Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems最新文献

{"title":"The GFDL's Aerosol Microphysics Model (GLAMM) Part 1: Model Description and Aerosol Evaluation With Observational Constraints","authors":"Xiaohan Li,&nbsp;Fabien Paulot,&nbsp;Uriel Ramirez,&nbsp;Susanne E. Bauer,&nbsp;Xiaohong Liu,&nbsp;Paul Ginoux","doi":"10.1029/2026MS005864","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026MS005864","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper describes the development and application of GLAMM (GFDL's Aerosol Microphysics Model) within the GFDL atmospheric model AM4.0 framework. Unlike the bulk aerosol schemes previously used in AM4.0, GLAMM employs a modal representation that explicitly tracks the evolution of aerosol mass and number concentrations and accounts for mixing state (internal and external) across multiple modes. The model includes prognostic treatments of key microphysical processes, including nucleation, coagulation, condensational growth, hygroscopic growth, dry and wet removal, and activation to cloud condensation nuclei. It also supports flexible configurations in which the number and combination of aerosol modes can be adjusted to trade off configuration complexity and computational cost. In this study, we evaluate the model's performance in a full 12-mode configuration using a decadal AMIP simulation (2001–2010). We compare results against a comprehensive suite of observational constraints, including surface networks (IMPROVE, University of Miami, GAW), the global AERO-MAP surface composition compilation, AERONET inversions, and in situ aircraft measurements from the ATom mission. GLAMM performs comparably to the bulk aerosol representation in AM4.0 in simulating aerosol mass concentrations. When evaluated against global observations, it reproduces both aerosol mass and number distributions with good overall agreement: simulated surface mass and number concentrations are mostly within a factor of five of observations. These results indicate that GLAMM provides a physically based and flexible framework for improved aerosol representation and aerosol–cloud interactions within the GFDL modeling system.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026MS005864","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of the E3SM Version 3 Stratosphere Performance","authors":"Wandi Yu,&nbsp;Walter Hannah,&nbsp;James J. Benedict,&nbsp;Qi Tang,&nbsp;Susannah Burrows,&nbsp;Mijeong Park,&nbsp;Jean-Christophe Golaz,&nbsp;Karen Rosenlof,&nbsp;Sean Davis,&nbsp;Eric Ray,&nbsp;Jiwoo Lee","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005612","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The interactions between the stratosphere and the troposphere have significant impacts on human activities and Earth system variability. In the third release version of the low-resolution Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv3), the representation of the stratosphere is improved through vertical grid refinement in the lower stratosphere and the implementation of the linearized ozone scheme version 3 (Linozv3). In this study, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the dynamics and chemistry of E3SMv3's stratosphere using reanalysis data and satellite observations. E3SMv3 simulates an overall realistic stratosphere, capturing the basic temperature and circulation structures, including the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) and the polar vortex, as well as reasonable distributions and transport of key trace gases such as ozone and water vapor. The model also reproduces a quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) with a realistic amplitude and wave forcing compared to a reanalysis data set, with a slightly faster period of 25 months. However, notable biases remain: weak upward-propagating wave activities near the tropopause during boreal winter and slightly stronger wave activities during boreal summer lead to an overall slow-biased deep branch of the BDC, which affects trace gas transport. Additionally, the polar vortex is overly strong and stable during boreal winter, resulting in fewer sudden stratospheric warming events and a weak teleconnection between the QBO and polar vortex, while it is slightly weaker and less stable during austral winter. Overall, E3SMv3 demonstrates good fidelity for stratosphere-related studies, though opportunities remain to reduce key dynamical and chemical biases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS005612","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149145750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Ensemble Kalman Smoother for Online Paleoclimate Data Assimilation","authors":"Haohao Sun,&nbsp;Lili Lei,&nbsp;Zhe-Min Tan,&nbsp;Liang Ning,&nbsp;Zhengyu Liu","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005730","url":null,"abstract":"<p>An integrated hybrid ensemble Kalman smoother (IHEnKS) is proposed to optimally utilize proxy data from the past to the future for paleoclimate data assimilation (PDA). As an extension of the integrated hybrid ensemble Kalman filter, IHEnKS assimilates future proxies through cross-time error covariances, which are estimated from an online PDA by use of a deep learning-based surrogate model. To mitigate the influences of sampling errors and model errors, an adaptively estimated covariance localization varying with spatial and temporal separations is adopted to eliminate the sampling errors in space and time. Moreover, a hybridization with climatological cross-time error covariances through augmentation of lagged climatological perturbations are implemented. Consistent results are obtained from reconstructions of surface air temperature and sea surface temperature in both pseudoproxy and real proxy experiments. IHEnKS with spatial and temporal localizations and hybridization achieves the best reconstructions compared to various configurations of ensemble-based assimilation methods. The advantages of IHEnKS become more pronounced as the proxy network becomes sparser.