Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems最新文献

{"title":"Improvements in the Land and Crop Modeling Over Flooded Rice Fields by Incorporating the Shallow Paddy Water","authors":"Xiaoyu Xu,&nbsp;Atsushi Maruyama,&nbsp;Hiroyuki Kusaka","doi":"10.1029/2022MS003248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003248","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Flooded rice paddies are important for modifying land surface energy and water budgets, especially in Asian countries. This study incorporated shallow paddy water into the Noah with Multi-Parameterization (Noah-MP) model to enhance its performance in capturing the distinct features of small Bowen ratios over flooded rice fields. The paddy surface water was parameterized as one integrated layer along with the top soil layer, and meteorological measurements from two crop sites in Japan, that is, SAITO (early rice) and SAGA (late rice), were employed for model evaluation at the field scale. The simulation results show that the model performance was significantly improved by combining the incorporation of paddy water and the calibration of rice crop parameters, particularly at SAGA. Compared with the reference run using the original version of Noah-MP for SAGA, the underestimation in latent heat and the overestimation in sensible heat during daytime were decreased by ∼74 W m⁻² (∼67%) and ∼92 W m⁻² (∼55%), respectively. Approximately 60%–70% of this improvement was contributed by using calibrated rice crop parameters, while the rest of 30%–40% was from further incorporating paddy water. The decreased ground surface resistance owing to the presence of paddy water was crucial for capturing the features of small Bowen ratios. The observed water depth might help mitigate the underestimation of latent heat nonlinearly. This work may benefit the study of land-atmosphere interactions and local and regional weather and climate in Asia with the widely used coupled Weather Research and Forecasting/Noah-MP model.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022MS003248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6100491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the Sensitivity of Convective Cold Pools to Mesh Resolution","authors":"Romain Fiévet,&nbsp;Bettina Meyer,&nbsp;Jan O. Haerter","doi":"10.1029/2022MS003382","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003382","url":null,"abstract":"<p>It is well recognized that triggering of convective cells through cold pools (CPs) is key to the organization of convection. Yet, numerous studies have found that both the characterization and parameterization of CP effects in numerical models is cumbersome—in part due to the lack of numerical convergence with respect to the horizontal mesh resolution, Δ<i>x</i>, obtained in typical cloud-resolving simulators. Within a comprehensive numerical convergence study we systematically increase the horizontal resolution in a set of idealized large-eddy simulations. Our analysis captures key CP processes, namely free propagation, frontal collision and merging of gust fronts. We characterize the numerical convergence of tropospheric moistening rates, gust front vortical strength and propagation speed, and the amplitude of the lobe-and-cleft instability. The understanding gained from this analysis may help develop robust subgrid models for CP dynamics.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022MS003382","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6199122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Matrix Approach to Accelerate Spin-Up of CLM5","authors":"Cuijuan Liao,&nbsp;Xingjie Lu,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Huang,&nbsp;Feng Tao,&nbsp;David M. Lawrence,&nbsp;Charles D. Koven,&nbsp;Keith W. Oleson,&nbsp;William R. Wieder,&nbsp;Erik Kluzek,&nbsp;Xiaomeng Huang,&nbsp;Yiqi Luo","doi":"10.1029/2023MS003625","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003625","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Numerical models have been developed to investigate and understand responses of biogeochemical cycle to global changes. Steady state, when a system is in dynamic equilibrium, is generally required to initialize these model simulations. However, the spin-up process that is used to achieve steady state pose a great burden to computational resources, limiting the efficiency of global modeling analysis on biogeochemical cycles. This study introduces a new Semi-Analytical Spin-Up (SASU) to tackle this grand challenge. We applied SASU to Community Land Model version 5 and examined its computational efficiency and accuracy. At the Brazil site, SASU is computationally 7 times more efficient than (or saved up to 86% computational cost in comparison with) the traditional native dynamics (ND) spin-up to reach the same steady state. Globally, SASU is computationally 8 times more efficient than the accelerated decomposition spin-up and 50 times more efficient than ND. In summary, SASU achieves the highest computational efficiency for spin-up on site and globally in comparison with other spin-up methods. It is generalizable to wide biogeochemical models and thus makes computationally costly studies (e.g., parameter perturbation ensemble analysis and data assimilation) possible for a better understanding of biogeochemical cycle