Nature Geoscience最新文献

{"title":"Mitigating sinkhole hazards intensified by climate change","authors":"Hong Yang, Zhigang Xie, Wuquan Ding, Jiahong He, Julian R. Thompson, Roger J. Flower","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01674-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01674-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The recent emergence of newsworthy large sinkholes in the UK — exceeding the typical recurrence of these hazards¹ — highlights the escalating geological risks in human-modified landscapes globally. In China, 600,000 km² of karstic landscapes are at high risk of sinkhole collapses². In Iran, extensive subsidence affects approximately 56,000 km² (3.5% of its territory), resulting in numerous sinkholes and posing serious environmental risks³. Global trends of increasing sinkhole occurrence are driven by ageing infrastructure, legacy land use, and, increasingly, climate change. Sinkholes represent a significant geological hazard, posing risks to human life, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Improved sinkhole mitigation frameworks that integrate hydrogeological, geotechnical, and urban planning perspectives are urgently required.</p><p>Natural sinkholes develop through complex interactions between soluble karstic bedrock (for example, limestone or gypsum) and hydrological processes. Human activities may exacerbate the susceptibility of a landscape to sinkhole formation. For example, the recent UK events involved sandstone predisposed to collapse due to abandoned mine workings experiencing rapidly rising groundwater levels during heavy rainfall⁴ and sandstones beneath a road eroded by a burst water main⁵. These events caused damage to infrastructure and property, evacuation of residences, and ecological damage. Potential secondary socioeconomic impacts include increased insurance premiums and decreased property values.</p>","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143695582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature rising","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01663-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01663-x","url":null,"abstract":"A record-breaking start to 2025 extends the recent period of exceptional warmth and raises questions over the rate of ongoing climate change.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 3","pages":"199-199"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01663-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quasicrystalline shifting in natural orders","authors":"Luca Bindi","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01656-w","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01656-w","url":null,"abstract":"Quasicrystals have structural properties intermediate between crystalline and amorphous materials. They can be synthesized in the lab but, as Luca Bindi explains, they may also be present in natural materials formed under extreme conditions.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 3","pages":"200-200"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter subglacial meltwater detected in a Greenland fjord","authors":"Karina Hansen,&nbsp;Nanna B. Karlsson,&nbsp;Penelope How,&nbsp;Ebbe Poulsen,&nbsp;John Mortensen,&nbsp;Søren Rysgaard","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01652-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01652-0","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction between glacier fronts and ocean waters is one of the key uncertainties for projecting future ice mass loss. Direct observations at glacier fronts are sparse, but studies indicate that the magnitude and timing of freshwater fluxes are crucial in determining fjord circulation, ice frontal melt and ecosystem habitability. In particular, wintertime dynamics are severely understudied due to inaccessible conditions, leading to a bias towards summer observations. Here we present in situ observations of temperature and salinity acquired in late winter in Greenland at the front of a marine-terminating glacier and in surrounding fjords. Our observations indicate the existence of an anomalously fresh pool of water by the glacier front, suggesting that meltwater generated at the bed of the glacier discharges during winter. The results suggest that warm Atlantic water and nutrients are entrained at the glacier front, leading to enhanced frontal melt and increased nutrient levels. Our findings have implications for understanding the heat exchange between glacier fronts and ocean waters, glacier frontal melt rates, ocean mixing and currents, and biological productivity. Temperature and salinity observations from a Greenland fjord suggest that subglacial meltwater is discharged during winter, impacting the fjord heat budget and biological productivity.