Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Closing the Loops on Southern Ocean Dynamics: From the Circumpolar Current to Ice Shelves and From Bottom Mixing to Surface Waves","authors":"Luke G. Bennetts,&nbsp;Callum J. Shakespeare,&nbsp;Catherine A. Vreugdenhil,&nbsp;Annie Foppert,&nbsp;Bishakhdatta Gayen,&nbsp;Amelie Meyer,&nbsp;Adele K. Morrison,&nbsp;Laurie Padman,&nbsp;Helen E. Phillips,&nbsp;Craig L. Stevens,&nbsp;Alessandro Toffoli,&nbsp;Navid C. Constantinou,&nbsp;Jesse M. Cusack,&nbsp;Ajitha Cyriac,&nbsp;Edward W. Doddridge,&nbsp;Matthew H. England,&nbsp;D. Gwyn Evans,&nbsp;Petra Heil,&nbsp;Andrew McC. Hogg,&nbsp;Ryan M. Holmes,&nbsp;Wilma G. C. Huneke,&nbsp;Nicole L. Jones,&nbsp;Shane R. Keating,&nbsp;Andrew E. Kiss,&nbsp;Noa Kraitzman,&nbsp;Alena Malyarenko,&nbsp;Craig D. McConnochie,&nbsp;Alberto Meucci,&nbsp;Fabien Montiel,&nbsp;Julia Neme,&nbsp;Maxim Nikurashin,&nbsp;Ramkrushnbhai S. Patel,&nbsp;Jen-Ping Peng,&nbsp;Matthew Rayson,&nbsp;Madelaine G. Rosevear,&nbsp;Taimoor Sohail,&nbsp;Paul Spence,&nbsp;Geoffrey J. Stanley","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000781","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000781","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A holistic review is given of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, in the context of the crucial role it plays in the global climate and the profound changes it is experiencing. The review focuses on connections between different components of the Southern Ocean dynamic system, drawing together contemporary perspectives from different research communities, with the objective of closing loops in our understanding of the complex network of feedbacks in the overall system. The review is targeted at researchers in Southern Ocean physical science with the ambition of broadening their knowledge beyond their specific field, and aims at facilitating better-informed interdisciplinary collaborations. For the purposes of this review, the Southern Ocean dynamic system is divided into four main components: large-scale circulation; cryosphere; turbulence; and gravity waves. Overviews are given of the key dynamical phenomena for each component, before describing the linkages between the components. The reviews are complemented by an overview of observed Southern Ocean trends and future climate projections. Priority research areas are identified to close remaining loops in our understanding of the Southern Ocean system.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000781","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141795047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Moisture Memory: State-Of-The-Art and the Way Forward","authors":"Mehdi Rahmati,&nbsp;Wulf Amelung,&nbsp;Cosimo Brogi,&nbsp;Jacopo Dari,&nbsp;Alessia Flammini,&nbsp;Heye Bogena,&nbsp;Luca Brocca,&nbsp;Hao Chen,&nbsp;Jannis Groh,&nbsp;Randal D. Koster,&nbsp;Kaighin A. McColl,&nbsp;Carsten Montzka,&nbsp;Shirin Moradi,&nbsp;Arash Rahi,&nbsp;Farnaz Sharghi S.,&nbsp;Harry Vereecken","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RG000828","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil moisture is an essential climate variable of the Earth system. Understanding its spatiotemporal dynamics is essential for predicting weather patterns and climate variability, monitoring and mitigating the effects and occurrence of droughts and floods, improving irrigation in agricultural areas, and sustainably managing water resources. Here we review in depth how soils can remember information on soil moisture anomalies over time, as embedded in the concept of soil moisture memory (SMM). We explain the mechanisms underlying SMM and explore its external and internal drivers; we also discuss the impacts of SMM on different land surface processes, focusing on soil-plant-atmosphere coupling. We explore the spatiotemporal variability, seasonality, locality, and depth-dependence of SMM and provide insights into both improving its characterization in land surface models and using satellite observations to quantify it. Finally, we offer guidance for further research on SMM.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000828","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141078925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Mapping Lowermost Mantle Convective Flow With Seismic Anisotropy Observations","authors":"Jonathan Wolf,&nbsp;Mingming Li,&nbsp;Maureen D. Long,&nbsp;Edward Garnero","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000833","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2023RG000833","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Convective flow in the deep mantle controls Earth's dynamic evolution, influences plate tectonics, and has shaped Earth's current surface features. Present and past convection-induced deformation manifests itself in seismic anisotropy, which is particularly strong in the mantle's uppermost and lowermost portions. While the general patterns of