Ocean Modelling最新文献

{"title":"Energetically consistent localised APE budgets for local and regional studies of stratified flow energetics","authors":"Rémi Tailleux ,&nbsp;Guillaume Roullet","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Because it allows a rigorous separation between reversible and irreversible processes, the concept of available potential energy (APE) has become central to the study of turbulent stratified fluids. In ocean modelling, it is fundamental to the parameterisation of meso-scale ocean eddies and of the turbulent mixing of heat and salt. However, how to apply APE theory consistently to local or regional subdomains has been a longstanding source of confusion due to the globally defined Lorenz reference state entering the definition of APE and of buoyancy forces being generally thought to be meaningless in those cases. In practice, this is often remedied by introducing heuristic ‘localised’ forms of APE density depending uniquely on region-specific reference states, possibly diverging significantly from the global Lorenz reference state. In this paper, we argue that across-scale energy transfers can only be consistently described if localised forms of APE density are defined as the eddy APE component of an exact mean/eddy decomposition of the APE density, for which a new physically more intuitive and mathematically simpler framework is proposed. The eddy APE density thus defined exhibits a much weaker dependency on the global Lorenz reference state than the mean APE, in agreement with physical intuition, but with a different structure than that of existing heuristic localised APE forms. Our framework establishes a rigorous physical basis for linking parameterised energy transfers to molecular viscous and diffusive dissipation rates. We illustrate its potential usefulness by discussing the energetics implications of standard advective and diffusive parameterisations of the turbulent density flux, which reveals potential new sources of numerical instability in ocean models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144330673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Intelligent Earth System Models : An AI scheme of K-profile parameterization and stable coupling into CESM with FTA","authors":"Bin Mu ,&nbsp;Kang Yang ,&nbsp;Bo Qin ,&nbsp;Hao Li ,&nbsp;Shijin Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102567","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102567","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parameterization schemes in numerical models are employed to represent the effects of subgrid-scale physical processes but are often limited by incomplete understanding of physical processes and computational constraints, leading to inaccuracies and inefficiencies. Artificial intelligence (AI) models have been introduced to enhance simulation accuracy or computational efficiency. However, hybrid Earth System Models (ESMs), which integrate AI into traditional frameworks, must also consider stability in coupled simulations. In this study, we replace the default K-profile parameterization (KPP) in Community Earth System Model (CESM) with a transformer-based AI model (KPP-DL). We first perform offline evaluations, demonstrating the AI model’s ability to closely replicate KPP’s key outputs. Subsequently, we couple KPP-DL into CESM via Fortran-Torch adaptor (FTA) and evaluate the hybrid CESM’s performance in terms of accuracy, stability, and computational efficiency. Hybrid CESM maintains stable operation for at least 3 years, with approximately a 3-5 times improvement in the computational efficiency of vertical mixing. During online coupled simulations, KPP-DL exhibits strong agreement with KPP in simulating key vertical mixing coefficients while hybrid CESM produces consistent results for variables such as temperature and salinity. Our results highlight the potential of AI-driven approaches to achieve accuracy approaching that of KPP and stability coupled in ESMs while improving the efficiency, suggesting that intelligent ESMs represent a promising future direction for numerical modeling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102567"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waves in a temperate, microtidal and restricted Mediterranean coastal lagoon","authors":"Bartolomé Morote-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Francisco López-Castejón ,&nbsp;Javier Gilabert","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The study focused on wave dynamics in the Mar Menor, a hypersaline coastal lagoon in the Southwestern Mediterranean Sea, prompted by ecological crises and the need to understand the physical drivers of its ecology, especially sediment transport and nutrient resuspension. The research employs the SWAN model for wave simulations forced with recorded winds from a meteorological station in the lagoon, covering data from August to October 2019. Model results were validated against data from an ADCP deployed near the met station. The results indicated that Mar Menor experiences low-intensity winds, with occasional strong Northeasterly winds causing the highest waves of up to 1.25 meters high. Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) analysis provides a classification of wave height, period, wavelength, and bottom orbital velocity, resulting in six wave map categories. The analysis revealed that the largest waves are linked to Southerly winds, and sediment resuspension is most significant during storms, not affecting the deepest 6-meter depth central part of the lagoon. The study concludes that wave-induced orbital velocities can mobilize sediment resuspension during extreme events, potentially disturbing the anoxic bottom. The lagoon was strongly stratified after a flash flood occurred between 12–15 September 2019 with an anoxic bottom layer. Waves driven by winds blowing for long time, although not strongly, contributed to break the stratification producing the fish mass mortality observed in the northern part of the lagoon one month later. Identifying specific wind patterns associated with each SOM map category shows the predictive potential of SOMs for forecasting wave patterns from wind data. Due to their low computational requirements and reliance solely on wind forecasts, SOMs analysis offer a practical tool for early warning systems and for managing ecological risks in environmentally sensitive areas such as coastal lagoons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102578"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144298196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative assessment of different machine learning algorithms for estimating near realistic salinity in the North Indian Ocean","authors":"Avinash Paul ,&nbsp;P.A. Maheswaran ,&nbsp;K. Satheesan ,&nbsp;Ajil Kottayil ,&nbsp;M. Harikrishnan","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salinity affects the density of water and hence plays a significant role in the transport of mass, heat, and salt across the globe. Though temperature observations are abundant over the North Indian Ocean (NIO), the salinity observations are generally sparse. Accurate estimation of sound speed profiles is vital for naval operations, particularly for acoustic communication and underwater target detection. Typically, in naval missions, operators rely on in-situ point measurements from Expendable Bathythermographs (XBTs), supplemented by climatological salinity data for sound speed profile derivation. In this study, we explore the effectiveness of three machine learning techniques: Light Gradient Boosting (LightGBM), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for deriving salinity profiles from temperature data. All three models performed well, but XGBoost outperformed the others with a strong correlation coefficient of 0.975 and a very low root mean square error value on the testing dataset. To gain further insights into the model’s behavior, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the most influential parameters for salinity profile estimation. The model’s performance was then evaluated in the coastal and open ocean areas. While generally performing well, a slight decrease in accuracy was observed in areas with limited training data, particularly near coastlines. Furthermore, we evaluated the model using the time series observations from independent ocean buoys located in the NIO, and the results clearly recommended the model’s ability to fill the gaps in buoy-based salinity measurements. In conclusion, this supervised learning model presents a robust alternative for deriving salinity profiles using in-situ temperature data within the NIO region. Its implementation in the NIO region with limited salinity data holds significant promise for enhancing data availability and furthering oceanographic research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144239463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wave dynamics in the Yellow River Estuary during cold wave and typhoon events","authors":"Shenghan Gao ,&nbsp;Miaohua Mao ,&nbsp;Meng Xia","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Yellow River Estuary (YRE), located in the semi-enclosed Bohai Sea, is characterized by complex shorelines and shallow water depths and is vulnerable to high waves during extreme weather events. Therefore, a dual-nested third-generation wave model was applied to investigate wave dynamics during Typhoons In-Fa (2021) and Mui-Fa (2022) and a pair of cold wave events in 2021 and 2022. The YRE model was refined to reproduce realistic high-resolution terrain and then calibrated against observations at four long-term buoy stations. Results indicate that wave characteristics closely correlate with winds, modulated by local bathymetry. During cold waves, the temporal evolution of the significant wave height (<em>H_s</em>) exhibits double peaks, whereas a single peak is observed during typhoons due to alternative development responses to winds. This resulted in a 1.5-h time lag between <em>H_s</em> and winds. Wind waves primarily dominate sea states, while swells occur after the typhoon passage. Bathymetric refraction plays an essential role in sheltering the southern region of the YRE from remotely energetic swells. Further investigations reveal that depth-induced breaking and whitecapping jointly control wave energy dissipation. Bathymetric heterogeneity and shoaling processes substantially influence wave energy, resulting in wave attenuation and spatial variability. Intense triad wave-wave interactions and wave breaking contribute to increased <em>H_s</em>, causing multiple wave-breaking processes during propagation. The findings in the YRE help enhance the understanding of wave dynamics in similar shallow-water mega deltas and