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 3","pages":"219-225"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01652-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143589748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic organic aerosol in Europe produced mainly through second-generation oxidation","authors":"Mao Xiao,&nbsp;Mingyi Wang,&nbsp;Bernhard Mentler,&nbsp;Olga Garmash,&nbsp;Houssni Lamkaddam,&nbsp;Ugo Molteni,&nbsp;Mario Simon,&nbsp;Lauri Ahonen,&nbsp;Antonio Amorim,&nbsp;Andrea Baccarini,&nbsp;Paulus Salomon Bauer,&nbsp;Dexian Chen,&nbsp;Randall Chiu,&nbsp;Lubna Dada,&nbsp;Jonathan Duplissy,&nbsp;Henning Finkenzeller,&nbsp;Lukas Fischer,&nbsp;Xu-Cheng He,&nbsp;Martin Heinritzi,&nbsp;Victoria Hofbauer,&nbsp;Changhyuk Kim,&nbsp;Andreas Kürten,&nbsp;Aleksandr Kvashnin,&nbsp;Katrianne Lehtipalo,&nbsp;Yuliang Liu,&nbsp;Huajun Mai,&nbsp;Vladimir Makhmutov,&nbsp;Serge Mathot,&nbsp;Roy Mauldin,&nbsp;Antti Onnela,&nbsp;Tuukka Petäjä,&nbsp;Lauriane L. J. Quéléver,&nbsp;Matti Rissanen,&nbsp;Simone Schuchmann,&nbsp;Mikko Sipilä,&nbsp;Dominik Stolzenburg,&nbsp;Yuri Stozhkov,&nbsp;Christian Tauber,&nbsp;António Tomé,&nbsp;Robert Wagner,&nbsp;Chao Yan,&nbsp;Boxing Yang,&nbsp;Penglin Ye,&nbsp;Qiaozi Zha,&nbsp;Joachim Curtius,&nbsp;Armin Hansel,&nbsp;Jasper Kirkby,&nbsp;Markku Kulmala,&nbsp;Rainer Volkamer,&nbsp;Paul M. Winkler,&nbsp;Douglas R. Worsnop,&nbsp;Wei Nie,&nbsp;Neil M. Donahue,&nbsp;Christopher R. Hoyle,&nbsp;Jianhui Jiang,&nbsp;Urs Baltensperger,&nbsp;Josef Dommen,&nbsp;Imad El Haddad","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01645-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01645-z","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to anthropogenic atmospheric aerosol is a major health issue, causing several million deaths per year worldwide. The oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons from traffic and wood combustion is an important anthropogenic source of low-volatility species in secondary organic aerosol, especially in heavily polluted environments. It is not yet established whether the formation of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol involves mainly rapid autoxidation, slower sequential oxidation steps or a combination of the two. Here we reproduced a typical urban haze in the ‘Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets’ chamber at the European Organization for Nuclear Research and observed the dynamics of aromatic oxidation products during secondary organic aerosol growth on a molecular level to determine mechanisms underlying their production and removal. We demonstrate that sequential oxidation is required for substantial secondary organic aerosol formation. Second-generation oxidation decreases the products’ saturation vapour pressure by several orders of magnitude and increases the aromatic secondary organic aerosol yields from a few percent to a few tens of percent at typical atmospheric concentrations. Through regional modelling, we show that more than 70% of the exposure to anthropogenic organic aerosol in Europe arises from second-generation oxidation. Second-generation oxidation boosts the production of anthropogenic organic aerosol, according to an analysis of urban haze in an experimental chamber.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 3","pages":"239-245"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01645-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143582878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Persistence of davemaoite at lower-mantle conditions","authors":"Lin Wang, Nobuyoshi Miyajima, Fei Wang, Tomoo Katsura","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01657-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01657-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The lower mantle occupies over half of Earth’s volume, and accordingly, its mineralogy is crucial in determining the structure and dynamics of Earth. Davemaoite, the calcium silicate perovskite, was believed to coexist with bridgmanite in the lower mantle and is considered essential for understanding the chemical evolution and dynamics of Earth’s lower mantle. However, the presence of davemaoite is challenged due to the potential for high calcium silicate solubility in bridgmanite. Here we use an ultrahigh-pressure multi-anvil technique to show experimentally that the calcium solubility in bridgmanite is insufficient to eliminate davemaoite under mantle conditions, including typical mantle pressure, temperature and chemical compositions. We conclude that davemaoite has been stable in Earth’s lower mantle since its formation. Due to the limited calcium solubility in bridgmanite, davemaoite-enriched domains are expected at the core–mantle boundary. These domains could serve as the principal reservoir for incompatible elements in the lower mantle and may be the source for some ocean island basalts. Furthermore, our study offers an explanation for the observed large low-shear-wave-velocity provinces at the bottom of the lower mantle. These provinces may consist of davemaoite-enriched materials crystallized from basal magma ocean in early Earth history.</p>","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Davemaoite is present throughout the Earth’s lower mantle","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01658-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01658-8","url":null,"abstract":"High-pressure experiments reveal that calcium solubility in bridgmanite is insufficient to fully remove davemaoite from the Earth’s lower mantle. We propose that davemaoite-enriched domains form at the core–mantle boundary, serving as reservoirs for incompatible elements and offering a potential explanation for large low shear-wave velocity provinces.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":18.