Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems最新文献

{"title":"Improving the Predictability of the Madden-Julian Oscillation at Subseasonal Scales With Gaussian Process Models","authors":"Haoyuan Chen,&nbsp;Emil Constantinescu,&nbsp;Vishwas Rao,&nbsp;Cristiana Stan","doi":"10.1029/2023MS004188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023MS004188","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is an influential climate phenomenon that plays a vital role in modulating global weather patterns. In spite of the improvement in MJO predictions made by machine learning algorithms, such as neural networks, most of them cannot provide the uncertainty levels in the MJO forecasts directly. To address this problem, we develop a nonparametric strategy based on Gaussian process (GP) models. We calibrate GPs using empirical correlations and we propose a posteriori covariance correction. Numerical experiments demonstrate that our model has better prediction skills than the artificial neural network models for the first five lead days. Additionally, our posteriori covariance correction extends the probabilistic coverage by more than 3 weeks.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023MS004188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parameterizing Snow Sublimation in Conditions of Drifting and Blowing Snow","authors":"A. Sigmund,&nbsp;D. B. Melo,&nbsp;J. Dujardin,&nbsp;K. Nishimura,&nbsp;M. Lehning","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004332","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Snow transport favors strong sublimation and may therefore have an important effect on the surface mass balance of polar and high-mountain regions. Recently, small-scale models such as large-eddy simulation (LES) with Lagrangian snow particles have improved the understanding of snow transport processes and revealed shortcomings in large-scale models. This study leverages LES simulations to assess and improve current parameterizations of sublimation and snow transport. Measurements from the S17 site, East Antarctica, are used to define realistic model parameters and boundary conditions and verify the plausibility of the simulations. Various parameterization options are tested in a simple one-dimensional model inspired by the large-scale model CRYOWRF. When parameterizing the vapor and heat fluxes for given mass and number mixing ratios of particles, four improvements lead to a good agreement with the LES simulations: (a) a reduced friction velocity at the surface, (b) at least one grid level in the saltation layer, (c) prognostic humidity and temperature values at all heights, and (d) a correction term in the sublimation formula of Thorpe and Mason. The correction term accounts empirically for transient particle temperatures in the lowest 0.3 m of the atmosphere but requires further validation in a wider range of conditions. When modeling the particle mixing ratios in the one-dimensional model, an improved vertical discretization is critical. Overall, the proposed improvements change the latent heat flux by up to 91 W <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{m}}^{-2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> (or 61%). To reduce the remaining errors, the saltation-suspension interface and near-surface particle speed should be better parameterized.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143902852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impacts of Rotational Mixing on the Precipitation Simulated by a Convection Permitting Model","authors":"Samson Hagos,&nbsp;Zhe Feng,&nbsp;Adam C. Varble,&nbsp;Sheng-Lun Tai,&nbsp;Jingyi Chen","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004524","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With increased availability of computational resources, regional and global scale convection-permitting model (CPM, Δx ∼ 1–10 km) simulations are becoming more common. CPMs have improved accuracy in their representation of deep convection and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) compared to coarser resolution models. However, CPMs still exhibit convective cloud and precipitation biases relative to observations, notably a lesser frequency of light precipitation rates and greater frequency of heavy precipitation rates. In this work we hypothesize that these CPM biases are related to under-resolved mixing between convective updrafts and their surrounding environment. To test this hypothesis, we introduce a parameterization to the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) that adds a small angular rotation of the grid-scale flow about the axis perpendicular to the plane of convective drafts. This rotated flow is then allowed to alter advection of moisture and hydrometeors. The effects of such mixing on precipitation characteristics are evaluated in month-long 4-km grid spacing simulations over the Amazon. The enhanced mixing transports moisture and condensate from convective cores to other areas including downdrafts. This increases the frequency of low-precipitable water and light precipitation. It also decreases the frequency of intense precipitation from isolated deep convection and MCSs, increases cloud top temperatures, reduces radar echo-top heights, and increases overall precipitation by altering the relationship of precipitation with precipitable water, in better agreement with observations. The results suggest when optimized using multiple observations, such an approach may provide a path toward more accurate representation of convection and precipitation statistics in convection-permitting simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004524","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Simple Emulator That Enables Interpretation of Parameter-Output Relationships, Applied to Two Climate Model PPEs","authors":"Qingyuan Yang,&nbsp;Gregory S. Elsaesser,&nbsp;Marcus van Lier-Walqui,&nbsp;Trude Eidhammer","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004766","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We present a new additive method, referred to as <i>sage</i> for Simplified Additive Gaussian processes Emulator, for emulating climate model Perturbed Parameter Ensembles (PPEs). <i>sage</i> estimates the value of a climate model output as the sum of additive terms. Each additive term is the mean of a Gaussian Process, and corresponds to the impact of a parameter or parameter group on the variable of interest. This design caters to the sparsity of PPEs, which are characterized by limited ensemble members and high dimensionality of the parameter space and raise the issue of parameter sensitivity in the emulator design. <i>sage</i> quantifies the variability explained by different