estuaries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102568"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A global high-resolution CMIP6 ensemble of wave climate simulations and projections using a coastal multigrid: Configuration and performance evaluation","authors":"Rajesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Gil Lemos ,&nbsp;Alvaro Semedo ,&nbsp;Jian-Guo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102566","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102566","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of a high-resolution wave climate ensemble, driven by eight CMIP6 General Circulation Models (GCMs), using a coastal multigrid approach based on Spherical Multiple-Cell (SMC) grid. The use of the SMC grid allows for global wave climate simulations refined to high resolutions up to 6 km in coastal regions, where complex interactions between wind, waves, and bathymetry demand more precise modelling. The ensemble’s performance is assessed against wave reanalysis datasets and near-coastal <em>in-situ</em> wave observations, with a focus on key wave climate parameters: significant wave height, mean wave period, peak wave period, and mean wave direction. Results show that the ensemble is able to accurately represent the historical wave climate across diverse regions, excelling in coastal areas, when compared with previous similar datasets, namely across Europe, North America and the Maritime Continent. The multi-resolution SMC grid captures complicated coastal wave patterns and improves the representation of coastal wave dynamics. The ensemble’s ability to simulate both seasonal variability and extreme wave events highlights its potential for high-resolution global wave climate projections, with multiple applications for coastal management and adaptation strategies, marking an advancement in wave climate modelling through its integration in high-resolution, multigrid frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102566"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144231206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges in improving Arctic freshwater simulations: An evaluation of CMIP6 models in the Beaufort Gyre region","authors":"Yu Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhou Ye ,&nbsp;Feifan Chen ,&nbsp;Changsheng Chen ,&nbsp;Guoping Gao ,&nbsp;Robert C. Beardsley ,&nbsp;Deshuai Wang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Qi ,&nbsp;Danya Xu ,&nbsp;Yi Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The performance of CMIP6 models in simulating freshwater content (FWC) in the Beaufort Gyre remains unclear. This study evaluated 17 CMIP6 models using both observational and reanalysis datasets. Additionally, a global ice-ocean coupled model based on Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (Global-FVCOM) was incorporated for reference. The results revealed a significant inter-model spread among the CMIP6 models in spatiotemporal variations of FWC, with discrepancies relative to the evaluation data that were larger than those exhibited in Global-FVCOM. These discrepancies were primarily attributed to simulation errors of the salinity structure within the CMIP6 models. Over half of the models indicated that the primary source of FWC error originated from the layers above the base of halocline, where most models underestimated FWC, while others suggested the error originated from the layers between the base of the halocline and the 34.8 psu isohaline, where models tended to overestimate FWC. Based on an overall evaluation using observational and reanalysis datasets, EC-Earth3, MRI-ESM2-0, and FIO-ESM-2-0 showed better performance relative to other CMIP6 models. However, these three models, along with the multi-model mean, exhibited larger errors than Global-FVCOM, suggesting that current CMIP6 models still face challenges in FWC simulation relative to some ice-ocean coupled models. The main aspects contributing to the errors, including discrepancies in uncertainties induced by internal variability, numerical configurations, vertical mixing schemes, model resolutions, freshwater inputs, and atmospheric forcings were further discussed in this study. This study enhances understandings of CMIP6 models’ capabilities to simulate FWC in the Beaufort Gyre region, providing valuable insights for future model improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144170575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The introduction of observation-based wave physics into the wind-wave model WAM: Wave assessments for a semi-enclosed basin","authors":"Marcel Ricker ,&nbsp;Joshua Kousal ,&nbsp;Heinz Günther ,&nbsp;Arno Behrens ,&nbsp;Joanna Staneva","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents the successful integration of ST6 observation-based source term physics into the WAM Cycle 7 wind-wave model, marking the first comprehensive validation and comparison with the existing wave physics ST3 and ST4 of WAM, with a specific focus on the Black Sea. Overall, validations demonstrate consistent and satisfactory performance across all three source term physics, aligning with findings from previous studies using different wave models in various regions. Minor discrepancies exist. ST3 excels in representing significant wave height, crucial for wave power applications, while ST4 and ST6 best reproduce T_M02 mean wave period and mean wave direction, impacting Stokes drift direction and thereby drift simulations. Validation metrics unaffected by bias confirm the similarity of the three physics, ruling out calibration issues. Evaluations of ERA5 wind forcing reveal larger errors induced by wind compared to source terms, emphasising the significance of wind quality and model calibration over physics choice. During extreme events, the physics exhibit similar performance, although wind speeds remain relatively low compared to the global ocean. Studies indicate greater discrepancies among physics in larger-scale scenarios with increased fetch, prevailing swell, or hurricanes, where ST6 demonstrates superior performance, while ST4 fares better in low-wind conditions. These findings showcase the need for the examination of these scenarios in the new WAM Cycle 7 version.