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS005730","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Lagrangian Time-Series Machine Learning Framework for Predicting Concentrations and Exploring Drivers of Atmospheric Aerosols: Model Development and Application to Cloud Condensation Nuclei in Marine Boundary Layer","authors":"Shengqian Zhou,&nbsp;Dong Qi,&nbsp;Hanyang Liu,&nbsp;Yevgeniy Vorobeychik,&nbsp;Jian Wang","doi":"10.1029/2026MS005751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026MS005751","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric aerosols play critical roles in climate and air quality. Accurately assessing their environmental impacts requires understanding aerosol abundance, distribution, and the key factors and processes that control them. Although machine learning is increasingly used in predicting aerosol concentrations, its application in exploring underlying processes remains limited, and existing studies often fail to capture processes occurring during preceding days that substantially shape aerosol populations. Here we develop a Lagrangian time-series machine learning framework that better represents those dynamic processes. Three-dimensional back-trajectories of airmasses arriving at the receptor site are derived using a physics-driven Lagrangian transport model, and environmental variables along these trajectories are included as time-series input features for a sequence model to predict aerosol concentrations. We apply this framework to multiyear cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) observations from the eastern North Atlantic (ENA). The resulting model exhibits strong predictive skill and outperforms conventional machine learning approaches that rely on static, non-sequential input features. Moreover, the model trained solely on the ENA data successfully reproduces a large fraction of CCN variability at a site in the South Atlantic, indicating that it indeed captures the general processes driving marine CCN variability. Model interpretation reveals that the seasonal variation of CCN over ENA is primarily controlled by aerosol production associated with short-wave radiation, whereas the variation on a shorter timescale is dominated by wet removal. This Lagrangian time-series framework, which is more physically consistent with actual atmospheric processes, offers a powerful tool for predicting and understanding the mechanisms of other atmospheric components.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026MS005751","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149068135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Coriolis Effects in Parameterization of Atmospheric Turbulence and Convection","authors":"Hing Ong,&nbsp;Vincent E. Larson","doi":"10.1029/2026MS005833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026MS005833","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Coriolis effect can deflect turbulent momentum flux and anisotropy of turbulent kinetic energy. This Coriolis turbulent deflection is usually omitted in parameterizations of atmospheric turbulence and convection. However, previous large-eddy simulations (LES) found that the nontraditional Coriolis terms (NCTs) can enhance vertical velocity variance with easterly flow and suppress it with westerly flow. To parameterize this effect in the atmosphere, this study introduces the Coriolis terms to the Cloud Layers Unified By Binormals (CLUBB) parameterization of clouds and turbulence. We design three single-column benchmarks to test the implementation of the NCTs in CLUBB. First, assuming that all except the Coriolis terms vanish on the right-hand side of the prognostic equations of the second-order moments of velocity, we derive an analytical solution in which the anisotropy of the moments rotates back to the initial state with a certain period. Our CLUBB results match this analytic benchmark. Second, assuming dry and neutrally stratified atmosphere with constant geostrophic winds, our CLUBB and LES results suggest that the NCTs make the Ekman layer deeper with geostrophic easterlies but shallower with westerlies. Third, under realistic conditions for trade-wind shallow convection, our CLUBB results show that the cloud layer becomes shallower if we omit the NCTs or flip the geostrophic winds from easterly to westerly. These benchmarks not only validate the Coriolis terms in CLUBB but also form a model hierarchy that aids our understanding of the effects of the NCTs on turbulence and convection.