seismic anisotropy have been mapped for the upper mantle, anisotropy in the lowermost mantle (called D′′) is at an earlier stage of exploration. Here we review recent progress in methods to measure and interpret D′′ anisotropy. Our understanding of the limitations of existing methods and the development of new measurement strategies have been aided enormously by the availability of high-performance computing resources. We give an overview of how measurements of seismic anisotropy can help constrain the mineralogy and fabric of the deep mantle. Specifically, new and creative strategies that combine multiple types of observations provide much tighter constraints on the geometry of anisotropy than have previously been possible. We also discuss how deep mantle seismic anisotropy provides insights into lowermost mantle dynamics. We summarize what we have learned so far from measurements of D′′ anisotropy, how inferences of lowermost mantle flow from measurements of seismic anisotropy relate to geodynamic models of mantle flow, and what challenges we face going forward. Finally, we discuss some of the important unsolved problems related to the dynamics of the lowermost mantle that can be elucidated in the future by combining observations of seismic anisotropy with geodynamic predictions of lowermost mantle flow.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140954555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expressing Gratitude to Reviewers: A Message From the Editors of Reviews of Geophysics for 2023","authors":"Qingyun Duan,&nbsp;Valerio Acocella,&nbsp;Ann Marie Carlton,&nbsp;Paolo D’Odorico,&nbsp;Fabio Florindo,&nbsp;Andrew Gettelman,&nbsp;Jasper Halakas,&nbsp;Ruth Harris,&nbsp;Gesine Mollenhauer,&nbsp;Alan Robock,&nbsp;Claudine Stirling,&nbsp;Yusuke Yokoyama","doi":"10.1029/2024RG000844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024RG000844","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On behalf of the authors and readers of Reviews of Geophysics (RoG), the American Geophysical Union, and the broader scientific community, the editors wish to wholeheartedly thank those who reviewed manuscripts for RoG in 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024RG000844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140639547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land Data Assimilation: Harmonizing Theory and Data in Land Surface Process Studies","authors":"Xin Li,&nbsp;Feng Liu,&nbsp;Chunfeng Ma,&nbsp;Jinliang Hou,&nbsp;Donghai Zheng,&nbsp;Hanqing Ma,&nbsp;Yulong Bai,&nbsp;Xujun Han,&nbsp;Harry Vereecken,&nbsp;Kun Yang,&nbsp;Qingyun Duan,&nbsp;Chunlin Huang","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000801","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Data assimilation plays a dual role in advancing the “scientific” understanding and serving as an “engineering tool” for the Earth system sciences. Land data assimilation (LDA) has evolved into a distinct discipline within geophysics, facilitating the harmonization of theory and data and allowing land models and observations to complement and constrain each other. Over recent decades, substantial progress has been made in the theory, methodology, and application of LDA, necessitating a holistic and in-depth exploration of its full spectrum. Here, we present a thorough review elucidating the theoretical and methodological developments in LDA and its distinctive features. This encompasses breakthroughs in addressing strong nonlinearities in land surface processes, exploring the potential of machine learning approaches in data assimilation, quantifying uncertainties arising from multiscale spatial correlation, and simultaneously estimating model states and parameters. LDA has proven successful in enhancing the understanding and prediction of various land surface processes (including soil moisture, snow, evapotranspiration, streamflow, groundwater, irrigation and land surface temperature), particularly within the realms of water and energy cycles. This review outlines the development of global, regional, and catchment-scale LDA systems and software platforms, proposing grand challenges of generating land reanalysis and advancing coupled land‒atmosphere DA. We lastly highlight the opportunities to expand the applications of LDA from pure geophysical systems to coupled natural and human systems by ingesting a deluge of Earth observation and social sensing data. The paper synthesizes current LDA knowledge and provides a steppingstone for its future development, particularly in promoting dual driven theory-data land processes studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140161345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lake Water Temperature Modeling in an Era of Climate Change: Data Sources, Models, and Future Prospects","authors":"S. Piccolroaz,&nbsp;S. Zhu,&nbsp;R. Ladwig,&nbsp;L. Carrea,&nbsp;S. Oliver,&nbsp;A. P. Piotrowski,&nbsp;M. Ptak,&nbsp;R. Shinohara,&nbsp;M. Sojka,&nbsp;R. I. Woolway,&nbsp;D. Z. Zhu","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RG000816","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lake thermal dynamics have been considerably impacted by climate change, with potential adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. To better understand the potential impacts of future climate change on lake thermal dynamics and related processes, the use of mathematical models is essential. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of lake water temperature modeling. We begin by discussing the physical concepts that regulate thermal dynamics in lakes, which serve as a primer for the description of process-based models. We then provide an overview of different sources of observational water temperature data, including in situ monitoring and satellite Earth observations, used in the field of lake water temperature modeling. We classify and review the various lake water temperature models available, and then discuss model performance, including commonly used performance metrics and optimization methods. Finally, we analyze emerging modeling approaches, including forecasting, digital twins, combining process-based modeling with deep learning, evaluating structural model differences through ensemble modeling, adapted water management, and coupling of climate and lake models. This review is aimed at a diverse group of professionals working in the fields of limnology and hydrology, including ecologists, biologists, physicists, engineers, and remote sensing researchers from the private and public sectors who are interested in understanding lake water temperature modeling and its potential applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2024-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000816","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139719928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"River Damming Impacts on Fish Habitat and Associated Conservation Measures","authors":"Qiuwen Chen,&nbsp;Qinyuan Li,&nbsp;Yuqing Lin,&nbsp;Jianyun Zhang,&nbsp;Jun Xia,&nbsp;Jinren Ni,&nbsp;Steven J. Cooke,&nbsp;Jim Best,&nbsp;Shufeng He,&nbsp;Tao Feng,&nbsp;Yuchen Chen,&nbsp;Daniele Tonina,&nbsp;Rohan Benjankar,&nbsp;Sebastian Birk,&nbsp;Ayan Santos Fleischmann,&nbsp;Hanlu Yan,&nbsp;Lei Tang","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RG000819","url":null,"abstract":"<p>River damming has brought great benefits to flood mitigation, energy and food production, and will continue to play a significant role in global energy supply, particularly in Asia, Africa, and South America. However, dams have extensively altered global river dynamics, including riverine connectivity, hydrological, thermal, sediment and solute regimes, and the channel morphology. These alterations have detrimental effects on the quality and quantity of fish habitat and associated impacts on aquatic life. Indeed, dams have been implicated in the decline of numerous fishes, emphasizing the need for effective conservation measures. Here, we present a global synthesis of critical issues concerning the impacts of river damming on physical fish habitats, with a particular focus on key fish species across continents. We also consider current fish conservation measures and their applicability in different contexts. Finally, we identify future research needs. The information presented herein will help support sustainable dam operation under the constraints of future climate change and human needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138739870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frontiers in Satellite-Based Estimates of Cloud-Mediated Aerosol Forcing","authors":"Daniel Rosenfeld,&nbsp;Alexander Kokhanovsky,&nbsp;Tom Goren,&nbsp;Edward Gryspeerdt,&nbsp;Otto Hasekamp,&nbsp;Hailing Jia,&nbsp;Anton Lopatin,&nbsp;Johannes Quaas,&nbsp;Zengxin Pan,&nbsp;Odran Sourdeval","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000799","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000799","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric aerosols affect the Earth's climate in many ways, including acting as the seeds on which cloud droplets form. Since a large fraction of these particles is anthropogenic, the clouds' microphysical and radiative characteristics are influenced by human activity on a global scale leading to important climatic effects. The respective change in the energy budget at the top of the atmosphere is defined as the effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-cloud interaction (ERF_aci). It is estimated that the ERF_aci offsets presently nearly 1/4 of the greenhouse-induced warming, but the uncertainty is within a factor of two. A common method to calculate the ERF_aci is by the multiplication of the susceptibility of the cloud radiative effect to changes in aerosols by the anthropogenic change of the aerosol concentration. This has to be done by integrating it over all cloud regimes. Here we review the various