parameters and parameter groups, providing additional insights on the parameter-climate model output relationship. We apply <i>sage</i> to two climate model PPEs and compare it to a fully connected Neural Network. The two methods have comparable performance with both PPEs, but <i>sage</i> provides insights on parameter and parameter group importance as well as diagnostics useful for optimizing PPE design. Insights gained from applying the method and comparing its performance with Neural Network are pointed out which have not been previously addressed. Our work highlights that analyzing the PPE used to train an emulator is different from analyzing data generated from an emulator trained on the PPE, as the former provides more insights on the data structure in the PPE which could help inform the emulator design. Our work also proposes new questions on the optimal way of working with climate model PPEs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004766","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143901034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Performance of a Reduced-Order Mass-Consistent Model for Urban Environments and Complex Terrain With a Higher-Order Geometrical Representation","authors":"Behnam Bozorgmehr,&nbsp;Pete Willemsen,&nbsp;Jeremy A. Gibbs,&nbsp;Rob Stoll,&nbsp;Jae-Jin Kim,&nbsp;Zachary Patterson,&nbsp;Eric R. Pardyjak","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004494","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solid structures (buildings and topography) act as obstacles and significantly influence the wind flow. Because of their importance, faithfully representing the geometry of structures in numerical predictions is critical to modeling accurate wind fields. A higher-order geometry representation (the cut-cell method) is incorporated in the mass-consistent wind model, Quick Environmental System (QES)-Winds. To represent the differences between a stair-step and the cut-cell method, an urban case study (the Oklahoma City JU2003 experiments) and a complex terrain case (from the MATERHORN campaign) are modeled in QES-Winds. Comparison between the simulation results with the stair-step and cut-cell methods and the measured data for sensors close to walls and buildings showed that the sensitivity of the cut-cell method to changes in resolution is less than the stair-step method. Another way to improve the effects of solid geometries on the flow is to correct the velocity gradient near the surface. QES-Winds solves a conservation of mass equation and not a conservation of momentum equation. This means that QES-Winds overestimates velocity gradients near the surface which leads to higher rates of scalar transport. The near-surface parameterization is designed to correct the tangential near-surface velocity component using the logarithmic assumption. Results, including the near-wall parameterization, are evaluated with data from the Granite Mountain case (the MATERHORN campaign), which indicates that the parameterization slightly improves the performance of the model for cells near the surface. The new geometry representation and near-wall parameterization added to a mass-consistent platform, enhances the model's ability to simulate the effects of solid geometries on wind fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143897193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement of Ice Particle Spectral Relative Dispersion Parameterization in the BCC-AGCM Model and Its Impact on Global Climate Simulation","authors":"Pengcheng Lin,&nbsp;Chunsong Lu,&nbsp;Xin He,&nbsp;Yiming Liu,&nbsp;Tongwen Wu,&nbsp;Yixiong Lu,&nbsp;Junjun Li,&nbsp;Jing Yang,&nbsp;Lei Zhu,&nbsp;Xiangjun Shi,&nbsp;Qinyao Zou,&nbsp;Ru Zhou","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004642","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The representation of cloud microphysical processes in climate models continues to be a major challenge leading to uncertainty in climate simulations. The shape parameter (equivalent to relative dispersion) of gamma distribution for ice particles is assumed to be 0 in the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC-AGCM). This study diagnoses the shape parameter by linking it to the ice volume-mean diameter and analyzes the impact of the modified scheme on the performance of climate simulations. Results show that the modified scheme performs better in simulating global cloud fraction, cloud radiative forcing, and total precipitation compared to the control configuration, thereby significantly reducing simulation biases. The underlying physical mechanisms are driven by three key factors. First, the shape parameter in the modified scheme is greater than zero, narrowing the ice particle size distribution. This reduces the autoconversion of ice to snow and sedimentation processes while enhancing deposition growth, resulting in an increase in upper-level ice clouds. The increase in ice-clouds increases upper atmospheric temperatures, enhances atmospheric stability, and promotes the formation of lower-level clouds. Second, the improvement in cloud fraction significantly mitigates the underestimation of longwave and shortwave cloud radiative forcing. Additionally, the overestimation of precipitation is improved, including both convective and large-scale precipitation, particularly from an annual mean perspective. Increased atmospheric stability reduces convective precipitation, while weakened snow sources and enhanced sinks to reduce large-scale precipitation. The study emphasizes the importance of ice particle spectral relative dispersion and provides valuable insights for improving cloud microphysics parameterization schemes.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004642","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Model for Regional-Scale Water Erosion and Sediment Transport and Its Application to the Yellow River Basin","authors":"Cong Jiang,&nbsp;Eric J. R. Parteli,&nbsp;Yaping Shao","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004593","url":null,"abstract":"<p>On catchment scales, sediment discharge depends on both sediment transport capacity and sediment availability. The quantification of sediment discharge at the regional scales is important but is rarely adequately represented in regional hydrological models. Here, we introduce a regional water erosion and sediment transport model, Atmospheric and Hydrological-Sediment Modeling System (AHMS-SED). This model integrates the Atmospheric and Hydrological Modeling System (AHMS) with the improved CASCade 2-Dimensional SEDiment (CASC2D-SED) model and incorporates gully erosion as a significant factor affecting sediment supply. A gully area index is introduced to quantify the fraction of the gully area and the enhancement of water erosion induced by concentrated flow in gullies. We use the AHMS-SED to simulate the sediment processes in the Yellow River Basin from 1979 to 1987 at a 20 km resolution. We find quantitative agreement between the observations and model predictions for monthly sediment fluxes at five major hydrological stations along the Yellow River, with excellent performance metrics (modified Kling-Gupta efficiency = 0.90, Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient = 0.81) at the basin outlet. The results demonstrate the strong performance of the AHMS-SED and the robustness of the sediment supply estimates. We also use AHMS-SED to investigate how changes in climate and human activities affect sediment discharge in the Yellow River. The model shows that halving precipitation intensity substantially reduces sediment discharge, halving precipitation amount reduces it by 60%, and doubling irrigation reduces it by 10%.