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026MS005833","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Assimilation of Satellite Visible and Near-Infrared Radiances to Improve Aerosol Simulations","authors":"Chongzhao Zhang,&nbsp;Qiurui Li,&nbsp;Jun Li,&nbsp;Wei Han,&nbsp;Yu Zhang,&nbsp;Siqi Chen,&nbsp;Zhenyu Zhang,&nbsp;Yueming Dong,&nbsp;Liang Chang,&nbsp;Jing Li","doi":"10.1029/2026MS005846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2026MS005846","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Existing satellite-based aerosol data assimilation approaches mostly rely on assimilating retrieved aerosol products, which suffer from inconsistencies between retrieval assumptions and model representations, as well as uncertainties in the retrieved aerosol parameters. Here we develop a direct shortwave radiance assimilation system for improving aerosol simulations in the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). The system integrates AI-based observation operator, trained on 1,000,000 samples from forward radiative transfer simulations, and a three-Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation (3DVAR) assimilation module to simultaneously constrain multi-band aerosol optical depth (AOD) and surface albedo using radiance measurements from five shortwave bands of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) under clear sky. Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) results demonstrate that the system can effectively disentangle aerosol and surface signals, with forward simulated radiance from the analysis field being closer to pseudo-observations than those from the background field. Experiments using MODIS radiance measurements show substantial improvements. In the February 2016 case study, assimilation reduces the domain-mean spatial AOD error relative to MODIS retrievals by 42.19%, and reduces the absolute AOD bias relative to independent AERONET observations by 53.46%–79.76% across four validation sites. The continuous assimilation experiment spanning December 2016 to February 2017 demonstrates robust long-term performance, reducing AOD errors by 52.77% overall. The assimilation scheme further improves simulated surface albedo and surface downward shortwave radiation, demonstrating the potential to better represent radiative transfer process in numerical weather prediction and climate models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2026MS005846","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simplified Higher Order Closure + Mass Flux Boundary-Layer Parameterization in the Goddard Earth Observing System","authors":"Nathan P. Arnold,&nbsp;Kay Suselj,&nbsp;Joao Teixeira","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005701","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Boundary-layer turbulence and clouds play an essential role in regulating surface fluxes and the Earth's radiative balance, but their parameterization in global models remains a significant source of uncertainty. This paper describes a novel implementation of the Simplified Higher Order Closure (SHOC) coupled with a multi-plume eddy diffusivity mass flux scheme in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model. The SHOC scheme provides eddy diffusivities and uses a set of higher order moments (HOMs) to constrain an analytic double Gaussian probability distribution function (PDF), from which the subgrid buoyancy flux and cloud properties are diagnosed. This SHOC + MF implementation extends previous work by including mass flux contributions to all HOMs, which remedies a significant underestimation of subgrid scale variances, and allows the combined convective and stratiform cloud properties to be diagnosed from the assumed PDF in a unified way. Single column experiments show the SHOC + MF scheme compares favorably to large eddy simulations in trade cumulus, marine stratocumulus, and continental convective boundary-layer regimes, relative to the default GEOS boundary-layer parameterizations. Global experiments show improvements in simulated clouds and surface stress. This study demonstrates the feasibility of a closer coupling between higher order closure and MF, and a unified representation of shallow clouds.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS005701","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149048052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a More Physical Representation of Convective Gravity Waves in GFDL’s GCM","authors":"Pu Lin,&nbsp;M. Joan Alexander,&nbsp;Laura Holt,&nbsp;Martina Bramberger,&nbsp;Lan Luan,&nbsp;Uriel Ramirez,&nbsp;Baoqiang Xiang,&nbsp;David Paynter,&nbsp;Ming Zhao,&nbsp;Zhihong Tan,&nbsp;Huan Guo,&nbsp;Mi Kyung Lee,&nbsp;Vaishali Naik","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005355","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We implemented in GFDL's global atmospheric model a parameterization for convective gravity waves, which explicitly describes the wave source based on the latent heating rates from the parameterized deep convection. The characteristics of the simulated Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial stratosphere depend on the tunable parameters in the convective gravity wave scheme. In particular, a larger