Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems最新文献

{"title":"A Minimal, Adiabatic Example of Sudden Stratospheric Warming","authors":"Joseph Mouallem,&nbsp;Weiye Yao,&nbsp;Lucas Harris,&nbsp;Shian-Jiann Lin,&nbsp;Xi Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004760","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004760","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) are extreme weather events that can significantly impact weather patterns on short to subseasonal to seasonal timescales. In this study, we present a new idealized test case of a Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event implemented in GFDL's FV3 dynamical core. The initial condition features a wintertime stratospheric circulation with a westerly jet in the Northern Hemisphere and an easterly jet in the Southern Hemisphere. In the absence of tropospheric wave forcing, the model preserves the stratospheric circulation for approximately 200 days. To induce SSW, we introduce a moving mountain to generate planetary waves. Wavenumber-1 forcing led to a vortex displacement SSW, while wavenumber-2 forcing produced a vortex split SSW, consistent with observational data and literature. This minimal setup offers a controlled environment for studying SSW dynamics and serves as a useful testbed for evaluating the ability of dynamical cores to capture key stratospheric processes and troposphere-stratosphere interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004760","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Advectable Latent Representations for Droplet Size Distributions With Physics-Informed Autoencoders","authors":"Kang-En Huang,&nbsp;Minghuai Wang,&nbsp;Daniel Rosenfeld,&nbsp;Yannian Zhu","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004821","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Investigating the role of clouds and precipitation in the Earth system necessitates microphysical schemes capable of accurately describing the evolution of hydrometeor particle size distribution (PSD), while maintaining low computational costs implementable in atmospheric models. Machine learning (ML) offers a promising approach to replace computationally expensive bin microphysical schemes with efficient emulations. However, many existing ML emulations predict moments of PSDs as prognostic variables, inheriting structural limitations from traditional bulk schemes. In contrast, latent variables directly discovered by ML have the potential to represent PSDs more accurately. However, their inherent nonlinearity breaks the conservation property under advection and diffusion, limiting their applicability in online simulations. To address this dilemma, we propose Non-negative weighted integrals (NWIs), formulated as weighted integrals of PSD with learnable non-negative weight functions. NWI provides the most general mathematical form for advectable microphysical prognostic variables. We conducted unsupervised learning over a liquid droplet PSD data set generated from ensemble large eddy simulations with Spectral Bin Microphysics (SBM). We used autoencoders that are physics-informed by NWI’s formulation to learn the optimal PSD representations from the data, and compared NWIs with traditional moment approaches in bulk schemes on their ability to represent PSDs in actual bin scheme simulations. Results show that NWIs can capture the critical information of medium-sized droplets, and outperform traditional cloud-rain moment approaches in terms of PSD reconstruction error, indicating improved PSD information compression efficiency. With these properties, NWIs are advantageous over moments as fully prognostic variables to build accurate ML-based bin-emulating schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004821","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Validation of Soil Frost Heave Scheme in the Community Land Model 5.0","authors":"Pengfei Xu,&nbsp;Xianhong Meng,&nbsp;Shihua Lyu,&nbsp;Zhaoguo Li,&nbsp;Yan Chang,&nbsp;Shaoying Wang,&nbsp;Lin Zhao,&nbsp;Yue Xu,&nbsp;Danrui Sheng,&nbsp;Wei Jin,&nbsp;Xinyi Gu,&nbsp;Zhenghao Li","doi":"10.1029/2025MS005089","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025MS005089","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Soil frost heave from freezing–thawing (FT) affects soil structure, hydrothermal properties, and land-atmosphere interactions, affecting the reliability of permafrost engineering and increasing uncertainty in model simulations. However, most Land Surface Models (LSMs), including Community Land Model 5.0 (CLM5.0), do not simulate frost heave. To address this, a frost heave parameterization scheme, based on the porosity rate function, was developed and integrated into CLM5.0. The enhanced model (with proposed frost heave scheme) was validated at site and regional scales, focusing on its effects on soil structure, hydrothermal properties, and transfer processes on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Results show the enhanced model accurately simulates changes in soil thickness and porosity during FT cycles, improving hydrothermal properties' simulations during thawing and representing bidirectional thawing within soil layers. At the