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42797047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact Forecasting to Support Emergency Management of Natural Hazards","authors":"Bruno Merz,&nbsp;Christian Kuhlicke,&nbsp;Michael Kunz,&nbsp;Massimiliano Pittore,&nbsp;Andrey Babeyko,&nbsp;David N. Bresch,&nbsp;Daniela I. V. Domeisen,&nbsp;Frauke Feser,&nbsp;Inga Koszalka,&nbsp;Heidi Kreibich,&nbsp;Florian Pantillon,&nbsp;Stefano Parolai,&nbsp;Joaquim G. Pinto,&nbsp;Heinz Jürgen Punge,&nbsp;Eleonora Rivalta,&nbsp;Kai Schr?ter,&nbsp;Karen Strehlow,&nbsp;Ralf Weisse,&nbsp;Andreas Wurpts","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000704","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forecasting and early warning systems are important investments to protect lives, properties, and livelihood. While early warning systems are frequently used to predict the magnitude, location, and timing of potentially damaging events, these systems rarely provide impact estimates, such as the expected amount and distribution of physical damage, human consequences, disruption of services, or financial loss. Complementing early warning systems with impact forecasts has a twofold advantage: It would provide decision makers with richer information to take informed decisions about emergency measures and focus the attention of different disciplines on a common target. This would allow capitalizing on synergies between different disciplines and boosting the development of multihazard early warning systems. This review discusses the state of the art in impact forecasting for a wide range of natural hazards. We outline the added value of impact-based warnings compared to hazard forecasting for the emergency phase, indicate challenges and pitfalls, and synthesize the review results across hazard types most relevant for Europe.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000704","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5785271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sensitivity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet to a Changing Climate: Past, Present, and Future","authors":"T. L. Noble,&nbsp;E. J. Rohling,&nbsp;A. R. A. Aitken,&nbsp;H. C. Bostock,&nbsp;Z. Chase,&nbsp;N. Gomez,&nbsp;L. M. Jong,&nbsp;M. A. King,&nbsp;A. N. Mackintosh,&nbsp;F. S. McCormack,&nbsp;R. M. McKay,&nbsp;L. Menviel,&nbsp;S. J. Phipps,&nbsp;M. E. Weber,&nbsp;C. J. Fogwill,&nbsp;B. Gayen,&nbsp;N. R. Golledge,&nbsp;D. E. Gwyther,&nbsp;A. McC. Hogg,&nbsp;Y. M. Martos,&nbsp;B. Pena-Molino,&nbsp;J. Roberts,&nbsp;T. van de Flierdt,&nbsp;T. Williams","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000663","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is out of equilibrium with the current anthropogenic-enhanced climate forcing. Paleoenvironmental records and ice sheet models reveal that the AIS has been tightly coupled to the climate system during the past and indicate the potential for accelerated and sustained Antarctic ice mass loss into the future. Modern observations by contrast suggest that the AIS has only just started to respond to climate change in recent decades. The maximum projected sea level contribution from Antarctica to 2100 has increased significantly since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 5th Assessment Report, although estimates continue to evolve with new observational and theoretical advances. This review brings together recent literature highlighting the progress made on the known processes and feedbacks that influence the stability of the AIS. Reducing the uncertainty in the magnitude and timing of the future sea level response to AIS change requires a multidisciplinary approach that integrates knowledge of the interactions between the ice sheet, solid Earth, atmosphere, and ocean systems and across time scales of days to millennia. We start by reviewing the processes affecting AIS mass change, from atmospheric and oceanic processes acting on short time scales (days to decades), through to ice processes acting on intermediate time scales (decades to centuries) and the response to solid Earth interactions over longer time scales (decades to millennia). We then review the evidence of AIS changes from the Pliocene to the present and consider the projections of global sea level rise and their consequences. We highlight priority research areas required to improve our understanding of the processes and feedbacks governing AIS change.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000663","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5696080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Assessment of Earth's Climate Sensitivity Using Multiple Lines of Evidence","authors":"S. C. Sherwood,&nbsp;M. J. Webb,&nbsp;J. D. Annan,&nbsp;K. C. Armour,&nbsp;P. M. Forster,&nbsp;J. C. Hargreaves,&nbsp;G. Hegerl,&nbsp;S. A. Klein,&nbsp;K. D. Marvel,&nbsp;E. J. Rohling,&nbsp;M. Watanabe,&nbsp;T. Andrews,&nbsp;P. Braconnot,&nbsp;C. S. Bretherton,&nbsp;G. L. Foster,&nbsp;Z. Hausfather,&nbsp;A. S. von der Heydt,&nbsp;R. Knutti,&nbsp;T. Mauritsen,&nbsp;J. R. Norris,&nbsp;C. Proistosescu,&nbsp;M. Rugenstein,&nbsp;G. A. Schmidt,&nbsp;K. B. Tokarska,&nbsp;M. D. Zelinka","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000678","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of atmospheric CO₂, characterized by an effective sensitivity <i>S</i>. This evidence includes feedback process understanding, the historical climate record, and the paleoclimate record. An <i>S</i> value lower than 2 K is difficult to reconcile with any of the three lines of evidence. The amount of cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum provides strong evidence against values of <i>S</i> greater than 4.5 K. Other lines of evidence in combination also show that this is relatively unlikely. We use a Bayesian