Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems最新文献

{"title":"Antarctic Dense Water Formation Sensitivity to Ocean Surface Cell Thickness","authors":"Wilton Aguiar,&nbsp;Adele K. Morrison,&nbsp;Wilma G. C. Huneke,&nbsp;David K. Hutchinson,&nbsp;Paul Spence,&nbsp;Andrew McC. Hogg,&nbsp;Pedro Colombo,&nbsp;Kial D. Stewart","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004913","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Dense water formation on the Antarctic continental shelf is the main process by which Antarctic Bottom Waters form and is fundamental to the abyssal overturning circulation. However, most ocean models fail to simulate Antarctic dense water formation on the continental shelf and flow down the continental slope (i.e., overflow) due to resolution constraints. While the impact of horizontal and vertical resolution on the overflows has been previously studied, the effect of surface vertical resolution on dense water formation remains unexplored. To address this gap, we vary the surface ocean grid cell of two dense water-forming models from 1.1 to 5.1 m thickness. We used two ocean and sea ice models, each employing a different boundary layer parameterization scheme. In one model, thickening the surface cell to 5.1 m reduced dense water formation by 64% and led to the complete cessation of the overflow after 10 years of simulation. In the other, the same thickening decreased dense water formation by 32% and overflow by 67% over the same period. The dense water formation reduction in the experiments with thicker surface grid cells is explained by a southward shift in the surface Ekman transport, which brings light offshore waters to the coast and limits dense water formation at the continental shelf. Although dense water formation responds to surface layer thickening in both models, differences in sea ice production contribute to greater sensitivity in one case, where a weaker sea ice formation in the 5.1 m configuration further decreases dense water production. These results highlight that a high vertical resolution at the ocean surface is required to form Antarctic dense waters.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144681165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Weak Sea Surface Temperature Warm Anomalies on Local Trade Cumulus Cloudiness in Large Eddy Simulations","authors":"Xuanyu Chen,&nbsp;Juliana Dias,&nbsp;Brandon Wolding,&nbsp;Peter N. Blossey,&nbsp;Charlotte DeMott,&nbsp;Robert Pincus,&nbsp;Elizabeth J. Thompson","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004778","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study investigates the local impact of weak sea surface temperature (SST) warm anomalies on trade cumulus cloudiness in an idealized and ensemble framework with large-eddy simulations. The control experiment uses a spatially uniform, time-invariant SST and mean large-scale conditions and atmospheric forcings derived from the Atlantic Tradewind Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Interaction Campaign. The perturbed experiment adds a Gaussian warm SST anomaly (SSTA) with a 12.5 km radius and 0.5 K magnitude. The ensemble-averaged differences between perturbation and control experiments show that cloud fraction is enhanced over the downwind half of the prescribed warm SSTA, with the enhancement peaking slightly above the environmental lifting condensation level (LCL) and then decaying with height. Compared to the upper-level (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>&gt;</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${ &gt;} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>1.5 km) cloud response, the low-level cloud response (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>&lt;</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${&lt; } $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>1 km) to the warm SSTA is stronger and occurs more systematically across different ensemble members. This near-LCL cloud response is driven by enhanced surface buoyancy flux and buoyancy-driven turbulence over the warm SSTA as opposed to SSTA-induced anomalous surface convergence and mesoscale ascent. Process denial experiments indicate that the locally enhanced surface sensible and latent heat fluxes contribute almost equally to increase the near-LCL cloudiness, even though the locally enhanced surface sensible heat flux plays a dominant role in enhancing surface buoyancy flux. These results corroborate recent satellite composite results (Chen et al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-23-0075.1), suggesting that the observed increase of daily cloud fraction above warm SSTAs is due to more frequent turbulence-driven formation of shallow cumuli near the cloud base.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004778","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Biogeochemical Cycling With Multiple Plankton Functional Types","authors":"Jun Yu,&nbsp;Kristen M. Krumhardt,&nbsp;J. Keith Moore,&nbsp;Robert T. Letscher,&nbsp;Shanlin Wang,&nbsp;Nicola A. Wiseman,&nbsp;Matthew C. Long,&nbsp;Keith Lindsay,&nbsp;Michael Levy,&nbsp;Colleen M. Petrik,&nbsp;Adam C. Martiny","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current representations of marine ecosystems in Earth System Models are greatly simplified, neglecting key interactions between dynamic food webs, biogeochemistry, and climate change. We use the Marine Biogeochemistry Library code base within the Community Earth System Model 2.2.2 to create an expanded ecosystem model with eight phytoplankton groups and four zooplankton size classes (MARBL-8P4Z). Incorporating more specific plankton types and size classes has the potential