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143518038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Past hydroclimate extremes in Europe driven by Atlantic jet stream and recurrent weather patterns","authors":"Stefan Brönnimann,&nbsp;Jörg Franke,&nbsp;Veronika Valler,&nbsp;Ralf Hand,&nbsp;Eric Samakinwa,&nbsp;Elin Lundstad,&nbsp;Angela-Maria Burgdorf,&nbsp;Laura Lipfert,&nbsp;Lucas Pfister,&nbsp;Noemi Imfeld,&nbsp;Marco Rohrer","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01654-y","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01654-y","url":null,"abstract":"The jet stream over the Atlantic–European sector is relevant for weather and climate in Europe. It generates temperature extremes and steers moisture and flood-propelling weather systems to Europe or facilitates the development of atmospheric blocks, which can lead to drought. Ongoing climate change may alter the jet characteristics, affecting weather extremes. However, little is known about the past interannual-to-decadal variability of the jet stream. Here we analyse the strength, tilt and latitude of the Atlantic–European jet from 1421 to 2023 in an ensemble of monthly and daily reconstructions of atmospheric fields. We compare the variability of these jet indices with blocking frequency and cyclonic activity data and with drought and flood reconstructions in Europe. Summer drought is enhanced in Central Europe in periods with a poleward-shifted jet. An equatorward-shifted jet associated with decreased blocking leads to frequent floods in Western Europe and the Alps, particularly in winter. Recurrent weather patterns causing floods often characterize an entire season, such that an association between peak discharge and jet indices is seen on seasonal or even annual scales. Jet strength and tilt are significantly influenced by volcanic eruptions. Our 600-year perspective shows that recent changes in the jet indices are within the past variability and cannot be drivers of increasing flood and drought frequency. European climate extremes during the past 600 years were in large part driven by changes in the position and strength of the jet stream over the Atlantic, according to an analysis of terrestrial hydroclimate records.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 3","pages":"246-253"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01654-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jet stream variations explain European hydroclimate extremes of the past 600 years","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01655-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01655-x","url":null,"abstract":"Ongoing climate change might alter the Atlantic–European jet and affect hydroclimate extremes. Reconstructions of jet metrics for 1421–2023 show that summer drought in Central Europe coincided with a poleward shift and flood episodes coincided with an equatorward shift. Recent changes (past 30 years) are still within the boundaries of past variability.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 3","pages":"203-204"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143507334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for pre-Noachian granitic rocks on Mars from quartz in meteorite NWA 7533","authors":"V. Malarewicz,&nbsp;O. Beyssac,&nbsp;B. Zanda,&nbsp;J. Marin-Carbonne,&nbsp;H. Leroux,&nbsp;D. Rubatto,&nbsp;A. S. Bouvier,&nbsp;D. Deldicque,&nbsp;S. Pont,&nbsp;S. Bernard,&nbsp;E. Bloch,&nbsp;S. Bouley,&nbsp;M. Humayun,&nbsp;R. H. Hewins","doi":"10.1038/s41561-025-01653-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s41561-025-01653-z","url":null,"abstract":"The surface of Mars has long been seen as a basaltic, monotonous world, but observations in the past decade have revealed more petrological diversity. Orbital and in situ rover investigations show that Mars developed a silica-rich crust early in its history. This is supported by studies of the Martian regolith breccia Northwest Africa (NWA) 7533 (and paired meteorites). When and to what extent rocks on Mars differentiated, and which geodynamical process could lead to this evolution, is still unclear. Here we use petrology and in situ geochemical analyses to document the presence of quartz in lithic clasts of NWA 7533. The clasts have a granitic composition with a mineral assemblage dominated by quartz, potassium feldspar and plagioclase. Such quartz-bearing clasts are the most evolved silicic rocks yet recognized among differentiated Martian lithologies. These clasts suggest the likely existence of pre-Noachian granitic rocks on Mars that formed in the presence of water. In bulk composition they resemble the oldest terrestrial rocks (Acasta gneisses, Canada) and also rocks from the large Sudbury impact structure. Therefore, we suggest that the combined action of hydrothermal activity and impact melting could have triggered the formation of granitic rocks and evolved crust on early Mars and Earth. Quartz-rich clasts in Martian meteorite NWA 7533 indicate the presence of granitic rocks on early Mars that formed via hydrothermal activity and impact melting, according to petrologic and in situ geochemical analyses.","PeriodicalId":19053,"journal":{"name":"Nature Geoscience","volume":"18 3","pages":"207-212"},"PeriodicalIF":15.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143462254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}