Journal of Earth System Science最新文献

{"title":"The water budget of the Mahadayi river and its implications for the inter-state dispute","authors":"K Anilkumar, D Shankar, K Suprit","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02389-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02389-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We assess the water budget of the Mahadayi river, an inter-state basin on India’s west coast with a long-running dispute. We seek to answer the following question: What is the discharge at any given location along the Mahadayi river or its tributaries on any given day? After presenting the dispute and the decisions of the tribunal, we describe the modelling framework, which is able to simulate the high rainfall gradients in the neighbourhood of the ridge associated with the Sahyadris, the high discharge during the summer monsoon, the much weaker discharge following the monsoon, and the high abstraction during monsoon onset. The model is not designed to simulate the negligible dry-season discharge. The simulation yields the daily time series of discharge at any location along the Mahadayi or its tributaries. For the Kalasa <i>nala</i>, there is a significant impact of the permitted diversion in the northern part of the Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary, but the impact on the Mahadayi discharge or the Mandovi estuary is less than the natural variability. The Bhandura diversion has a minor impact on the discharge at the Goa–Karnataka border. Based on the simulated water budget, we suggest possible solutions to resolve the dispute.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying and detecting causes of changes in spatial patterns of extreme rainfall in southwestern Iran","authors":"Esmaeil Abbasi, Hana Etemadi, Mohammad Hassan Mahoutchi, Morteza Khalaj, Ali Torabi Haghighi","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02400-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02400-5","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Abstract&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;Extreme rainfall in southwestern Iran annually leads to considerable financial and human losses. Reports over several years show different levels of damage caused by these events. This study aims to identify and investigate changes in the spatial patterns of systems that generate extreme rainfall in southwestern Iran. We utilized the maximum 24-hr precipitation from seven synoptic stations in southwestern Iran from 1971 to 2020. The principal component analysis technique was utilized on geopotential height data at 500 hpa to identify spatial patterns of precipitation. The data was collected from 5° to 60°N and 10° to 70°E that were received from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset. The study period was divided into two based on the identified change point by the Pettitt test, and according to the results, the first climatic period in southwestern Iran had nine sources or components of extreme rainfall. In comparison, in the second period, they had eight sources of extreme rainfall. The most important source of extreme rainfall for both periods and the first source of the second period are located at 15° north latitude over the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the southern Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and certain areas in the eastern tropical regions of Africa.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\"&gt;Research highlights&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a result, the statistical period was divided into two periods of 21 and 29 years. The first period, which includes 82 extreme rainfall events, spans from 1971 to 1991, and the second period, which provides 96 extreme rainfall events, spans from 1992 to 2020. The most important source of extreme rainfall for both periods and the first source of the second period are located at 15º north latitude over the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the southern Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, and certain areas in the eastern tropical regions of Africa. This component accounts for 18.8 and 20.8% of the total variance in the data for the first and second climatic periods, respectively. It has the most significant impact on changes in the topography of the 500 hpa geopotential height. As a result, changes in the topography of the 500 hpa geopotential height in these regions have played a crucial role in forming systems that create extreme rainfall in southwestern Iran. This source facilitates the advection of moisture in the upper and middle levels of the atmosphere towards the studied area due to the circulation of high pressure at the 500 hpa level. In addition, the formation of low-pressure thermal centers and the displacement of their tongues towards the studied area are crucial in extreme rainfall in the study area. The location of sources that create extreme rainfall systems did not see significant changes between the two climatic periods, but their importance in forming these systems varied. Additionally, there were no significant spatial changes in the sources of extreme rainfall formation i","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application and comparison of RBF and BP neural networks for lithology identification of Permian volcanic rocks