Chemical hydrogeodynamics of the Kultuk groundwater reservoir vs. paragenetically related large earthquakes in the central Baikal Rift System, Siberia

IF 1.3 4区地球科学 Q3 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Journal of Earth System Science Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI:10.1007/s12040-024-02392-2

S V Rasskazov, A M Ilyasova, S V Snopkov, I S Chuvashova, S A Bornyakov, E P Chebykin

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Abstract

Groundwater monitoring has been performed in a well of the Kultuk area on the western shore of Lake Baikal since 2013. Compression and extension of the near-surface crust are defined through measurements of an AR4/8 (²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio) and an A4 (²³⁴U activity) in groundwater from the Kultuk reservoir. Its thermal state is estimated by determining thermophilic macrocomponents Si, Na, and microcomponent Li. The recorded change in the groundwater reservoir and coeval seismogenic processes, which resulted in earthquakes of the central Baikal Rift System, are considered paragenetically related near-surface and deeper processes of the crust, respectively. It is inferred that compression of the Kultuk area, accompanied by the Goloustnoe earthquake in 2015, was changed by its extension during the strong Baikal–Khubsugul seismic reactivation in 2020–2023. Under compression of the crust, groundwater ascended from a shallow part of the reservoir of 0.5–0.9 km episodically heated up to 116°C by friction in a fault plane. Afterward, a deeper hydrogeodynamic center was generated with its final localization at a depth of about 1.2 km in 2019–2020; during the subsequent Baikal–Khubsugul seismic reactivation, groundwater mainly upraised from the hydrogeodynamic center with frictional heating in a fault plane up to 99°C. Episodic penetration of groundwater portions from depth up to 1.6 km accompanied a slight upward enlargement of an active part of the reservoir to 1 km. The further monitoring of chemical hydrogeodynamics of the Kultuk reservoir may provide a forecast of seismic hazards in the central Baikal Rift System.

Research highlights

10-year groundwater monitoring in the Kultuk area of the western shore of Lake Baikal shows the temporal change of compression and extension of the near-surface crust through measurements of an AR4/8 (²³⁴U/²³⁸U activity ratio) and an A4 (²³⁴U activity). Compression was accompanied by the moderate Goloustnoe earthquake in 2015. Change to extension results in strong Baikal–Khubsugul seismic reactivation in 2020–2023.
The thermal state in the Kultuk water reservoir is estimated by determining thermophilic macrocomponents Si, Na, and microcomponent Li. Under compression of the crust, groundwater ascended from a shallow part of the reservoir of 0.5–0.9 km episodically heated up to 116°C by friction in a fault plane. During the Baikal–Khubsugul seismic reactivation, groundwater mainly upraised from the hydrogeodynamic center with frictional heating in a fault plane up to 99°C.
The further monitoring of chemical hydrogeodynamics of the Kultuk reservoir may provide a forecast of seismic hazards in the central Baikal Rift System.

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库尔图克地下水库的化学水文地质动力学与西伯利亚贝加尔裂谷系统中部同源大地震的关系

摘要自2013年以来，对贝加尔湖西岸库尔图克地区的一口水井进行了地下水监测。通过测量库尔图克水库地下水中的AR4/8（234U/238U活度比）和A4（234U活度），确定了近地表地壳的压缩和延伸。通过测定嗜热宏观成分 Si、Na 和微观成分 Li，对其热状态进行了估算。记录的地下水储层变化和共生地震过程（导致贝加尔裂谷系统中部发生地震）被认为分别与地壳的近地表过程和深层过程具有同源关系。据推断，在 2020-2023 年贝加尔湖-库布苏古尔强震再活化期间，库尔图克地区因 2020-2023 年贝加尔湖-库布苏古尔强震再活化期间的延伸而发生了变化。在地壳压缩的作用下，地下水从 0.5-0.9 千米的浅层储层上升，在断层面的摩擦作用下，地下水偶然被加热至 116°C。之后，产生了一个较深的水文地质动力中心，其最终位置在 2019-2020 年期间位于约 1.2 千米深处；在随后的贝加尔湖-库布苏古尔地震重启期间，地下水主要从水文地质动力中心上升，在断层面上摩擦加热至 99°C。地下水部分从 1.6 千米深处间歇性渗入，同时储层的活跃部分略微向上扩大到 1 千米。对库尔图克储层化学水文地质动力学的进一步监测可为预测贝加尔湖中部裂谷系统的地震危害提供依据。研究重点通过对 AR4/8（234U/238U 放射性活度比）和 A4（234U 放射性活度）的测量，对贝加尔湖西岸库尔图克地区进行的 10 年地下水监测显示了近地表地壳压缩和延伸的时间变化。压缩伴随着 2015 年 Goloustnoe 中度地震的发生。通过测定嗜热宏观成分Si、Na和微观成分Li，估计了库尔图克水库的热状态。在地壳压缩的情况下，地下水从储层 0.5-0.9 千米的浅层部分上升，在断层面的摩擦作用下偶发加热至 116°C。在贝加尔湖-库布苏古尔地震重启期间，地下水主要从水文地质动力中心上升，在断层面的摩擦加热下，温度高达 99°C。

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来源期刊

Journal of Earth System Science Earth and Planetary Sciences-General Earth and Planetary Sciences

CiteScore

3.20

自引率

5.30%

发文量

226

期刊介绍： The Journal of Earth System Science, an International Journal, was earlier a part of the Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences – Section A begun in 1934, and later split in 1978 into theme journals. This journal was published as Proceedings – Earth and Planetary Sciences since 1978, and in 2005 was renamed ‘Journal of Earth System Science’. The journal is highly inter-disciplinary and publishes scholarly research – new data, ideas, and conceptual advances – in Earth System Science. The focus is on the evolution of the Earth as a system: manuscripts describing changes of anthropogenic origin in a limited region are not considered unless they go beyond describing the changes to include an analysis of earth-system processes. The journal''s scope includes the solid earth (geosphere), the atmosphere, the hydrosphere (including cryosphere), and the biosphere; it also addresses related aspects of planetary and space sciences. Contributions pertaining to the Indian sub- continent and the surrounding Indian-Ocean region are particularly welcome. Given that a large number of manuscripts report either observations or model results for a limited domain, manuscripts intended for publication in JESS are expected to fulfill at least one of the following three criteria. The data should be of relevance and should be of statistically significant size and from a region from where such data are sparse. If the data are from a well-sampled region, the data size should be considerable and advance our knowledge of the region. A model study is carried out to explain observations reported either in the same manuscript or in the literature. The analysis, whether of data or with models, is novel and the inferences advance the current knowledge.