under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023MS003625","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6199121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Satellite-Based Detections of Arctic Bromine Explosion Events Within GEOS-Chem","authors":"P. A. Wales,&nbsp;C. A. Keller,&nbsp;K. E. Knowland,&nbsp;S. Pawson,&nbsp;S. Choi,&nbsp;F. Hendrick,&nbsp;M. Van Roozendael,&nbsp;R. J. Salawitch,&nbsp;R. Sulieman,&nbsp;W. F. Swanson","doi":"10.1029/2022MS003465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003465","url":null,"abstract":"<p>During polar spring, periods of elevated tropospheric bromine drive near complete removal of surface ozone. These events impact the tropospheric oxidative capacity and are an area of active research with multiple approaches for representing the underlying processes in global models. We present a method for parameterizing emissions of molecular bromine (Br₂) over the Arctic using satellite retrievals of bromine monoxide (BrO) from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). OMI retrieves column BrO with daily near global coverage, and we use the GEOS-Chem chemical mechanism, run online within the Goddard Earth Observing System Earth System Model to identify hotspots of BrO likely associated with polar processes. To account for uncertainties in modeling background BrO, hotspots are only identified where the difference between OMI and modeled columns exceeds a statistical threshold. The resulting hotspot columns are a lower-limit for the portion of OMI BrO attributable to bromine explosion events. While these hotspots are correlated with BrO measured in the lower troposphere over the Arctic Ocean, a case study of missing detections of near-surface BrO is identified. Daily flux of Br₂ is estimated from hotspot columns of BrO using internal model parameters. When the emissions are applied, BrO hotspots are modeled with a 5% low bias. The sensitivity of the resulting ozone simulations to the treatment of background uncertainties in the BrO column is demonstrated. While periods of isolated, large (&gt;50%) decreases in surface ozone are modeled, this technique does not simulate the low ozone observed at coastal stations and consistently underestimates ozone loss during March.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022MS003465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6130537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interactive Stratospheric Aerosol Microphysics-Chemistry Simulations of the 1991 Pinatubo Volcanic Aerosols With Newly Coupled Sectional Aerosol and Stratosphere-Troposphere Chemistry Modules in the NASA GEOS Chemistry-Climate Model (CCM)","authors":"Parker Case,&nbsp;Peter R. Colarco,&nbsp;Brian Toon,&nbsp;Valentina Aquila,&nbsp;Christoph A. Keller","doi":"10.1029/2022MS003147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We have coupled the GEOS-Chem tropospheric-stratospheric chemistry mechanism and the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (CARMA), a sectional aerosol microphysics module, within the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry-Climate Model (GEOS CCM) in order to simulate the interactions between stratospheric chemistry and aerosol microphysics. We use observations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo volcanic cloud to evaluate this new version of the GEOS CCM. The GEOS-Chem chemistry module is used to simulate the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) more realistically than assuming hydroxyl radical (OH) fields are constant, as OH concentrations in the plume decrease dramatically in the weeks following the eruption. CARMA simulates sulfate aerosols with dynamic microphysical and optical properties. The CARMA-calculated aerosol surface area is coupled to the chemistry module from GEOS-Chem for the calculation of heterogeneous chemistry. We use a set of observational and theoretical constraints for Pinatubo to evaluate the performance of this new version of the GEOS CCM. These simulations are specifically compared with satellite and in-situ observations and provide insights into the connections between the gas-phase chemistry and the aerosol microphysics of the early plume and how they impact the climatic and chemical changes following a large volcanic eruption. A second, smaller eruption is also included in these simulations, the 15 August 1991, eruption of Cerro Hudson in Chile, which we find essential in explaining the aerosol optical depth in the Southern Hemisphere in 1991.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022MS003147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6143694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Robust Parameterizations in Ecosystem-Level Photosynthesis Models","authors":"Shanning Bao,&nbsp;Lazaro Alonso,&nbsp;Siyuan Wang,&nbsp;Johannes Gensheimer,&nbsp;Ranit De,&nbsp;Nuno Carvalhais","doi":"10.1029/2022MS003464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003464","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a model simulating dynamics of a system, parameters can represent system sensitivities and unresolved processes, therefore affecting model accuracy and uncertainty. Taking a light use efficiency (LUE) model as an example, which is a typical approach for estimating gross primary productivity (GPP), we propose a Simultaneous Parameter Inversion and Extrapolation approach (SPIE) to overcome issues stemming from plant-functional-type (PFT)-dependent parameterizations. SPIE refers to predicting model parameters using an artificial neural network based on collected variables, including PFT, climate types, bioclimatic variables, vegetation features, atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, and soil properties. The neural network was optimized to minimize GPP errors and constrain LUE model sensitivity functions. We compared SPIE with 11 typical parameter extrapolating methods, including PFT- and climate-specific parameterizations, global and PFT-based parameter optimization, site-similarity, and regression approaches. All methods were assessed using Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (NSE), determination coefficient and normalized root mean squared error, and contrasted with site-specific calibrations. Ten-fold cross-validated results showed that SPIE had the best performance across sites, various temporal scales and assessing metrics. Taking site-level calibrations as a benchmark (NSE = 0.95), SPIE performed with an NSE of 0.68, while all the other investigated approaches showed negative NSE. The Shapley value, layer-wise relevance and partial dependence showed that vegetation features, bioclimatic variables, soil properties and some PFTs determine parameters. SPIE overcomes strong limitations observed in many standard parameterization methods. We argue that expanding SPIE to other models overcomes current limits and serves as an entry point to investigate the robustness and generalization of different models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022MS003464","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6098628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scale-Dependent Estimability of Turbulent Flux in the Unstable Surface Layer for Land Surface Modeling","authors":"Shaofeng Liu,&nbsp;Xubin Zeng,&nbsp;Yongjiu Dai,&nbsp;Hua Yuan,&nbsp;Nan Wei,&nbsp;Zhongwang Wei,&nbsp;Xingjie Lu,&nbsp;Shupeng Zhang,&nbsp;Xian-Xiang Li","doi":"10.1029/2022MS003567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2022MS003567","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Surface flux estimation is essential to land surface modeling in earth system models. In practice, parameterizations of surface turbulent fluxes are almost all based on the similarity theory. That is, the grid or subgrid mean surface-layer flow is assumed at equilibrium with the underlying earth surface, and therefore some empirical relations can be used to estimate surface fluxes. In this paper, scale-dependent estimability of turbulent flux in the unstable surface layer is systematically investigated based on high-resolution large-eddy simulation data over a flat and homogeneous domain, representing a typical land surface modeling grid. It is found that turbulent flow in the unstable surface layer inherently fluctuates over a wide range of scales. This kind of fluctuation affects the steady-state relations between mean atmospheric quantities and underlying earth surface, and hence affects the estimability of surface fluxes. Sensitivity tests show that the relative root mean square error of the estimated surface friction velocity for a subdomain generally increases as the subdomain becomes smaller. The error can be as high as 35% as the subdomain size decreases to the order of the surface layer height. To achieve an error of 10% for all cases, the subdomain size should be at least on the order of the boundary layer height. These findings imply that estimability-based strategies may be needed for representing subgrid heterogeneity for surface flux estimation in land surface modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2022MS003567","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"6143693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ensemble Spread Behavior in Coupled Climate Models: Insights From the Energy Exascale Earth System Model Version 1 Large Ensemble","authors":"Samantha Stevenson,&nbsp;Xingying Huang,&nbsp;Yingying Zhao,&nbsp;Emanuele Di Lorenzo,&nbsp;Matthew Newman,&nbsp;Luke van Roekel,&nbsp;Tongtong Xu,&nbsp;Antonietta Capotondi","doi":"10.1029/2023MS003653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003653","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Assessing uncertainty in future climate projections requires understanding both internal climate variability and external forcing. For this reason, single-model initial condition large ensembles (SMILEs) run with Earth System Models (ESMs) have recently become popular. Here we present a new 20-member SMILE with the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 1 (E3SMv1-LE), which uses a “macro” initialization strategy choosing coupled atmosphere/ocean states based on inter-basin contrasts in ocean heat content (OHC). The E3SMv1-LE simulates tropical climate variability well, albeit with a muted warming trend over the twentieth century due to overly strong aerosol forcing. The E3SMv1-LE's initial climate spread is comparable to other (larger) SMILEs, suggesting that maximizing inter-basin ocean heat contrasts may be an efficient method of generating ensemble spread. We also compare different ensemble spread across multiple SMILEs, using surface air temperature and OHC. The Community Earth system Model version 1, the only ensemble which utilizes a “micro” initialization approach perturbing only atmospheric initial conditions, yields lower spread in the first ∼30 years. The E3SMv1-LE exhibits a relatively large spread, with some evidence for anthropogenic forcing influencing spread in the late twentieth century. However, systematic effects of differing “macro” initialization strategies are difficult to detect, possibly resulting from differing model physics or responses to external forcing. Notably, the method of standardizing results affects ensemble spread: control simulations for most models have either large background trends or multi-centennial variability in OHC. This spurious disequlibrium behavior is a substantial roadblock to understanding both internal climate variability and its response to forcing.