Reviews of Geophysics最新文献

{"title":"Antarctic Sedimentary Basins and Their Influence on Ice-Sheet Dynamics","authors":"A. R. A. Aitken,&nbsp;L. Li,&nbsp;B. Kulessa,&nbsp;D. Schroeder,&nbsp;T. A. Jordan,&nbsp;J. M. Whittaker,&nbsp;S. Anandakrishnan,&nbsp;E. J. Dawson,&nbsp;D. A. Wiens,&nbsp;O. Eisen,&nbsp;M. J. Siegert","doi":"10.1029/2021RG000767","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2021RG000767","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Knowledge of Antarctica's sedimentary basins builds our understanding of the coupled evolution of tectonics, ice, ocean, and climate. Sedimentary basins have properties distinct from basement-dominated regions that impact ice-sheet dynamics, potentially influencing future ice-sheet change. Despite their importance, our knowledge of Antarctic sedimentary basins is restricted. Remoteness, the harsh environment, the overlying ice sheet, ice shelves, and sea ice all make fieldwork challenging. Nonetheless, in the past decade the geophysics community has made great progress in internationally coordinated data collection and compilation with parallel advances in data processing and analysis supporting a new insight into Antarctica's subglacial environment. Here, we summarize recent progress in understanding Antarctica's sedimentary basins. We review advances in the technical capability of radar, potential fields, seismic, and electromagnetic techniques to detect and characterize basins beneath ice and advances in integrated multi-data interpretation including machine-learning approaches. These new capabilities permit a continent-wide mapping of Antarctica's sedimentary basins and their characteristics, aiding definition of the tectonic development of the continent. Crucially, Antarctica's sedimentary basins interact with the overlying ice sheet through dynamic feedbacks that have the potential to contribute to rapid ice-sheet change. Looking ahead, future research directions include techniques to increase data coverage within logistical constraints, and resolving major knowledge gaps, including insufficient sampling of the ice-sheet bed and poor definition of subglacial basin structure and stratigraphy. Translating the knowledge of sedimentary basin processes into ice-sheet modeling studies is critical to underpin better capacity to predict future change.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021RG000767","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80517164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Climate Impacts of Land-Surface and Atmospheric Processes Over the Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Jianping Huang,&nbsp;Xiuji Zhou,&nbsp;Guoxiong Wu,&nbsp;Xiangde Xu,&nbsp;Qingyun Zhao,&nbsp;Yimin Liu,&nbsp;Anmin Duan,&nbsp;Yongkun Xie,&nbsp;Yaoming Ma,&nbsp;Ping Zhao,&nbsp;Song Yang,&nbsp;Kun Yang,&nbsp;Haijun Yang,&nbsp;Jianchun Bian,&nbsp;Yunfei Fu,&nbsp;Jinming Ge,&nbsp;Yuzhi Liu,&nbsp;Qigang Wu,&nbsp;Haipeng Yu,&nbsp;Binbin Wang,&nbsp;Qing Bao,&nbsp;Kai Qie","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000771","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2022RG000771","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Tibetan Plateau (TP) impacts local and remote atmospheric circulations, wherein it mechanically and thermally affects air masses or airflows. Moreover, the TP provides a key channel for substance transport between the troposphere and the stratosphere. This study reviews recent advances in research regarding land–atmosphere coupling processes over the TP. The TP experiences climate warming and wetting. Climate warming has caused glacier retreat, permafrost degradation, and a general increase in vegetation density, while climate wetting has led to a significant increase in the number of major lakes, primarily through increased precipitation. Local and regional climates are affected by interactions between the land and the atmosphere. Namely, the TP drives surface pollutants to the upper troposphere in an Asian summer monsoon (ASM) anticyclone circulation, before spreading to the lower stratosphere. Further, the thermal forcing of the TP plays an essential role in the ASM. TP forcing can modulate hemispheric-scale atmospheric circulations across all seasons. The TP interacts with remote oceans through a forced atmospheric response and is substantially affected by the evolution of the Earth's climate via promoting Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and eliminating Pacific meridional overturning circulation. The extensive influence of the TP is facilitated by its coupling with the ASM in the summer; whereas its winter influence on climate mainly occurs through Rossby waves. The observed increasing trends of temperature and precipitation over the TP are projected to continue throughout the 21st century.