in the Shunbei area of the Tarim Basin in China","authors":"Shuo Shi, Wenlong Ding, Zhan Zhao, Ruiqiang Yang, Teng Zhao, Jinhua Liu, Tan Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02352-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02352-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to the complexity of the sedimentary environment and the heterogeneities and similarities between logging data, lithology identification is difficult. Taking the Permian in Shunbei area of Tarim Basin as an example, based on a complete understanding of the target reservoir characteristics, used the crossplot method, BP (backpropagation) neural network method and RBF (radial basis function) neural network method to identify three types of volcanic rocks: tuff, andesite, and basalt. At the same time, the crossplot method was used to select four logging curves that are sensitive to lithofacies changes as important indicators for identifying volcanic rocks, such as the natural gamma ray (GR), compensated density (DEN), compensated neutron (CNL) and spontaneous potential (SP) logs. Then, the sensitive curves were preprocessed by standardization, and suitable learning samples were selected. Two types of neural network prediction models were established, and the mapping relationship between the lithology and logging curves was used to identify the lithofacies of the key wells in the study area. Finally, by comparing the recognition results of the three methods, it was found that the RBF network not only achieved higher accuracy in the prediction results but also had fewer learning iterations than the BP network could more accurately identify volcanic rocks, and has certain popularization and application values, while the crossplot method had the worst recognition results.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data analytics for geochemical and petrogenetic study of an igneous province: A case study on Andean andesite, South America","authors":"Sunil Kumar Khare","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02399-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02399-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genesis of Phanerozoic Andean andesite rocks is related to the subduction of the oceanic Nazca plate beneath the South American continental plate along the west coast of South America. Exploratory data analytics is done on whole-rock geochemical data of 3311 andesite rock samples collected from the Andes orogenic belt, extending from Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador to Colombia. Python programming has been used for the visualisation and interpretation of large volumes of geochemical data, and data-driven tectonomagmatic inferences for volcanism extending across the South American continent have been drawn with the help of data analytics. Interelemental diagrams with Zr as a fractionation index reveal relative immobility and incompatibility of several major elements, large ion lithophile elements, high field strength elements, and rare earth elements. The interelemental diagrams, correlation matrix and heat maps drawn for major elements reveal that except K₂O, TiO₂ and SiO₂, all major elements decrease with fractionation. Major element variation trends indicate that plagioclase and pyroxene were the major fractionating phases. The density plots give insight into the range of variation and data density of major and trace elements. Petrogenetic study reveals calc-alkaline, basaltic andesite to andesite, and back-arc tectonomagmatic environment for these volcanic rocks. Mantle source of Andean magma was enriched to primitive upper mantle. Around 25–30% partial melting of the upper mantle led to the genesis of the most primitive Andean magma.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142196057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithospheric magnetic anomaly map of Indian subcontinent (LAMI-1) from Swarm satellite data","authors":"Monica Rawat, S P Anand, Adel Fathy, A P Dimri, Shaik Kareemunnisa Begum","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02393-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02393-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A preliminary lithospheric magnetic anomaly map of the Indian subcontinent (LAMI-1) was generated utilising seven years (April 2014–December 2020) of data recorded by the Swarm satellite constellation. To obtain a high-resolution lithospheric anomaly map, the fields originating from sources other than lithospheric sources are eliminated sequentially. The external field component is minimised by selecting the days of low geomagnetic activity (Kp &lt; 2 and –20 &lt; Dst &lt; 20) within night-time hours. The main and the remaining external field sources are removed using data from CHAOS model. The model of residual data is achieved directly through the damped least square inversion technique by expanding the Legendre polynomial of order <i>n</i> = 6–50. The resulting satellite-derived lithospheric magnetic anomaly mostly reflects intermediate to long wavelength deep geological phenomena, with diverse tectonic provinces exhibiting discrete magnetic fingerprints/impressions with amplitudes ranging from high to low. Various tectonic blocks of the Indian subcontinent show distinct signature in the derived lithospheric anomaly map. The Himalayas and the Deccan Volcanic Province are associated with low magnetic signatures. The Central Indian Tectonic Zone and the Arakan Yoma Fold belt appear to have positive magnetisation. The division of Dhawar Craton into Western and Eastern Dharwar by Chitradurga Boundary shear is clearly evident in the anomaly map. A possible track of the Reunion hotspot is depicted as a north–south oriented high within the Marwar block. The comparison between the vertical (Z) component of LAMI-1 with the vertical component of MAGSAT data and MF7 lithospheric model from Champ satellite data indicates the LAMI-1 model shows far less noise and sharper anomalies with tectonic blocks better resolved compared to the other models.