approach to produce a probability density function (PDF) for <i>S</i> given all the evidence, including tests of robustness to difficult-to-quantify uncertainties and different priors. The 66% range is 2.6–3.9 K for our Baseline calculation and remains within 2.3–4.5 K under the robustness tests; corresponding 5–95% ranges are 2.3–4.7 K, bounded by 2.0–5.7 K (although such high-confidence ranges should be regarded more cautiously). This indicates a stronger constraint on <i>S</i> than reported in past assessments, by lifting the low end of the range. This narrowing occurs because the three lines of evidence agree and are judged to be largely independent and because of greater confidence in understanding feedback processes and in combining evidence. We identify promising avenues for further narrowing the range in <i>S</i>, in particular using comprehensive models and process understanding to address limitations in the traditional forcing-feedback paradigm for interpreting past changes.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000678","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5981783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review on Multiphase Underwater Jets and Plumes: Droplets, Hydrodynamics, and Chemistry","authors":"Michel C. Boufadel,&nbsp;Scott Socolofsky,&nbsp;Joseph Katz,&nbsp;Di Yang,&nbsp;Cosan Daskiran,&nbsp;William Dewar","doi":"10.1029/2020RG000703","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000703","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Jets and plumes have been the focus of quantitative investigations since the mid-1950s. These investigations intensified following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in which thousands of tons of oil and natural gas were released into the Gulf of Mexico. This review focuses on plume dynamics that apply to both single-phase and multiphase liquid-in-liquid and liquid plus gas into liquid plumes, including bubble and droplet formation, and heat and mass transfer. Broadly, our work highlights several previously unknown or overlooked aspects of multiphase flow in the deep oceans. Upstream of the jet release, multiphase hydraulics can significantly affect the turbulence, for instance, through churn flow that enhances the turbulence in the free jet, affecting the conditions where bubbles and droplets are formed. Droplet formation was a major focus recently, with experiments covering a range of scales and flow rates of oil and gas at low and high pressure. Detailed observations of droplet formation at the jet-water boundary reveal the formation of compound droplets, which are emulsions of oil and water with implications for mass conservation and mass transfer. At the plume scale, integral models have been adapted to include the complex thermodynamics and chemistry of oil and gas plumes. In parallel, significant advances were made in numerical simulations of multiphase plumes through large eddy simulations by treating the oil and gas either a continuous or discrete phase. Through this work, a vivid picture of the complex droplet, chemical, and hydrodynamic behavior of multiphase plumes in the ocean is emerging.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2020RG000703","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5719706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Updated Global Warming Potentials and Radiative Efficiencies of Halocarbons and Other Weak Atmospheric Absorbers","authors":"?. Hodnebrog,&nbsp;B. Aamaas,&nbsp;J. S. Fuglestvedt,&nbsp;G. Marston,&nbsp;G. Myhre,&nbsp;C. J. Nielsen,&nbsp;M. Sandstad,&nbsp;K. P. Shine,&nbsp;T. J. Wallington","doi":"10.1029/2019RG000691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000691","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human activity has led to increased atmospheric concentrations of many gases, including halocarbons, and may lead to emissions of many more gases. Many of these gases are, on a per molecule basis, powerful greenhouse gases, although at present-day concentrations their climate effect is in the so-called weak limit (i.e., their effect scales linearly with concentration). We published a comprehensive review of the radiative efficiencies (RE) and global warming potentials (GWP) for around 200 such compounds in 2013 (Hodnebrog et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.20013). Here we present updated RE and GWP values for compounds where experimental infrared absorption spectra are available. Updated numbers are based on a revised “Pinnock curve”, which gives RE as a function of wave number, and now also accounts for stratospheric temperature adjustment (Shine &amp; Myhre, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019MS001951). Further updates include the implementation of around 500 absorption spectra additional to those in the 2013 review and new atmospheric lifetimes from the literature (mainly from WMO (2019)). In total, values for 60 of the compounds previously assessed are based on additional absorption spectra, and 42 compounds have REs which differ by &gt;10% from our previous assessment. New RE calculations are presented for more than 400 compounds in addition to the previously assessed compounds, and GWP calculations are presented for a total of around 250 compounds. Present-day radiative forcing due to halocarbons and other weak absorbers is 0.38 [0.33–0.43] W m⁻², compared to 0.36 [0.32–0.40] W m⁻² in IPCC AR5 (Myhre et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.018), which is about 18% of the current CO₂ forcing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"58 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2020-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1029/2019RG000691","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6168121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}