efficiency factor or a smaller convective area leads to a shorter QBO period. A less-than-one scaling factor for the convective heating depth, though unphysical, is necessary for the model to simulate a realistic QBO over the lower stratosphere. Furthermore, we relax the assumption of constant convective area and replace it with the prognostic convective area diagnosed from the convection scheme. While the model with a constant convective area simulates a similar QBO to that with variable convective area at the present-day condition, it simulates a stronger reduction of the QBO period and the QBO amplitude in response to surface warming. Our results highlight the sensitivity of the simulated QBO in general circulation models to details of the parameterization for convective gravity waves.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS005355","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assimilating GNSS Airborne Radio Occultation Bending Angles With MPAS–JEDI During a Sequence of Atmospheric Rivers","authors":"Ivette Hernández Baños,&nbsp;Jennifer S. Haase,&nbsp;Pawel Hordyniec,&nbsp;Bing Cao,&nbsp;Zhiquan Liu,&nbsp;Phuong-Nghi Do","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) airborne radio occultation (ARO) observations, collected during Atmospheric River Reconnaissance (AR Recon) campaigns, enhance AR sampling beyond traditional dropsondes. Assimilating ARO bending angles requires a forward operator accounting for ARO geometry and proper integration in a data assimilation system. This study implements a modified ARO bending angle operator in the Joint Effort for Data Assimilation Integration (JEDI) system. Using the Model for Prediction Across Scales–Atmosphere (MPAS–A) coupled with JEDI, we evaluate the impact of assimilating ARO bending angles in a case study of an 11-flight AR sequence over the United States West Coast in January 2023 through 6-hourly cycling observation system experiments. Observation errors follow methods for spaceborne RO, yielding promising results; however, more suitable error characterization is needed and may benefit from consideration of the regional environment. Background humidity, temperature, and wind fields show improvements over the northeast Pacific, fitting dropsondes temperature more closely. While impacts on short-term forecasts are modest, clear improvements are found in 1–7 day forecasts across all variables, reflecting a better-constrained synoptic steering flow. ARO assimilation enhances intensity and location of integrated vapor transport as well as precipitation forecasts, particularly at longer lead times. These findings indicate that ARO integration into MPAS–JEDI has reached a level of maturity suitable for broader implementation in operational and research forecast models. Encouraging results from dense AR sampling suggest that global forecasting benefits could be achieved if ARO technology were installed on more aircraft and applied across a wider range of cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS005432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Extratropical Cyclones Under Uniform SST Warming and Increased CO2 Forcing in a Global Storm-Resolving Model","authors":"M. Yang,&nbsp;Z. Wang,&nbsp;L. Harris,&nbsp;K.-Y. Cheng","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025MS005728","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Using the GFDL EXperimental System for High-resolution prediction on Earth-to-Local Domains (X-SHiELD), a global storm-resolving atmosphere model with a slab ocean, we examine extratropical cyclone (ETC) responses under three scenarios: 4 K sea surface temperature (SST) warming, increased CO₂ concentration, and their combination. Compared to ERA5, the X-SHiELD control run produces more intense and short-lived ETCs, as well as a stronger seasonal cycle with fewer summer cyclones. Relative to the control run, SST warming reduces cyclone frequency in both the North Atlantic and North Pacific, especially for short-lived winter cyclones, while storm-track displacement is most evident over the North Atlantic. CO₂ forcing shows similar but weaker effects. While the average cyclone central pressure remains nearly unchanged, SST warming increases the variability of cyclone central pressure and intensifies the strongest ETCs, while higher CO₂ concentration reduces the frequency of intense ETCs. The mean 925-hPa wind speeds intensify in the warm sector of a cyclone under both forcings, with the increase in the 95th percentile wind speeds 2–3 times larger than the increase in the mean. Additionally, SST warming enhances precipitation near and north of cyclone centers, while CO₂ slightly suppresses precipitation. These precipitation changes are more closely associated with changes in moisture availability and moisture convergence than with changes in vertical motion. Additionally, the comparison among different experiments shows that precipitation responses to individual forcings are approximately additive while the wind speed response is more nonlinear.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"18 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS005728","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148994469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}