to capture a wider range of possible behaviors of the ecosystem, its complex interactions with biogeochemistry, and its feedback to climate change. It also permits stronger observational constraints, including in situ group-specific biomass and various observational estimates of plankton community composition. MARBL-8P4Z broadly captures observed global-scale patterns in biomass and community composition for both phytoplankton and zooplankton, with a good performance in simulating broad biogeochemistry fields. The model shows comparable spatial patterns and magnitudes to the observed picophytoplankton biomass (<i>Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus,</i> picoeukaryotes), and captures the seasonal cycle of mesozooplankton biomass. Picophytoplankton groups and microzooplankton dominate biomass and production in oligotrophic, subtropical regions, while nano-phytoplankton, diatoms and the larger zooplankton groups prevail at higher latitudes and within upwelling zones. The model simulates reasonable energy transfer efficiency through the food web, with tight linkages between the phytoplankton community composition, zooplankton grazing, and carbon export, with the potential to link to fisheries models. Thus, MARBL-8P4Z has the potential to account for key climate-driven ecological shifts in the plankton that will modify ocean biogeochemistry in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144672957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Model Intercomparison Study of Aerosol-Cloud-Turbulence Interactions in a Cloud Chamber: 1. Model Results","authors":"Sisi Chen,&nbsp;Steven K. Krueger,&nbsp;Piotr Dziekan,&nbsp;Kotaro Enokido,&nbsp;Theodore MacMillan,&nbsp;David Richter,&nbsp;Silvio Schmalfuß,&nbsp;Shin-ichiro Shima,&nbsp;Fan Yang,&nbsp;Jesse C. Anderson,&nbsp;Will Cantrell,&nbsp;Dennis Niedermeier,&nbsp;Raymond A. Shaw,&nbsp;Frank Stratmann","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004562","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents the first model intercomparison of aerosol-cloud-turbulence interactions in a controlled cloudy Rayleigh-Bénard Convection chamber environment, utilizing the Pi Chamber at Michigan Technological University. We analyzed simulated cloud chamber-averaged statistics of microphysics and thermodynamics in a warm-phase, cloudy environment under steady-state conditions at varying aerosol injection rates. Simulation results from seven distinct models (DNS, LES, and a 1D turbulence model) were compared. Our findings demonstrate that while all models qualitatively capture observed trends in droplet number concentration, mean radius, and droplet size distributions at both high and low aerosol injection rates, significant quantitative differences were observed. Notably, droplet number concentrations varied by over two orders of magnitude between models for the same injection rates, indicating sensitivities to the model treatments in droplet activation and removal and wall fluxes. Furthermore, inconsistencies in vertical relative humidity profiles and in achieving steady-state liquid water content suggest the need for further investigation into the mechanisms driving these variations. Despite these discrepancies, the models generally reproduced consistent power-law relationships between the microphysical variables. This model intercomparison underscores the importance of controlled cloud chamber experiments for validating and improving cloud microphysical parameterizations. Recommendations for future modeling studies are also highlighted, including constraining wall conditions and processes, investigating droplet/aerosol removal (including sidewall losses), and conducting simplified experiments to isolate specific processes contributing to model divergence and reduce model uncertainties.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004562","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144666444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Energetically Consistent Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Convective Schemes: 2. Implementation and Evaluation in an Oceanic Context","authors":"M. Perrot,&nbsp;F. Lemarié","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004616","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A convective vertical mixing scheme rooted in the Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux (EDMF) approach is carefully derived from first principles in Part I. In addition, consistent energy budgets between resolved and subgrid scales when using an EDMF scheme are presented for seawater and dry atmosphere. In this second part, we focus on oceanic convection with the following objectives: (a) justify in the oceanic context the assumptions made in Part I for the derivation of an EDMF scheme and a new Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) turbulent transport term (b) show how continuous energy budgets can guide an energetically consistent discretization (c) quantify energy biases of inconsistent formulations, including double-counting errors due to inconsistent boundary conditions. The performance of the proposed energetically consistent EDMF scheme is evaluated against Large Eddy Simulations (LES) and observational data of oceanic convection. We systematically evaluate the sensitivity of numerical solutions to different aspects of the new formulation: energetic consistency, flux of TKE, flux of horizontal momentum and plume fractional area. Notably, when compared to LES data, energetic consistency is key to obtaining accurate TKE and turbulent transport of TKE profiles. To further illustrate that the EDMF concept is a credible alternative to the traditional approaches used in the oceanic context (using an enhanced vertical diffusion or a counter gradient term) the proposed scheme is validated in a single-column configuration against observational data of oceanic convection from the LION buoy.