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82218601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antarctic Landfast Sea Ice: A Review of Its Physics, Biogeochemistry and Ecology","authors":"A. D. Fraser,&nbsp;P. Wongpan,&nbsp;P. J. Langhorne,&nbsp;A. R. Klekociuk,&nbsp;K. Kusahara,&nbsp;D. Lannuzel,&nbsp;R. A. Massom,&nbsp;K. M. Meiners,&nbsp;K. M. Swadling,&nbsp;D. P. Atwater,&nbsp;G. M. Brett,&nbsp;M. Corkill,&nbsp;L. A. Dalman,&nbsp;S. Fiddes,&nbsp;A. Granata,&nbsp;L. Guglielmo,&nbsp;P. Heil,&nbsp;G. H. Leonard,&nbsp;A. R. Mahoney,&nbsp;A. McMinn,&nbsp;P. van der Merwe,&nbsp;C. K. Weldrick,&nbsp;B. Wienecke","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000770","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Antarctic landfast sea ice (fast ice) is stationary sea ice that is attached to the coast, grounded icebergs, ice shelves, or other protrusions on the continental shelf. Fast ice forms in narrow (generally up to 200 km wide) bands, and ranges in thickness from centimeters to tens of meters. In most regions, it forms in autumn, persists through the winter and melts in spring/summer, but can remain throughout the summer in particular locations, becoming multi-year ice. Despite its relatively limited extent (comprising between about 4% and 13% of overall sea ice), its presence, variability and seasonality are drivers of a wide range of physical, biological and biogeochemical processes, with both local and far-ranging ramifications for the Earth system. Antarctic fast ice has, until quite recently, been overlooked in studies, likely due to insufficient knowledge of its distribution, leading to its reputation as a “missing piece of the Antarctic puzzle.” This review presents a synthesis of current knowledge of the physical, biogeochemical and biological aspects of fast ice, based on the sub-domains of: fast ice growth, properties and seasonality; remote-sensing and distribution; interactions with the atmosphere and the ocean; biogeochemical interactions; its role in primary production; and fast ice as a habitat for grazers. Finally, we consider the potential state of Antarctic fast ice at the end of the 21st Century, underpinned by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project model projections. This review also gives recommendations for targeted future work to increase our understanding of this critically-important element of the global cryosphere.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6004872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Evolution Through the Onset and Intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation","authors":"E. L. McClymont,&nbsp;S. L. Ho,&nbsp;H. L. Ford,&nbsp;I. Bailey,&nbsp;M. A. Berke,&nbsp;C. T. Bolton,&nbsp;S. De Schepper,&nbsp;G. R. Grant,&nbsp;J. Groeneveld,&nbsp;G. N. Inglis,&nbsp;C. Karas,&nbsp;M. O. Patterson,&nbsp;G. E. A. Swann,&nbsp;K. Thirumalai,&nbsp;S. M. White,&nbsp;M. Alonso-Garcia,&nbsp;P. Anand,&nbsp;B. A. A. Hoogakker,&nbsp;K. Littler,&nbsp;B. F. Petrick,&nbsp;B. Risebrobakken,&nbsp;J. T. Abell,&nbsp;A. J. Crocker,&nbsp;F. de Graaf,&nbsp;S. J. Feakins,&nbsp;J. C. Hargreaves,&nbsp;C. L. Jones,&nbsp;M. Markowska,&nbsp;A. S. Ratnayake,&nbsp;C. Stepanek,&nbsp;D. Tangunan","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000793","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Pliocene Epoch (∼5.3–2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an example of a climate system in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (<i>p</i>CO₂). A long-term trend of ice-sheet expansion led to more pronounced glacial (cold) stages by the end of the Pliocene (∼2.6 Ma), known as the “intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation” (iNHG). We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of ocean temperatures and ice-volume indicators through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (from 3.3 to 2.4 Ma) to determine the character of this climate transition. We identified asynchronous shifts in long-term means and the pacing and amplitude of shorter-term climate variability, between regions and between climate proxies. Early changes in Antarctic glaciation and Southern Hemisphere ocean properties occurred even during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (∼3.264–3.025 Ma) which has been used as an analog for future warming. Increased climate variability subsequently developed alongside signatures of larger Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (iNHG). Yet, some regions of the ocean felt no impact of iNHG, particularly in lower latitudes. Our analysis has demonstrated the complex, non-uniform and globally asynchronous nature of climate changes associated with the iNHG. Shifting ocean gateways and ocean circulation changes may have pre-conditioned the later evolution of ice sheets with falling atmospheric <i>p</i>CO₂. Further development of high-resolution, multi-proxy reconstructions of climate is required so that the full potential of the rich and detailed geological records can be realized.