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attributing impacts of LULCC on the boundary layer climate of South Africa’s eastern escarpment","authors":"Tumelo Mohomi, Nkanyiso B Mbatha, Danie S Boshoff, Innocent L Mbokodo, Thando Ndarana, Mary-Jane M Bopape, Hector Chikoore","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02388-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02388-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Land surface characteristics may influence the planetary boundary layer atmosphere and climate through exchanges of moisture, energy, and momentum near the surface. We attributed the impact of multitemporal landsat-derived land use/land cover change (LULCC) on temperature and precipitation variability in eastern South Africa using reanalysis data and satellite-derived estimates from 1979 to 2020. Landsat images were classified into different land cover classes using a machine learning random forest pixel-based supervised algorithm within the cloud-based Google Earth Engine. Time series analysis was employed to analyze cycles and trends in LULCC and hydrometeorological variables, whilst the variable importance model determined the most sensitive variable. The impacts of LULCC on the boundary layer climate were attributed via multiple linear regression. An uninterrupted rapid expansion of urban areas was observed, resulting in the transformation of grasslands, water bodies, forests, and croplands. Statistically significant changes in moisture and energy fluxes, and hydrometeorological variables were observed across the study period. Latent heat flux (LHF), as well as rainfall decreased, while maximum temperature, sensible heat, and potential evapotranspiration (PET) increased significantly. We found that LULCC is significantly impacting the boundary layer climate, with urban and bare land, grasslands, forests, and croplands influencing temperature positively while negatively influencing rainfall. Rainfall was most sensitive to changes in LHF, whilst the key driver of temperature variability was PET. Our results reinforce the significance of LULCC and associated feedbacks to understanding boundary layer processes, climate variability, and change.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An assessment and mapping of groundwater potential zones in the Darjeeling Himalayan region using frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy process","authors":"Kabirul Islam","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02364-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02364-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The groundwater crisis is spreading across India at an alarming rate, and it poses a serious threat to the existence of the living world. However, the nature of scarcity is uneven and spread to some unexpected locations, such as the Darjeeling Himalayan region, where rainfall is adequate. Darjeeling Himalaya, one of the most attractive tourist destinations in India, is facing a water crisis due to adverse topographical characteristics, climatic issues, and over-exploitation along with rapid urbanization, booming tourism industry, excessive deforestation, and climate change, which are making the situation progressively worsening. Consequently, a huge imbalance is generated between the requirements and availability of water, which promotes the black-marketing of water and has flourished in the entire region. For this reason, the assessment of the groundwater potential zone and its distribution in the Darjeeling Himalayan region become very important. In this regard, eight thematic maps are prepared with the help of geospatial techniques and integrated with frequency ratio and analytical hierarchy methods to prepare a groundwater potential map of the study area. The final map is reclassified into five potential zones, i.e., very low, low, moderate, high, and very high classes, respectively. The results of this analysis show that the success rate and prediction rate of the FR model are 87 and 83%, respectively. On the other hand, success and prediction rates for AHP methods are 84 and 79%, which indicates the performance of the FR method is slightly better than the AHP method. The overall result may be helpful to planners in better management or sustainable use of groundwater resources. </p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contrasting effects of aerosols on surface temperature over the Indo-Gangetic Plain and Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Vijayakumar S Nair, S Suresh Babu","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02387-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02387-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Atmospheric