Dynamics, Monitoring, and Forecasting of Tephra in the Atmosphere

IF 25.2 1区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
F. Pardini, S. Barsotti, C. Bonadonna, M. de’ Michieli Vitturi, A. Folch, L. Mastin, S. Osores, A. T. Prata
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Abstract

Explosive volcanic eruptions inject hot mixtures of solid particles (tephra) and gasses into the atmosphere. Entraining ambient air, these mixtures can form plumes rising tens of kilometers until they spread laterally, forming umbrella clouds. While the largest clasts tend to settle in proximity to the volcano, the smallest fragments, commonly referred to as ash (≤2 mm in diameter), can be transported over long distances, forming volcanic clouds. Tephra plumes and clouds pose significant hazards to human society, affecting infrastructure, and human health through deposition on the ground or airborne suspension at low altitudes. Additionally, volcanic clouds are a threat to aviation, during both high-risk actions such as take-off and landing and at standard cruising altitudes. The ability to monitor and forecast tephra plumes and clouds is fundamental to mitigate the hazard associated with explosive eruptions. To that end, various monitoring techniques, ranging from ground-based instruments to sensors on-board satellites, and forecasting strategies, based on running numerical models to track the position of volcanic clouds, are efficiently employed. However, some limitations still exist, mainly due to the high unpredictability and variability of explosive eruptions, as well as the multiphase and complex nature of volcanic plumes. In the next decades, advances in monitoring and computational capabilities are expected to address these limitations and significantly improve the mitigation of the risk associated with tephra plumes and clouds.

Abstract Image

大气中热碎屑的动力学、监测和预测
爆炸性火山喷发会将固体颗粒(表土)和气体的高温混合物喷入大气层。这些混合物夹杂着周围的空气,会形成上升数十公里的烟羽,直至横向扩散,形成伞状云。最大的碎块往往沉降在火山附近,而最小的碎块,通常称为火山灰(直径≤2 毫米),可以被带到很远的地方,形成火山云。火山灰羽流和火山云会沉积在地面或悬浮在低空,对人类社会造成重大危害,影响基础设施和人类健康。此外,无论是在起飞和着陆等高风险行动中,还是在标准巡航高度上,火山云都对航空构成威胁。监测和预报火山灰羽流和火山云的能力对于减轻爆炸性喷发带来的危害至关重要。为此,从地面仪器到卫星上的传感器等各种监测技术,以及基于运行数字模型跟踪火山云位置的预报策略,都得到了有效利用。然而,仍然存在一些局限性,主要是由于爆炸性喷发的高度不可预测性和多变性,以及火山羽流的多相性和复杂性。在未来几十年中,监测和计算能力的进步有望解决这些局限性,并显著改善与火山灰羽流和火山云相关的风险缓解工作。
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来源期刊
Reviews of Geophysics
Reviews of Geophysics 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
50.30
自引率
0.80%
发文量
28
审稿时长
12 months
期刊介绍: Geophysics Reviews (ROG) offers comprehensive overviews and syntheses of current research across various domains of the Earth and space sciences. Our goal is to present accessible and engaging reviews that cater to the diverse AGU community. While authorship is typically by invitation, we warmly encourage readers and potential authors to share their suggestions with our editors.
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