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023MS003653","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5789646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Super-Resolution of Near-Surface Climate Modeling Using the Fourier Neural Operator","authors":"Peishi Jiang,&nbsp;Zhao Yang,&nbsp;Jiali Wang,&nbsp;Chenfu Huang,&nbsp;Pengfei Xue,&nbsp;T. C. Chakraborty,&nbsp;Xingyuan Chen,&nbsp;Yun Qian","doi":"10.1029/2023MS003800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003800","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Downscaling methods are critical in efficiently generating high-resolution atmospheric data. However, state-of-the-art statistical or dynamical downscaling techniques either suffer from the high computational cost of running a physical model or require high-resolution data to develop a downscaling tool. Here, we demonstrate a recently proposed <i>zero-shot super-resolution</i> method, the Fourier neural operator (FNO), to efficiently perform downscaling without the need for high-resolution data. Because the FNO learns dynamics in Fourier space, FNO is a resolution-invariant emulator; it can be trained at a coarse resolution and produces emulation at any high resolution. We applied FNO to downscale a 4-km resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulation of near-surface heat-related variables over the Great Lakes region. The FNO is driven by the atmospheric forcings and topographic features used in the WRF model at the same resolution. We incorporated a physics-constrained loss in FNO by using the Clausius–Clapeyron relation to better constrain the relations among the emulated states. Trained on merely 600 WRF snapshots at 4-km resolution, the FNO shows comparable performance with a widely-used convolutional network, U-Net, achieving averaged <i>modified Kling–Gupta Efficiency</i> of 0.88 and 0.94 on the test data set for temperature and pressure, respectively. We then employed the FNO to produce 1-km emulations to reproduce the fine climate features. Further, by taking the WRF simulation as ground truth, we show consistent performances at the two resolutions, suggesting the reliability of FNO in producing high-resolution dynamics. Our study demonstrates the potential of using FNO for zero-shot super-resolution in generating first-order estimation on atmospheric modeling.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023MS003800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5653011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Functionalized Monte Carlo 3D Radiative Transfer Model: Radiative Effects of Clouds Over Reflecting Surfaces","authors":"Najda Villefranque,&nbsp;Howard W. Barker,&nbsp;Jason N. S. Cole,&nbsp;Zhipeng Qu","doi":"10.1029/2023MS003674","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS003674","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the Earth Sciences, the 3D radiative transfer equation is often solved for by Monte Carlo (MC) methods. They can, however, be computationally taxing, and that can narrow their range of application and limit their use in explorations of model parameter spaces. A novel family of MC algorithms is investigated here in which single simulations provide estimates of both radiative quantities A for a set of parameters , as usual, as well as the overarching functional (<i>x</i>) that can be evaluated, extremely efficiently, at any <i>x</i>. One such algorithm is developed and demonstrated for horizontally averaged broadband solar radiative fluxes as functions of surface albedo for uniform Lambertian surfaces beneath inhomogeneous cloudy atmospheres. Simulations for a high-resolution synthetic cloud field, at various solar zenith angles, illustrate the potential of the method to gain insights into the nature of 3D radiative effects for complicated atmosphere-surface conditions using information specially derived from the MC simulation. For simulations performed with a single surface albedo it is found that as surface albedo increases, 3D radiative effects increase, too, with maxima occurring at middling to large values, and then decrease. By utilizing the derived coefficients that describe it was established that these 3D effects stem from differences in fractions of radiation entrapped at successive orders of internal multiple reflections for 1D and 3D transfer.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"15 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023MS003674","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"5745734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}