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROSSMIX 2.0: A Simplified Meso-Scale Eddy Closure Applied to a Realistic Ocean Model","authors":"Carsten Eden,&nbsp;Jan Dettmer","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004769","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A new closure, ROSSMIX 2.0, for the effect of meso-scale eddies in non-eddy-resolving ocean models is presented and evaluated. It combines aspects of several previous closures in a simplified approach: local linear stability analysis is used to predict the vertical and lateral shape of eddy correlations, while a wave energy equation co-integrated in the ocean model predicts their amplitudes. The new closure is implemented and evaluated with good success in an idealized channel model of vertical and lateral shear instability, and in a realistic quasi-global ocean model. The new closure enhances the meridional overturning circulation both globally and in the individual basins, with clearer connection of the large-scale overturning cells in the Southern Ocean. This comes along with enhanced northward heat transport and horizontal transports in better agreement with observations, and a reduced bias in watermasses.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004769","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Two Stream Radiative Transfer Model for Vertically Inhomogeneous Vegetation Canopies Including Internal Emission","authors":"T. L. Quaife","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004712","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004712","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two stream models of radiative transfer are used in the land surface schemes of climate and Earth system models to represent the interaction of solar and terrestrial radiation with vegetation canopies. This is done both to model the surface energy balance and the photosynthetic flux of carbon into the terrestrial biosphere. Two stream models are especially attractive for inclusion in large complex models of the Earth as they allow for an analytical and computationally cheap solution to the radiative transfer problem, whilst accounting for all orders of photon scattering and hence preserving energy balance. As the vegetation processes described in land surface models become more complex, new two stream formulations are required to correctly represent radiative components. For example, as ecosystem demography becomes more prevalent in land models, the need to represent canopies with vertically varying structure becomes more important, but an analytical, efficient solution to the transfer problem is still desirable. Here we describe a two stream scheme constructed from layers with independent optical properties. It is physically consistent with the existing radiative transfer schemes in many current land surface models, with typical differences in the order of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>14</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $1{0}^{-14}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> in normalized flux units, and its solution is analytical. The model can be used to represent complex canopy structures and its formulation lends itself to modeling the canopy leaving flux arising from internal emissions, for example, longwave radiation or fluorescence. We also discuss the parameterization of two stream schemes and demonstrate that this could be improved in existing models.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004712","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Convective Microphysics Scheme and Its Impacts on Mean Climate in E3SM","authors":"Xiaoliang Song,&nbsp;Guang J. Zhang,&nbsp;Chris Terai,&nbsp;Shaocheng Xie","doi":"10.1029/2024MS004656","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024MS004656","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To improve the representation of microphysical processes in convective clouds and their interaction with aerosol and stratiform clouds, a two-moment convective microphysics parameterization (CMP) scheme developed by Song and Zhang (2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010jd014833) is upgraded and implemented in E3SM. The new developments include: (a) implementing a parameterization for graupel to enhance the representation of ice-phase microphysical processes; (b) representing the impact of spatial inhomogeneity of cloud droplets in cumulus ensembles on autoconversion and accretion processes to improve the representation of warm-rain microphysical processes; (c) implementing a comprehensive Bergeron process parameterization to better represent mixed-phase microphysical processes; and (d) representing the interactions between ice-phase microphysics and cloud thermodynamics. Simulations show that the cloud microphysical properties simulated by the CMP are generally in good agreement with observations. It reasonably simulates the changes in droplets effective radius related to precipitation formation in convective clouds, as identified from satellite observations. It also successfully simulates the contrast in these processes between maritime and continental clouds, demonstrating its capability to simulate the impact of aerosols on convection. Analyses of the impact of CMP on climate mean state simulation demonstrate that the CMP slightly improves the simulations of precipitation, cloud macrophysical properties, longwave cloud radiative forcing, zonal wind, and temperature. However, a degradation in shortwave cloud radiative forcing occurs.</p>","PeriodicalId":14881,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems","volume":"17 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024MS004656","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}