methods of the ERF_aci estimation. Global measurements require satellites' global coverage. The challenge of quantifying aerosol amounts in cloudy atmospheres are met with the rapid development of novel methodologies reviewed here. The aerosol characteristics can be retrieved from space based on their optical properties, including polarization. The concentrations of the aerosols that serve as cloud drop condensation nuclei can be also estimated from their impact on the satellite-retrieved cloud drop number concentrations. These observations are critical for reducing the uncertainty in the ERF_aci calculated from global climate models (GCMs), but further development is required to allow GCMs to properly simulate and benefit these novel observables.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135884108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Historical Development of Large-Scale Paleoclimate Field Reconstructions Over the Common Era","authors":"Jason E. Smerdon,&nbsp;Edward R. Cook,&nbsp;Nathan J. Steiger","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000782","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000782","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Climate field reconstructions (CFRs) combine modern observational data with paleoclimatic proxies to estimate climate variables over spatiotemporal grids during time periods when widespread observations of climatic conditions do not exist. The Common Era (CE) has been a period over which many seasonally- and annually-resolved CFRs have been produced on regional to global scales. CFRs over the CE were first produced in the 1970s using dendroclimatic records and linear regression-based approaches. Since that time, many new CFRs have been produced using a wide range of proxy data sets and reconstruction techniques. We assess the early history of research on CFRs for the CE, which provides context for our review of advances in CFR research over the last two decades. We review efforts to derive gridded hydroclimatic CFRs over continental regions using networks of tree-ring proxies. We subsequently explore work to produce hemispheric- and global-scale CFRs of surface temperature using multi-proxy data sets, before specifically reviewing recently-developed data assimilation techniques and how they have been used to produce simultaneous reconstructions of multiple climatic fields globally. We then review efforts to develop standardized and digitized databases of proxy networks for use in CFR research, before concluding with some thoughts on important next steps for CFR development.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000782","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135648622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geomorphic Process Chains in High-Mountain Regions—A Review and Classification Approach for Natural Hazards Assessment","authors":"Peter Mani,&nbsp;Simon Allen,&nbsp;Stephen G. Evans,&nbsp;Jeffrey S. Kargel,&nbsp;Martin Mergili,&nbsp;Dmitry Petrakov,&nbsp;Markus Stoffel","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000791","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000791","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Populations and infrastructure in high mountain regions are exposed to a wide range of natural hazards, the frequency, magnitude, and location of which are extremely sensitive to climate change. In cases where several hazards can occur simultaneously or where the occurrence of one event will change the disposition of another, assessments need to account for complex process chains. While process chains are widely recognized as a major threat, no systematic analysis has hitherto been undertaken. We therefore establish new understanding on the factors that directly trigger or alter the disposition for subsequent events in the chain and derive a novel classification scheme and parameters to aid natural hazard assessment. Process chains in high mountains are commonly associated with glacier retreat or permafrost degradation. Regional differences exist in the nature and rate of sequencing—some process chains are almost instantaneous, while other linkages are delayed. Process chains involving rapid sequences are difficult to predict, and impacts are often devastating. We demonstrate that process chains are triggered most frequently by progressive failures, being the result of gradual landscape weakening and not due to the occurrence of a distinct process. If fluvial processes are part of the process chain the reach (or mobility) of process chains is increased. Increased mobility can also occur if sediment deposition areas along river channels are activated. As climate changes causes glacial environments to transform into sediment-rich paraglacial and fluvial landscapes, it is expected that the mobility of process chains will increase in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136272246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}