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004616","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Connecting Tropical Cyclones, Precursor Disturbances, and the ITCZ in Aquaplanet Simulations","authors":"Adam C. Burnett,&nbsp;Aditi Sheshadri,&nbsp;Thomas Robinson,&nbsp;Pu Lin","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004868","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We investigate a scaling relationship between global tropical cyclone (TC) frequency and the latitude of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in simulations performed with a 50-km-resolution aquaplanet version of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Atmosphere Model 4.0. The simulations use fixed, zonally symmetric sea surface temperature distributions, including some with uniform warming and cooling perturbations. We find that TC frequency per unit area is proportional to the Coriolis parameter at the ITCZ, following the same scaling introduced in a previous study. We hypothesize that TCs in these simulations originate as precursor disturbances at the ITCZ and intensify into TCs upon reaching sufficiently warm SSTs. We test this interpretation by tracking TC precursors, with different methods based on precipitation and vorticity, and comparing TC precursor frequency with TC frequency and ITCZ latitude. Both tracking methods show that precursors predominantly originate around the poleward edge of the ITCZ, consistent with our hypothesized TC genesis pathway. We also verify that most TC genesis events are immediately preceded by the occurrence of a precursor in the same area. However, precursor frequency is only weakly correlated with the Coriolis parameter at the ITCZ and precursor frequency. The correlation is stronger for vorticity-based precursors than for precipitation-based precursors. These mixed results provide partial, but not complete, support for our hypothesized interpretation. They also illustrate how results can depend on the choice of precursor tracking scheme, underlining a need for improved understanding of how best to define and track TC precursors.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144635415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extreme Precipitation Depiction in Convection-Permitting Earth System Models Within the nextGEMS Project","authors":"Jonathan D. Wille,&nbsp;Rebekka Koch,&nbsp;Tobias Becker,&nbsp;Erich Fischer","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004840","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004840","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As extreme precipitation events become more frequent and intense, local-scale climate services are increasingly needed to help communities adapt. We here evaluate two fully coupled convection-permitting Earth System Models for their ability to resolve mesoscale extreme weather events. Using the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) and Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic Weather and Climate Model (ICON) within the Next Generation Earth Modeling Systems (nextGEMS) project, we evaluate their depiction of extreme precipitation with a focus on the Mediterranean region through a comparison with high resolution reanalysis, gridded observations, a regional climate model, and two lower-resolution climate models. The results are then compared at a common, coarser resolution globally. For dry extremes, we find that the higher resolution and hybrid/explicit representation of convection of the nextGEMS models improve the representation of dry day fraction over land by about 5%–7% points. Generally, the nextGEMS models concentrate dry spells into limited frequency yet overly long periods, although the lack of convection parameterization in ICON reduces maximum annual dry spell length over land by 45 days compared to a lower-resolution model version. For wet extremes, the nextGEMS models properly high intensities of heavy precipitation, aside from overestimation in ICON over mountainous terrain. ICON, with no convection scheme, tends to create overly intense, small, convective cells that are triggered without moisture convergence. Overall, the depiction of wet and dry precipitation extremes in the Mediterranean region are representative of the nextGEMS' models performance across the global mid-latitudes demonstrating the models' value in simulating extreme weather systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004840","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TEEMLEAP—A New Testbed for Exploring Machine Learning in Atmospheric Prediction for Research and Education","authors":"J. Wilhelm,&nbsp;J. Quinting,&nbsp;M. Burba,&nbsp;S. Hollborn,&nbsp;U. Ehret,&nbsp;I. Pena Sánchez,&nbsp;S. Lerch,&nbsp;J. Meyer,&nbsp;B. Verfürth,&nbsp;P. Knippertz","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004881","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past 5 years, data-driven prediction models and Machine Learning (ML) techniques have revolutionized weather forecasting. Meteorological services around the world are now developing ML components to enhance (or even replace) their numerical weather prediction systems. This shift creates new challenges and opportunities for universities and research centers, calling for a much closer cooperation of meteorology with mathematics and computer sciences, updates of teaching curricula, and new research infrastructures and strategies. To address these challenges, an