regional scale, seasonal soil deformation along the Qinghai-Tibet Highway simulated by the enhanced model closely aligns with field experiments and InSAR data. The enhanced model predicts higher soil temperatures in southeastern TP and lower ones in the northwest compared to the original model. Additionally, the enhanced model simulates increased soil moisture especially in the Three Rivers Source region compared to the original model, which aligning better with observations. Integrating the proposed scheme in CLM5.0 advances the representation of FT processes and provides a foundation for refining land surface, regional, and global modeling frameworks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS005089","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Revisiting Machine Learning Approaches for Short- and Longwave Radiation Inference in Weather and Climate Models","authors":"Guillaume Bertoli,&nbsp;Salman Mohebi,&nbsp;Firat Ozdemir,&nbsp;Jonas Jucker,&nbsp;Stefan Rüdisühli,&nbsp;Fernando Perez-Cruz,&nbsp;Mathieu Salzmann,&nbsp;Sebastian Schemm","doi":"10.1029/2025MS004956","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025MS004956","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper explores Machine Learning (ML) parameterizations for radiative transfer in the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic weather and climate model (ICON) and investigates the achieved ML model speed-up with ICON running on graphics processing units (GPUs). Five ML models, with varying complexity and size, are coupled to ICON; more specifically, a multilayer perceptron (MLP), a Unet model, a bidirectional recurrent neural network with long short-term memory (BiLSTM), a vision transformer (ViT), and a random forest (RF) as a baseline. The ML parameterizations are coupled to the ICON code that includes OpenACC compiler directives to enable GPU support. The coupling is done with the PyTorch-Fortran coupler developed at NVIDIA. The most accurate model is the BiLSTM with a physics-informed normalization strategy, a penalty for the heating rates during training, a Gaussian smoothing as postprocessing and a simplified computation of the fluxes at the upper levels to ensure stability of the ICON model top. The presented setup enables stable aquaplanet simulations with ICON for several weeks at a resolution of about 80 km and compares well with the physics-based default radiative transfer parameterization, ecRad. Our results indicate that the compute requirements of the ML models that can ensure the stability of ICON are comparable to GPU optimized classical physics parameterizations in terms of memory consumption and computational speed.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS004956","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145129276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Hurricane Forecasting With AI Models for Track and Intensity Prediction","authors":"Kumar Ankur,&nbsp;Sujit Roy,&nbsp;Christopher E. Phillips,&nbsp;Udaysankar Nair,&nbsp;Manil Maskey,&nbsp;Rahul Ramachandran","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004822","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004822","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hurricane forecasting has traditionally relied on numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. However, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) offer new opportunities to improve forecasting accuracy. This study presents a novel evaluation of the FourCastNet model, trained on MERRA-2 and ERA5 data sets. We perform a comprehensive comparison between the FourCastNet model forecasts and those simulated by the Weather Research and Forecating (WRF) model, a NWP model, assessing both the accuracy and radial distribution of hurricane structure. This comparison provides their representation of hurricane dynamics, including differences in track prediction and intensity forecasts. Additionally, the study addresses the challenge of bias in hurricane intensity forecasts. To overcome this, this study presents a comprehensive assessment of three hurricane intensity estimation models, HxUnet, HxCNN, and HxGNN. Our results demonstrate that HxUnet consistently outperforms the other models, achieving up to a 79% reduction in maximum sustained wind speed errors and a 59% reduction in Mean Sea Level Pressure errors. This significant improvement underscores the potential of AI models to enhance the precision of hurricane intensity forecasts. This research advances the application of AI in meteorology and establishes a foundation for future studies aimed at improving hurricane prediction and mitigation efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004822","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145110904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tracer Budgets on Lagrangian Trajectories","authors":"Wenrui Jiang,&nbsp;Thomas W. N. Haine","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004848","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004848","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Lagrangian particle method is widely used to understand scalar tracer concentration fields in models