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5854295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Upper Ocean Biogeochemistry of the Oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre: From Nutrient Sources to Carbon Export","authors":"Minhan Dai,&nbsp;Ya-Wei Luo,&nbsp;Eric P. Achterberg,&nbsp;Thomas J. Browning,&nbsp;Yihua Cai,&nbsp;Zhimian Cao,&nbsp;Fei Chai,&nbsp;Bingzhang Chen,&nbsp;Matthew J. Church,&nbsp;Dongjian Ci,&nbsp;Chuanjun Du,&nbsp;Kunshan Gao,&nbsp;Xianghui Guo,&nbsp;Zhendong Hu,&nbsp;Shuh-Ji Kao,&nbsp;Edward A. Laws,&nbsp;Zhongping Lee,&nbsp;Hongyang Lin,&nbsp;Qian Liu,&nbsp;Xin Liu,&nbsp;Weicheng Luo,&nbsp;Feifei Meng,&nbsp;Shaoling Shang,&nbsp;Dalin Shi,&nbsp;Hiroaki Saito,&nbsp;Luping Song,&nbsp;Xianhui Sean Wan,&nbsp;Yuntao Wang,&nbsp;Wei-Lei Wang,&nbsp;Zuozhu Wen,&nbsp;Peng Xiu,&nbsp;Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Ruifeng Zhang,&nbsp;Kuanbo Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000800","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Subtropical gyres cover 26%–29% of the world's surface ocean and are conventionally regarded as ocean deserts due to their permanent stratification, depleted surface nutrients, and low biological productivity. Despite tremendous advances over the past three decades, particularly through the Hawaii Ocean Time-series and the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study, which have revolutionized our understanding of the biogeochemistry in oligotrophic marine ecosystems, the gyres remain understudied. We review current understanding of upper ocean biogeochemistry in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, considering other subtropical gyres for comparison. We focus our synthesis on spatial variability, which shows larger than expected dynamic ranges of properties such as nutrient concentrations, rates of N₂ fixation, and biological production. This review provides new insights into how nutrient sources drive community structure and export in upper subtropical gyres. We examine the euphotic zone (EZ) in subtropical gyres as a two-layered vertically structured system: a nutrient-depleted layer above the top of the nutricline in the well-lit upper ocean and a nutrient-replete layer below in the dimly lit waters. These layers vary in nutrient supply and stoichiometries and physical forcing, promoting differences in community structure and food webs, with direct impacts on the magnitude and composition of export production. We evaluate long-term variations in key biogeochemical parameters in both of these EZ layers. Finally, we identify major knowledge gaps and research challenges in these vast and unique systems that offer opportunities for future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6090517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Advances and New Frontiers in Riverine and Coastal Flood Modeling","authors":"Keighobad Jafarzadegan,&nbsp;Hamid Moradkhani,&nbsp;Florian Pappenberger,&nbsp;Hamed Moftakhari,&nbsp;Paul Bates,&nbsp;Peyman Abbaszadeh,&nbsp;Reza Marsooli,&nbsp;Celso Ferreira,&nbsp;Hannah L. Cloke,&nbsp;Fred Ogden,&nbsp;Qingyun Duan","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000788","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Over the past decades, the scientific community has made significant efforts to simulate flooding conditions using a variety of complex physically based models. Despite all advances, these models still fall short in accuracy and reliability and are often considered computationally intensive to be fully operational. This could be attributed to insufficient comprehension of the causative mechanisms of flood processes, assumptions in model development and inadequate consideration of uncertainties. We suggest adopting an approach that accounts for the influence of human activities, soil saturation, snow processes, topography, river morphology, and land-use type to enhance our understanding of flood generating mechanisms. We also recommend a transition to the development of innovative earth system modeling frameworks where the interaction among all components of the earth system are simultaneously modeled. Additionally, more nonselective and rigorous studies should be conducted to provide a detailed comparison of physical models and simplified methods for flood inundation mapping. Linking process-based models with data-driven/statistical methods offers a variety of opportunities that are yet to be explored and conveyed to researchers and emergency managers. The main contribution of this paper is to notify scientists and practitioners of the latest developments in flood characterization and modeling, identify challenges in understanding flood processes, associated uncertainties and risks in coupled hydrologic and hydrodynamic modeling for forecasting and inundation mapping, and the potential use of state-of-the-art data assimilation and machine learning to tackle the complexities involved in transitioning such developments to operation.