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 102564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of sea-level rise on tides, extreme sea levels and waves in Port Phillip Bay in south-eastern Australia","authors":"Vanessa Hernaman ,&nbsp;Ron K. Hoeke ,&nbsp;Kathleen L. McInnes ,&nbsp;Julian G. O’Grady ,&nbsp;Phellipe P. Couto ,&nbsp;Claire Trenham ,&nbsp;Blake M. Seers","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-term sea level rise (SLR) related to climate change is expected to increase coastal flood risk from extreme storm tide events in many vulnerable regions of the world by the end of the century. However, coastal inundation from these extreme events arises through the complex interaction of SLR on astronomical tides, waves, and wave-current effects. These non-linear dynamic processes were investigated for the semi-enclosed Port Phillip Bay (PPB) in south-eastern Australia using a two-way coupled hydrodynamic-wave model. The model simulated water levels due to tides, weather and waves, and aspects of wave-flow interaction over a baseline period (1980–2014) and three 20-year periods (1980–1999) using projected SLR scenarios of 0.2 m, 0.8 m, and 1.4 m (latter subsequently extended to 35 years to match baseline). The baseline simulation showed that, because of the predominant wind direction and distance from PPB Heads, the western shores of PPB were vulnerable to high Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP) water levels, but not wave heights, whereas the eastern shores experienced high AEP values for both water levels and waves. SLR simulations indicated in most regions extreme water levels within PPB would increase a further ∼10 % beyond the value of the applied SLR. Storm wave energy also increased with SLR e.g., under the 1.4 m SLR scenario, the 1 % AEP significant wave height increased by 5–10 % in most areas, and by 15–20 % in some locations near PPB Heads. These results provide important practical information for coastal management planning and policy over climate change timescales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 102563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144146777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laboratory validation of the extended SWASH model for modeling wave dynamics under depth-uniform ambient currents","authors":"Lidian Guo ,&nbsp;Zhenjun Zheng ,&nbsp;Xiaozhou Ma ,&nbsp;Mingfu Tang ,&nbsp;Guohai Dong ,&nbsp;Hongwei An ,&nbsp;Scott Draper","doi":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ocemod.2025.102562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In complex coastal systems such as estuaries and tidal inlets, surface gravity waves and currents often coexist. Phase-resolving wave models are limited in modeling the effects of ambient currents (e.g., tidal and wind-driven) on wave dynamics due to the high computational cost of resolving the flow propagation. Recently, the non-hydrostatic model SWASH has been extended to embed depth-uniform ambient currents provided by external sources (e.g., observations or circulation models) into the control equations in the form of additional terms (Rijnsdorp et al., 2024), circumventing the computational burden of directly simulating the flow field.</div><div>This study evaluates the performance of the extended SWASH model in predicting wave responses to spatially varying depth-uniform currents (following, opposing, and strong opposing currents) under diverse wave conditions using laboratory experiments. Key findings reveal that under weak current conditions, the model accurately predicts current-induced changes in amplitude and wavelength even with coarse vertical resolutions (e.g., 2 layers). Finer vertical resolution (e.g., 20 layers) is needed to capture the nonlinear shallowing, wave breaking, and blocking induced by strong opposing currents. In particular, the model successfully predicts the frequency downshift of waves as they approach the theoretical blocking point and reproduces the modulation of monochromatic and bichromatic wave patterns by strong opposing currents, albeit with an overestimation of the wave height. The results of this study demonstrate the extended SWASH model can be a practical tool for simulating coastal wave dynamics under depth-uniform ambient currents that vary slowly relative to the wave-time scale.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":19457,"journal":{"name":"Ocean Modelling","volume":"196 ","pages":"Article 102562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144108006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}