of the atmosphere and oceans. Simulating virtual particles provides an alternative description of advection to the Eulerian representation in models and aids in identifying pathways, timescales, and connectivity. Atmospheric and oceanic models solve advection-diffusion-reaction equations to simulate tracers, in which only the advective component is captured by traditional Lagrangian approaches. In this work, we report a novel method that closes tracer budgets on Lagrangian trajectories in a manner consistent with Eulerian budgets in finite-volume models. The scalar tracer concentrations on grid cell walls are derived from the model advection scheme and then interpolated inside grid boxes along streamlines. The divergence of the diffusive flux and reaction terms are interpolated based on velocity and tracer concentration, ensuring the tracer budget closes in terms of both trajectory and volume integrals. Compared to the Eulerian budget analysis, which considers a fixed volume, our method quantifies the tracer evolution within a volume that moves along with the flow. We demonstrate the method using a case study of Southern Ocean biogeochemistry. Another case study involves analyzing the heat budget of the 2011 Western Australian marine heat wave. The method bridges the gap between Eulerian budget and Lagrangian particle analyses by representing the advective processes with particle movements and interpolating the diffusive and reactive processes onto trajectories in a way consistent with the finite-volume description.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004848","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Fidelity of Leith Subgrid Closures for Parameterizing Mesoscale Eddies in Idealized and Global (NEMO) Ocean Models","authors":"T. Wilder,&nbsp;T. Kuhlbrodt","doi":"10.1029/2025MS004950","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025MS004950","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Eddy-permitting models struggle to simulate accurate Southern Ocean (SO) circulation. In particular, the medium resolution Hadley Center Global Coupled model in CMIP6 exhibits a warm SO bias and weak Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport. These issues are attributed to a poor representation of mesoscale eddies, which also impair the simulated transport of heat and carbon. To rectify these problems, two momentum closures (harmonic and biharmonic) are implemented in the Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean general circulation model: 2D Leith and Quasi-Geostrophic Leith. These Leith closures aim to capture the correct cascades of energy and enstrophy in quasi two-dimensional models. Additionally, the harmonic Leith viscosity coefficients can replace the traditional Gent-McWilliams and Redi diffusivity coefficients. In this work we explore Leith closures in an eddy-resolving channel model and an eddy-permitting forced global ocean sea-ice model, Global Ocean Sea-Ice 9 (GOSI9). The idealized model shows the Leith implementation functions as intended. In the GOSI9 configuration, the harmonic Leith schemes increase the ACC transport by <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>17</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $10-17$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>%. This is in response to isopycnal flattening across Drake Passage that reduces a strong Westward flow at <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>60</mn>\u0000 <mo>°</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $60{}^{circ}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>S. This increase in ACC transport coincides with reduced warming around Antarctica and reduction of cold biases in the Atlantic. Both viscosity schemes also lead to a warm model drift. Swapping biharmonic with quasi-geostrophic Leith viscosity in GOSI9 results in one of the strongest ACC transports, along with improvements to some biases in the Atlantic.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS004950","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coupled Climate Simulations With E3SM-MMF","authors":"W. M. Hannah,&nbsp;S. Mahajan,&nbsp;B. E. Harrop,&nbsp;N. Liu,&nbsp;L. Peng,&nbsp;M. S. Pritchard,&nbsp;B. R. Hillman,&nbsp;D. C. Bader,&nbsp;M. A. Taylor","doi":"10.1029/2025MS004935","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2025MS004935","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Simulations of the recent historical period from 1950 to 2014 are conducted with E3SM-MMF, which uses an embedded 2D cloud resolving model that runs efficiently on GPUs in place of traditional parameterizations for cloud and turbulence. Analysis of the climate and variability reveal several aspects where E3SM-MMF produces smaller biases compared to E3SMv2, including better agreement with the observed evolution of global mean surface temperature, although the representation of ENSO is too weak and fast. Three idealized abrupt CO₂ experiments were also conducted to assess climate sensitivity and feedbacks. These yield three estimates of effective climate sensitivity (4.38, 5.21, and 6.06 K), with a corresponding spread in the shortwave cloud feedbacks. These estimates are on the higher end of sensitivity estimates from CMIP ensembles, and the spread indicates substantial state-dependent feedbacks. These results demonstrate how multiscale modeling framework (MMF) models can be used for climate relevant experiments and projections by leveraging modern GPU enabled computational platforms. The unique qualities of E3SM-MMF shown in previous literature are largely still present, but various instances of reduced biases suggest that MMF models have utility in improving future projections.