interdisciplinary team of scientists from the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) and the German Meteorological Service (DWD) created the TEstbed for Exploring Machine LEarning in Atmospheric Prediction (TEEMLEAP). Implemented on KIT's supercomputer HoreKa, the TEEMLEAP testbed simulates the entire operational weather forecasting chain using ERA5 reanalysis data as pseudo-observations and DWD's Basic Cycling environment for conducting assimilation-prediction-cycling experiments. Moreover, first steps are taken toward the integration of new data-driven components like FourCastNet and ML-based post-processing methods. The TEEMLEAP testbed allows systematic investigation of a wide range of issues related to weather forecasting such as optimizing the observational system, uncertainty quantification, and developing hybrid systems that integrate ML with physics-based models. This document outlines the testbed's setup, demonstrates its functionality with a pilot experiment, and discusses examples of potential applications. Future plans include creating educational modules and developing a higher-resolution regional version of the testbed that could be used for assimilating field campaign observations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144615051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Confronting Large-Eddy Simulations With Stereo Camera Data by Means of Reconstructed Hemispheric Cloud Size Distributions","authors":"Yannick Burchart,&nbsp;Bernhard Pospichal,&nbsp;Roel A. J. Neggers","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004804","url":null,"abstract":"<p>High-resolution hemispheric camera images at a meteorological site in western Germany are used to analyze the multi-dimensional spatial characteristics of continental cumulus cloud fields, and to evaluate Large-Eddy Simulations on this aspect. Traditional non-hemispheric cloud-detecting instruments provide additional reference data. The main model-observation comparison focuses on cloud size distributions (CSDs), employing two methods: (a) directly using three-dimensional model fields, <i>direct CSDs</i>, and (b) using rendered hemispheric images of the model fields as produced by a camera simulator based on path-tracing. In the latter method, both the real and rendered images are used to three-dimensionally reconstruct the cloud fields, yielding <i>hemispheric CSDs</i>. Advantages of hemispheric comparisons over more classic approaches include (a) fair comparisons between model and data, and (b) full use of the enhanced resolutions and hemispheric spatial coverage of the camera imagery. Basic evaluation of the simulations demonstrates good agreement on thermodynamic structure and its diurnal cycle. Cloud heights and cloud cover are intercompared between the model, camera data and other instrumentation, providing insight into their structural differences. A consistent alignment is found between the hemispheric CSDs from both the model and the cameras. Power law fits reveal structurally lower exponents in hemispheric CSDs compared to non-hemispheric CSDs, which particularly caution against directly comparing hemispheric CSDs to non-hemispheric distributions. This result is robust for sample size and fitting method. These findings inform future use of hemispheric camera systems for studying cumulus cloud field morphology and model evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144624276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of Seastate-Dependent Sea Spray Heat Fluxes on Tropical Cyclone Structure and Intensity in Fully Coupled Atmosphere-Wave-Ocean Model Simulations","authors":"B. W. Barr,&nbsp;S. S. Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004550","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Air-sea sensible and latent heat fluxes are fundamental to tropical cyclone (TC) energetics, yet the impacts of seastate-dependent sea spray heat fluxes on TC structure and intensity remain poorly understood. To explore these impacts, we implement a recently developed parameterization of seastate-dependent spray heat fluxes into a fully coupled atmosphere-wave-ocean model, the Unified Wave INterface–Coupled Model (UWIN-CM). We conduct UWIN-CM experiments, both with and without spray, for four TCs covering a broad spectrum of intensities and structural characteristics. Overall, we find that spray evaporation hinders intensification of weak TCs, while direct heating from warm spray droplets promotes intensification of major hurricanes. The effects of spray on open ocean TCs can be summarized in three stages: (1) In tropical storms and weak hurricanes (≤Category 1), spray evaporation cools the boundary layer (BL) throughout the storm, hindering intensification. (2) In stronger TCs, increasing spray production leads to stronger direct heating that warms the eyewall BL, partly offsetting the storm-scale BL cooling. However, storms remain relatively weaker due to structural inefficiency of cooler BL inflow. (3) With further intensification and even stronger spray production, BL warming eventually overcomes the structural inefficiency and promotes intensification, particularly in major hurricanes (&gt;Category 3), including rapid intensification. The shift in spray heat flux characteristics is initiated by a significant increase in spray production linked to seastate conditions occurring at 10-m windspeed ≈30 m s⁻¹. Additionally, our results indicate that enhanced spray generation from breaking waves in the coastal zone may strengthen landfalling TCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004550","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144606468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}