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6057434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expressing Gratitude to Reviewers: A Message From the Editors of Reviews of Geophysics for 2022","authors":"Fabio Florindo,&nbsp;Valerio Acocella,&nbsp;Robert Bingham,&nbsp;Ann Marie Carlton,&nbsp;Paolo D’Odorico,&nbsp;Qingyun Duan,&nbsp;Andrew Gettelman,&nbsp;Jasper S. Halekas,&nbsp;Ruth Harris,&nbsp;Gesine Mollenhauer,&nbsp;Alan Robock,&nbsp;Claudine Stirling,&nbsp;Yusuke Yokoyama","doi":"10.1029/2023RG000814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023RG000814","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reviews of Geophysics (RoG) is the top-rated journal in geochemistry and geophysics (Florindo et al., <span>2023</span>) and it could not exist without your investment of time and effort. Your expertise ensures that the papers published in this journal meet the standards that the research community expects. We sincerely appreciate the time you spent reading and commenting on manuscripts, and we are very grateful for your willingness and readiness to serve in this role.</p><p>RoG published 22 review papers and an editorial in 2022, covering most of the American Geophysical Union section topics, and for this, we were able to rely on the efforts of 69 dedicated reviewers who freely donated their expertise to the journal. Many reviewers answered the call multiple times, as RoG received 82 reviews in 2022. Thank you all again for your awesome efforts, your insights, and your service on behalf of the Earth and space science community.</p><p>We look forward to a 2023 of exciting advances in the field and communicating those advances to our community and the broader public. If you have comments regarding the RoG or its peer review process, we invite you to contact the journal at <span>[email protected]</span>.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023RG000814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5703070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Air Flow in Partially Water-Saturated Porous Media","authors":"Ilan Ben-Noah,&nbsp;Shmulik P. Friedman,&nbsp;Brian Berkowitz","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000798","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dynamics of flowing air in partially water-saturated, porous geological formations are governed by a wide range of forces and parameters. These dynamics are reviewed in the contexts of flow patterns that arise and the corresponding applicability of diverse modeling approaches. The importance of reliable gas-liquid flow models draws from the key role gases play in earth systems, and the various engineering practices involving air injection into geological formations. Here, we focus on air flow in water-wet porous media. We survey the factors that affect flow patterns and phase configurations, and the measures that quantify them. For single-phase flow in saturated media (i.e., air flow in dry media or water flow in water-saturated media), the continuum approach (Darcy's law) is generally applicable and offers a good interpretive tool. However, the coupled two-phase flow continuum approach appears appropriate only for phase-saturation degrees that allow both phases to be continuous in the flow domain. Furthermore, air flow in wet media is highly unstable. As a result, air commonly flows in preferential pathways or in the form of bubbles and ganglia, which are not amenable to continuum modeling. On the other hand, pore-scale models that account for the complex geometries and interfaces between the fluids and the media require extreme computational efforts, and generally inaccessible details on medium characteristics. Other stochastically-based representations, such as percolation theory, have value in the conceptualization of complex flow problems but demonstrate limited success in interpreting phase configurations, saturation degrees, and relative permeabilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5824376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reducing Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty by Combining Models With Satellite and Within-The-Atmosphere Observations: A Three-Way Street","authors":"Ralph A. Kahn,&nbsp;Elisabeth Andrews,&nbsp;Charles A. Brock,&nbsp;Mian Chin,&nbsp;Graham Feingold,&nbsp;Andrew Gettelman,&nbsp;Robert C. Levy,&nbsp;Daniel M. Murphy,&nbsp;Athanasios Nenes,&nbsp;Jeffrey R. Pierce,&nbsp;Thomas Popp,&nbsp;Jens Redemann,&nbsp;Andrew M. Sayer,&nbsp;Arlindo M. da Silva,&nbsp;Larisa Sogacheva,&nbsp;Philip Stier","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000796","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Aerosol forcing uncertainty represents the largest climate forcing uncertainty overall. Its magnitude has remained virtually undiminished over the past 20 years despite considerable advances in understanding most of the key contributing elements. Recent work has produced modest increases only in the confidence of the uncertainty estimate itself. This review summarizes the contributions toward reducing the uncertainty in the aerosol forcing of climate made by satellite observations, measurements taken within the atmosphere, as well as modeling and data assimilation. We adopt a more measurement-oriented perspective than most reviews of the subject in assessing the strengths and limitations of each; gaps and possible ways to fill them are considered. Currently planned programs supporting advanced, global-scale satellite and surface-based aerosol, cloud, and precursor gas observations, climate modeling, and intensive field campaigns aimed at characterizing the underlying physical and chemical processes involved, are all essential. But in addition, new efforts are needed: (a) to obtain systematic aircraft in situ measurements capturing the multi-variate probability distribution functions of particle optical, microphysical, and chemical properties (and associated uncertainty estimates), as well as co-variability with meteorology, for the major aerosol airmass types; (b) to conceive, develop, and implement a suborbital (aircraft plus surface-based) program aimed at systematically quantifying the cloud-scale microphysics, cloud optical properties, and cloud-related vertical velocities associated with aerosol-cloud interactions; and (c) to focus much more research on integrating the unique contributions of satellite observations, suborbital measurements, and modeling, to reduce the persistent uncertainty in aerosol climate forcing.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6052844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heat Waves: Physical Understanding and Scientific Challenges","authors":"D. Barriopedro,&nbsp;R. García-Herrera,&nbsp;C. Ordó?ez,&nbsp;D. G. Miralles,&nbsp;S. Salcedo-Sanz","doi":"10.1029/2022RG000780","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022RG000780","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Heat waves (HWs) can cause large socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The observed increases in their frequency, intensity and duration are projected to continue with global warming. This review synthesizes the state of knowledge and scientific challenges. It discusses different aspects related to the definition, triggering mechanisms, observed changes and future projections of HWs, as well as emerging research lines on subseasonal forecasts and specific types of HWs. We also identify gaps that limit progress and delineate priorities for future research. Overall, the physical drivers of HWs are not well understood, partly due to difficulties in the quantification of their interactions and responses to climate change. Influential factors convey processes at different spatio-temporal scales, from global warming and the large-scale atmospheric circulation to regional and local factors in the affected area and upwind regions. Although some thermodynamic processes have been identified, there is a lack of understanding of dynamical aspects, regional forcings and feedbacks, and their future changes. This hampers the attribution of regional trends and individual events, and reduces the ability to provide accurate forecasts and regional projections. Sustained observational networks, models of diverse complexity, narrative-based methodological approaches and artificial intelligence offer new opportunities toward process-based understanding and interdisciplinary research.</p>","PeriodicalId":21177,"journal":{"name":"Reviews of Geophysics","volume":"61 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":25.2,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022RG000780","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5801713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}