aerosols partly compensate for the warming due to greenhouse gases by perturbing the radiation balance of the Earth–Atmosphere system. In this study, the impacts of aerosols on surface temperature are examined over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Himalayan Tibetan Plateau (HTP), where diverse aerosol and climatic conditions prevail. Both regions have significant impacts on the regional climate and hydrological cycles in South Asia. The IGP experiences high aerosol loading throughout the year and is expected to affect surface temperature significantly. In contrast, the HTP exhibits relatively pristine or lower aerosol loading, whose effects on surface temperature are highly uncertain due to snow albedo feedback. Climate model simulations are used to decompose the surface temperature changes due to aerosol forcing to its radiative and non-radiative components over the IGP and HTP. The shortwave cooling due to aerosols is mostly compensated by the decrease in sensible heat over the IGP. On the other hand, HTP experiences surface cooling due to the direct effects and surface warming due to aerosol-induced snow-darkening effects (deposition of absorbing aerosols on snow). The net effect of aerosols on shortwave radiation is further redistributed into non-radiative heat fluxes. This study provides a better understanding of aerosol-induced surface temperature change and its partitioning into radiative and non-radiative components.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and rock magnetism of high-grade rocks from Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India: Constraints to tectonics","authors":"Solanky Das, M Venkateshwarlu, Supriya Mondal, Saurodeep Chatterjee, Debesh Gain","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02397-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02397-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study deals with the Fe–Ti oxides, rock magnetic and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) carried out to determine the magneto-mineralogical characteristics and the nature of the magnetic fabrics of the high-grade metamorphic rocks from Chilka Lake area, Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt (EGMB), India. Petrography depicted the presence of both primary and secondary magnetite and titano-magnetite as the chief magnetic minerals. Different generations of magnetite were found in these rocks corresponding to different conditions of temperature that prevailed during their oxidation, having tectonic implications depicting the crustal upliftment. Thermomagnetic analysis, isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM), hysteresis loops and backfield IRM demagnetisation show the presence of ferrimagnetic minerals of different origin. The magnetic domain is determined by Day plot, using the remanence and coercivity values from hysteresis curves, dominated by stable single domain (SSD), which reveals the potentiality to record the ancient magnetic field. AMS studies unravelled the nature of the magnetic fabrics in the region. The magnetic susceptibility ellipsoids are dominantly oblate as revealed from the <i>P</i>_<i>j</i>–<i>T</i>_<i>j</i> shape plots. The magnetic lineation is highly variable which states the multiple phased tectono-metamorphic conditions. The similarity between the magnetic and mesoscopic fabrics in the granulite is significant, whereas the anorthosites result from felsic magmatism, which occurred after the deformational phases and thus did not record any mesoscopic tectonic significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attention-driven YOLOv5 for wildfire smoke detection from camera images","authors":"Himadri Vaidya, Akansha Gupta, Kamal Kumar Ghanshala","doi":"10.1007/s12040-024-02391-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-024-02391-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wildfires are serious hazards for the environment, and WFSD (Wildfire Smoke Detection) is a challenge for ensuring optimal response and mitigation efforts. Hence, this study suggests an attention-based YOLOv5 (You Only Look Once) network for detecting smoke instances within video frames, particularly ECA (Efficient Channel Attention), GAM (Global Attention Module) and CA (Coordinate Attention). Here, an open-source wildfire smoke dataset divided into train, validation and test set is used for experimentation. The comprehensive research and evaluations show that the incorporation of attention mechanisms successfully enhances the accuracy and robustness of the YOLOv5 model for WFSD. In the training among the attention modules, GAM appears as the most effective, attaining an improved 95% F1 score on the dataset. This research provides the impact of attention mechanisms on object detection in the context of wildfire smoke. The findings of the research paper contribute to improving the capabilities of deep learning models for emergency response and environmental monitoring. The proposed methodology not only outperforms regular YOLOv5 but also sets up a benchmark for future research of WFSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":15609,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Earth System Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142195839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}