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025MS004935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incremental Analysis Updates in a Convective-Scale Ensemble Kalman Filter Using Minute-by-Minute Phased Array Radar Observations","authors":"Zhaoyang Huo,&nbsp;Yubao Liu,&nbsp;James Taylor,&nbsp;Yongbo Zhou,&nbsp;Arata Amemiya,&nbsp;Hang Fan,&nbsp;Takemasa Miyoshi","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004802","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004802","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rapid-update data assimilation (DA) cycles, particularly during the early stages of the assimilation process, often suffer from physical imbalances that degrade the quality of analyses and lead to a rapid decline in forecast skill. This study evaluates the impact of combining the incremental analysis update (IAU) method with the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) on the assimilation of observations from a Multi-Parameter Phased Array Weather Radar. A series of experiments were conducted for two convective precipitation cases using a numerical weather prediction model with a 500-m horizontal grid resolution and a 1-min DA interval. The results show that the IAU strategy effectively mitigates the imbalances introduced by intermittent EnKF assimilation. Moreover, IAU maintains a slightly higher ensemble spread while still effectively constraining the analysis toward observations, enhancing ensemble diversity without sacrificing accuracy. The time-continuous, four-dimensional assimilation provided by IAU enables the model to gradually develop and refine convective structures during the forward integration, resulting in a more pronounced surface cold pool and deeper updrafts, thereby slowing down the rapid decline of forecast skills, particularly in high-reflectivity regions. This study indicates that for convective-scale rapid cycling assimilation at minute intervals, combining IAU with EnKF is a superior approach for improving precipitation forecasts.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004802","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Ice Topography, Basal Channels and Subglacial Discharge on Basal Melting Under the Floating Ice Tongue of 79N Glacier, Northeast Greenland","authors":"Mahdi Mohammadi-Aragh,&nbsp;Ole Zeising,&nbsp;Markus Reinert,&nbsp;Knut Klingbeil,&nbsp;Angelika Humbert,&nbsp;Rebecca McPherson,&nbsp;Mathieu Morlighem,&nbsp;Ralph Timmermann,&nbsp;Claudia Wekerle,&nbsp;Hans Burchard","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004735","DOIUrl":"10.1029/2024MS004735","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The floating ice tongue of the 79N Glacier in Northeast Greenland has been thinning over the past two decades, with warning signs of a potential onset of disintegration. While previous studies primarily attribute the thinning of the ice shelf to oceanic heat flux, limited attention has been given to the significant role of ice shelf plume dynamics as a mechanism for distributing the heat beneath the ice shelf. Here, we develop a horizontal two-dimensional plume model to assess the effects of key factors influencing plume dynamics and, consequently, the estimation of a high-resolution basal melt rate. We examine the effect of ice basal topography roughness and the presence of basal channels, that is extreme roughness of the base in the hinge zone, as well as the impact and pathways of subglacial discharge on melt rates. Our model results show good agreement with observation-based melt rate estimates and indicate that basal channels in the hinge zone are the dominant control on the ice shelf's basal melt rates. In combination with subglacial discharge, the melt rate is increased to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>150</mn>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mspace></mspace>\u0000 <mi>y</mi>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>r</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $150,mathrm{m},mathrm{y}{mathrm{r}}^{-mathrm{1}}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> at the grounding line, intensifying the channelized melt rate pattern created by basal channels and increasing spatial variability. Additionally, our results indicate that incorporating wet-dry algorithms and calculating a variable drag coefficient are crucial for accurately estimating melt rates during low subglacial discharge season, as well as for determining friction and turbulent exchange coefficients.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004735","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145101386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}